English Writing

Guide 2018-2019
 Content

Content

Overviews..............................................................................................1
Themes (Temarios)...........................................................................1
Scopes...................................................................................................2
Printed Material Kinder and Pre-First......................................3
Printed Material Elementary and Middle School................3
Resources.............................................................................................5
Citations and References..............................................................9
Platform Writing............................................................................... 11
General Considerations When Writing in English............ 13
Glossary.............................................................................................. 15
Appendix A: Titles and Headings............................................ 16
Appendix B: The Rules of AP Title Case............................... 17
Appendix C: Circle of Learning Outcome Verbs............... 17
Appendix D: Translation of Proper Nouns........................... 18

II English Writing Guide 2018-2019

Overviews - Themes

Overviews
Description Examples

Heading:
These are the course descriptions broken into sections by Challenge Overview
challenges. They show a summary of the topics and themes
of the challenge.
Overviews:
Writing Style: In this challenge, learners report
on the effects of addictions to
1. Heading: Title Case. See Appendix A substances like tobacco and
2. Description: Sentence case, consisting of one or two paragraphs alcohol on a person’s health.
written sequentially, in simple present tense and third person In this challenge, learners
plural. This can also be applied to learners/coach descriptions discover the different parts of
on the Platform. the hardware of a computer.
3. When translating and editing overviews and learning objectives, They relate the parts with their
use exact learning verbs when possible. See Appendix C. functions and use them through
different activities to reinforce
the concepts.

Themes (Temarios)
Description Examples

A1 - What is Consumerism?

Themes show the outline of detonating questions and * Consumerism as definition

activities of each challenge and must be composed with
* Consumerism as
the detonating question at the top with a dash, and the a social problem
activities with asterisks.
The themes might have words like this:
Theme:
Or similar text.
* Detonating question
Delete them please.
* Description of activity
These are words from the templates. and main ideas
For kindergarten in Spanish and English the spelling and
grammar capsules should be included and read as follows:
Spelling capsule:
Do not include capsules of Nutrition, Heedfulness, Finances,
or Organiks. * What Words Are
Written With Ññ?

* Words with Ññ

English Writing Guide 2018-2019 1

 Scopes - Rubrics

Scopes
Headings and Content Areas
Description Examples
Scopes are the general curriculum of the Knotion
Global Citizenship
ecosystem.
The templates for headings are preset. Editors should
only focus on the content areas, even though the Dimension:
headings appear to have errors. Scientific Perspective

Writing style: Educational Area:

Language and Communication
Dimension (Elementary) / Educational Area (Kindergarten):
Title Case (See Appendix A) SEP Curricular Area:
Oral Language
SEP Curricular Area: Title Case
Competence:
Competence: Sentence case to accommodate full sentences. The learner practices appropriate
book handling skills.
Knotion Subject: Title Case
Knotion Subject:
Topic: Title Case
Citizenship Awareness
Learning Outcome: Sentence case to accommodate a full
Topic:
sentence with an inferred subject (learner). Starts with a
Civic Involvement
verb in simple present tense, third person singular. Avoid
using the phrase his/her. Instead write it out and use Learning Outcome:
alternatives such as own or one’s. Recognizes the consequences
associated with teenage pregnancy.
Content: Begin with a capital letter and use a noun or noun
phrase. No period at the end. Expresses own ideas with ease.
If there is more than one phrase or sentence, separate Content: visualizing
them with a comma or semicolon. Only the first phrase is
capitalized. Consequences of teenage pregnancy,
risks of teenage parenthood
Separate consonant blends and different phonics sounds
by commas Final syllables:
-er, -ar, -or, /ɜr/, /ər/, /ar/, /ɔr/
SEP Learning Block: Roman numerals

Rubrics
Description Examples
Evaluates solutions including all of the
Sentence case to accommodate a full sentence
following: a clear description of the
with the inferred subject in third person singular. strengths and weaknesses of a solution
using arguments supported by evidence
Starts with a verb in simple present tense,
related to the viability, impact, and
the subject is implied. audience engagement of a solution.

2 English Writing Guide 2018-2019

Printed Material Kinder and Pre-First

Printed Material Kinder and Pre-First

Titles
Description Examples
See Appendix A
Write in bold. See Appendix A. My Masterpiece
My Masterpiece, I Can Listen and Write,
MagnetiK Question
and MagnetiK Question have no final punctuation.
I Can Listen and Write

Subtitles and Headings

Description Examples
These are instructions for working.
Write in sentence case. See Appendix B

Letters-as-letters and numbers for the learner Trace the letter Pp and draw pictures
to reproduce should be presented in bold and of objects or people that begin with it.
the same shape and case as those in the exercise.

Augmented Reality
Description Examples
Editing the augmented reality resources happens at
the beginning of each challenge.

Printed Material Elementary and Middle School

Titles
Description Examples
Title case See Appendix A

Instructions
Description Examples
Complete the table.
Answer the questions.

Incorrect:
Answer the following questions:
What is the guide for?
Instructions in sentence case using imperative with Correct:
a period. Do not use colons, or the words ‘following’, Answer the questions.
‘below’, etc. Be as concise as possible. What is the guide for?

Incorrect:
Choose the words and write them in the
correct boxes under the images.

Correct:
Write the correct words in the boxes

English Writing Guide 2018-2019 3

 Printed Material Elementary and Middle School

Headings
Description Examples
See Appendix B. The Planets

Avoid the use of colons where possible. The VCCCV Pattern

Title case, no period Nouns: Concrete and Abstract

Subheadings
Description Examples
Sentence case no period What energy is used for

Vocabulary Words
Description Examples
pencil
Writing style: community
In a vocabulary word list. All letters in the date
heat
words should be lowercase, unless a proper
change
noun. No punctuation is needed. therefore
ambiguous
Challenge word lists are given at the beginning
although
of each challenge in an image format. despite
Phonics words sections at times use a colon to Phonics:
show the sound. Silent letters: wr, sc, kn, mb
Short a /æ/, i /I/

The term
flashcards
should be
written as
one word:
flashcards

4 English Writing Guide 2018-2019

Resources - Infographics - Articles - Coach Cards

Resources
All resources must be referenced if giving information and the references must appear at the
bottom of the resources. Only academic references are acceptable. Please refer to the section
in this guide on Citations and References for details.
Types of Resources Description Example

Concrete information about a Avoid using bullets. Production will

topic. add bullets on their own templates.

Infographics In English when writing in shaped

Check the references and write paragraphs to accommodate
them correctly. Refer to the citation illustrations, it is acceptable to
and reference section. write a line with one word.

Extensive texts for learners. They

could be from associate sites or
from Knotion authors.
Original articles: Knotion authors
should avoid plagiarism. If
plagiarism is detected, send the
Write Knotion articles with
resource back to author. Take a
Articles paragraph formatting and
screenshot and file it in the correct indentation.
incidence folder. Check that the
references are written correctly.
Refer to the citation and reference
section.
CNN and other partner articles
and titles are capitalized.

Coach Card: Coach version of Reading Skills: Summarizing

a lesson or an explanation of
strategies, skills, or suggested Mini-Lesson: Prepositional Phrases
lessons Kn·reminder: Prepositional Phrases
Writing style: Write Coach Cards Mini-Lesson: Dialogue
as proper nouns. The Kn·reminders
and mini-lessons should be written Kn·reminder: Dialogue
in bold as part of the titles when Open the Kn·story, What’s the Beef
Coach Cards referring to them on the platform. With Beef?

Knotion authors should avoid You can refer to the Kn·reminders

plagiarism. If plagiarism is while you write your paragraph.
detected, send the resource back
to author. Take a screenshot
and file in the correct incidence
folder. Check that the references
are written correctly. Refer to the
citation and reference section.

English Writing Guide 2018-2019 5

 Resources - Illustrations - Images - App

Types of Resources Description Example

Static images to give an example:

They can be images from the
Illustrations
Internet, Creative Commons, or
Knotion authors.

Maps, diagrams, concise grammar

Images
explanations.

These are the designated

terms for Knotion products:

Class Knotion Wall

My Portfolio
Internal applications that learners Knotion Bank
use to complement an activity,
noting down ideas, creating My Knotion Bank
a slideshow, asking questions, Class Knotion Bank
brainstorming, or searching for
ideas on the Internet. School Knotion Bank

Avoid using the names of specific Community Knotion Bank

apps on the platform as far as For learner descriptions
possible. on the platform, write:
App Some apps might be found in Use the app...
the Coach’s Description or the
For coach descriptions,
resources with their original name
write on the platform:
and should not appear in the
Learner Description. They will Use the suggested app...
appear in the resource templates.
GarageBand
Use generic terms whenever
Camera
possible instead of Apple or other
company-related terms when Book Creator
referring to external apps.
Video

Keynote - slideshow or presentation

Padlet - shared wall

Explain Everything - use the app

6 English Writing Guide 2018-2019

Resources - Kn·Graphics - Kn·story

Types of Resources Description Example

These are simple video animations

to give precise information. They
are based on scripts. The majority
do not include text on the screen,
but the spoken word is edited on
scripts.
Writing style: Their titles should be
written in bold because they are
Knotion products.
In the scripts, some words are Open and watch the video,
Kn·Graphics written in bold and even in caps Dary’s Infomercial to discover
to show the script readers where what an infomercial includes.
to emphasize the script when they
are recording.
Commas serve as pauses and
semicolons indicate longer pauses.
Edit both the video and audio
columns. The video column
will show English words to edit
that appear in the animation in
brackets

Illustrated stories that exemplify

a topic or theme. Write the word
Kn·story in regular font before or
after the name of the story in bold.
When editing stories that appear
in printed materials and resources
to provide high-frequency word
practice, make indentations of
Kn·story Betty and Tommy
5 spaces at the beginning of
Kn·story each paragraph. If the author Read the Kn·story, Misunderstood
does not put in the indentation, Animals.
the editor puts it in. Make a note
to the designer to include the
indentations.
These stories are tagged on the
Workflow platform.
All punctuation after bolded
resources should appear unbolded.

English Writing Guide 2018-2019 7

 Resources - Kn·book - Interactive HTMLs

Types of Resources Description Example

Printed book of exercises and

reflection activities for learners
containing the printed materials
which relate to different activities,
such as articles, videos, stories,
and the IMPAct Learning Model
planning Title: How Much Do We Waste?

Make instructions in the Kn·book as Instructions: List all the plastic

short and precise as possible. The products that you and your family
use every day in a week. Explain
instructions are also repeated on
Printed what you use it for and check if it is
the platform so the coach knows necessary.
Kn·book how to guide the learners through
the exercises.
On the platform, the pages in
the Kn·book are referred to as
worksheets.
Avoid using Roman numerals in 1. Nuclear
the printed materials; use capital 2. Wind power
letters and Arabic numerals. If
necessary, use lowercase letters for 3. Wave power
another category.

These are online games to rein-

force the learning of vocabulary,
Check, Scrambled Words, Scrambled
grammar, and topic-related exer-
Sentences, Drag Words, Drag
cises. Containers, Match Words, Roulette
In templates where words are Plagiarism True and False
dragged to be inserted in a sen-
tence, write the words in lower- tie
case and without a period unless
pants
they start or end a sentence.
skirt
Write capital letters for proper
nouns or words that start a sen- America
tence, and end marks if necessary.
India
Interactive Use lowercase when requesting
England
HTMLs crosswords and letter searches;
when matching words with defini-
tions, emulate the Merriam-Web-
ster dictionary format: no capital
letters and no end marks.
On the platform, we
refer to these like this:
Note, the word
interactive starts
Open the Find the Adjective inter-
with lowercase
active and drag each word to the
correct column. after the title
of the html and
Open the interactive, Find the
Adjective and drag each word to
needs a comma
the correct column. when written
before the
interactive title.

8 English Writing Guide 2018-2019

Citations and References

Citations and References

References will follow the formats described below. Examples for different references are given
below for the most popular resources.
Blogs are not permitted. Electronic sources include databases, online journals, Websites or Web
pages, newsgroups, Web- or email newsletters.
For source citation use the word References not Sources.
Books:
Bandura, A.J. (1977). Social Learning Theory Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall

Periodicals
Author, A., Author B., & Author C.C. (2015). The Title of the Article. Name of Journal
or Magazine, Scholarly Article, Newsletter. Retrieved from the http.//the source.
If there is no author, find the organization that referred it. If there is no date, write (n.d:) and follow APA
guidelines. Do not include retrieval date.

Article with author

Author, A. (Year, Month Date of Publication). Article title. Retrieved from URL
Simmons, B. (2015, January 9). The Tale of Two Flaccos. Retrieved from http://grantland.com/
the-triangle/the-tale-of-two-flaccos/

Article without an author

Article title. (Year, Month Date of Publication). Retrieved from URL
Teen posed as doctor at West Palm Beach hospital: police. (2015, January 16). Retrieved from
http://www.nbcmiami.com/news/local/Teen-Posed-as-Doctor-at-West-Palm-Beach-Hospital-
Police-288810831.html

Article without a date

Author, A. (n.d.). Article title. Retrieved from URL
Jones, F. (n.d.). Flying Over the Cuckoo’s Nest. Retrieved from http://www.fanbase.com/I-Love-
Nicholson

Article without an author or a date

Article title. (n.d.). Retrieved from URL
Heuristic Structures. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.whatareyourheuristics

Dictionary entries
anemometer. (2018). In Merriam-Webster.com. Retrieved from https://www.merriam-webster.
com/dictionary/anemometer

English Writing Guide 2018-2019 9

 Citations and References

Title of Article or Book Chapter

Deutsch, F. M., Sussler, J.L. &. Shmidt, D.L. (2013). Men’s and women’s gender role journey:
Metaphor for healing, transition, and transformation. In Wainwright (ed.). Gender issues across
the life cycle (pp. 107-113) NY: Springer.

Journal article, newsletter article, or magazine article

Saywitz,K., Mannarino, A., Berliner, L., & Cohen, L.A. (2014). It’s your choice. American
Psychologist. 55, 1040-1049

Daily newspaper article, no author

New drug appears cancer cure. (2017, July 15). The Washington Post p. A12

Daily newspaper article, author

Berkowitz, A.D. (2017). What to do when a student does drugs. (Letter to the Editor). Chronicle
of Higher Education. P. B20

Photograph
Roege, W.J. (Photographer). (1938). St. Patrick’s Cathedral, Fifth Avenue from 50th Street to
51st Street [photograph]. New York, NY: New-York Historical Society.
Any other resources or references, please consult the APA Reference Guide at http://www.bibme.
org/citation-guide/apa/
As authors, it is vital to honor the work of other authors and researchers who enrich our work
by recognizing their work and giving due credit. Plagiarism is an academic and international
offense and is set forth in the Federal Copyright Law. Respecting copyright and being faithful
to the principles of professional ethics should be one of the guiding principles for authors. For
more information, check the following link: http://www.eticaacademica.unam.mx/Plagio.html).

10 English Writing Guide 2018-2019

Platform Writing

Platform Writing
Capitalize Knotion activities,
Knotion resources, or any other elements Reading Strategy: Visualizing Coach
Products belonging to Knotion or that are Card
partnerships.

Use bold to make an important

point, emphasize important words,
or draw attention. Avoid using
quotation marks for emphasis, Learners will observe an illustration
except in kindergarten, see below. about what an emergency is and will
also review a and an.
All punctuation after bolded
resources should appear unbolded. Read the story, E-waste.

On the platform use bold instead Circle the letter Aa that makes the
Use of Bold of quotation marks to set off /æ/ sound in apple.
important points. Put your headphones on and watch
the video, In Kn·sync, Out of Kn·sync
Use bold for letters-as-letters and
Part 1 to understand...
words-as-words.
Answer the exercise in your
Every video title that is a Knotion Kn·book I Can Listen and Write.
product goes in bold while the
word video remains in regular font.
Use bold to refer to Kn·book titles.

Circle the letter Aa that makes the

/æ/ sound in apple.
Write the IPA symbol inside slashes
Representing Circle the letter soft Cc letter that
/ / when using phonemic script.
Sounds makes the /s/ sound in cent. Circle
http://phonemicchart.com
the hard Cc letter that makes the /k/
sound in cake.

Put titles of Star Seekers videos/

stories in bold.
Use bold to set off the titles of
Examples: Ask learners to watch
Kn·stories and Knotion animations. the Star Seekers Letter Nn video.
When referring to printed Watch the Star Seekers First Day
worksheets, use the same title as of School video.
appears in bold in the Kn·book.
Example: Hand out the MagnetiK
Use of Bold in When writing in bold, make sure Question worksheet.
Kindergarten that the punctuation that follows is Example: Hand out the Mark It Out!
in regular font and not bolded. worksheet and ask learners to trace
the letters Nn.
When words-as-words are
written in quoted instructions or What do you think alike means?
suggestions that the coach reads
Do you remember who found the
(and that therefore appear in
star with the letter Nn?
italics), emphasize the words in
bold.
Bold letters-as-letters.

English Writing Guide 2018-2019 11

 Platform Writing

Use italics for titles of books, plays, videos,

movies, songs, TV shows or series and works of
art (symphonies, paintings, sculptures, etc, but Use a comma to
not buildings). separate words or
phrases in a series.
Use of Italics Use italics to set off examples on Coach Cards. For example: We have
Use italics for quoted instructions, anything Art class on Tuesdays,
Thursdays, and Fridays.
that is repeated in the learner interface, or
suggestions for coaches on the platform to read
as such on their coach description.

Learner Description:
Write descriptions in the steps as instructions
in complete sentences using the second person Who can help you if
in the present tense for both the coach and the you’re lost?
learner, unless they are questions for the learner. Open the Help! I’m Lost!
video. Look at the people
Write learner and coach descriptions that who can help you if you
immediately follow the title in complete get lost.
sentences using the third person plural in Student description: You
the simple future tense (“you will” in learner will start the activity by
Descriptions descriptions, “learners will” in coach description). asking who can help you
in the Steps if you get lost.
Use an imperative in the simple present and
avoid the use of words like must, should, have to, Coach Description:
and need to. Learners will start the
When referring to different tenses, include the activity by asking who
can help them if they get
word tense when naming one. Likewise, when
lost. Accept any answers.
referring to a part of speech, include the name.
Click on the New photo
When writing titles, use title case. button.
Write sentences in the
Coach and When writing instructions for app use, capitalize present perfect tense.
Learner all words in the names of specific buttons. Fill in the blank spaces
Additional Write lists of items without using numbers,
on your Comparative
Resources and Superlative
letters, or bullet points. Capitalize only the first Adjectives Chart.
word on each line of the list and do not use any
Tap the Done button.
punctuation.
Double tap the + button
Use exact verbs. Consult Bloom’s Taxonomy. (See and tap Next.
Appendix C for adequate high-order thinking skill Small mirrors
verbs.) Paper bags
Avoid using the article the with the word learners Paint
if possible and use pronouns when possible. 1 tongue depressor
5 pieces of paper
Do not use the ® symbol anywhere on Platform.
Explain to learners that...

12 English Writing Guide 2018-2019

Platform Writing - General Considerations When Writing in English

Instead of students: learners

Instead of cartulina: chart paper or poster paper

Instead of pay attention: observe

Instead of teacher: coach

Special Language
Considerations for Instead of small groups: teams. Group refers to the whole class.
platform writing Instead of Listen to your coach...Instruction and learning should be
focused on the learner and what the learner does, not on the coach.

Avoid using the passive voice where possible.

Write in simple terms to avoid bloviating. “Less is more.”

when conveying a message/idea.

General Considerations When Writing in English

Knotion
Capitalize Knotion activities, resources, or any other elements belonging to Knotion that are not
registered and other elements that are partnerships.
Do not use the ® symbol anywhere on Platform. Refer to the Glossary of Kn terms for reference
to knotion products.
Do not use brand names. Use generic terms.
For example: If there are
Post-it sticky note any doubts
about brand
Q-tip cotton swab
names,
Foamy foam sheets investigate
Unicel styrofoam on Merriam-
Webster.
Plasticine modeling clay
Play Doh modeling clay

Headings and Subheadings Hierarchy

A. Capital Letters Followed by a Period (Title Case with no period at the end)
1. Arabic Number Followed by a Period (Title Case with no period at the end)
b. Lowercase letter followed by a period. (Sentence Case ending with a period)
• Full bullets. (Sentence Case ending with a period)
o Empty bullets. (Sentence Case ending with a period)
If there is only one subheading under the heading use:
1. Arabic number and period
• Full bullets
o Empty bullets
Headings and subheadings may be bolded according to the editors’ discretion based on
previous versions (Coach Cards, infographics, or other resources that contain a lot of text).

English Writing Guide 2018-2019 13

 General Considerations When Writing in English

Numbers
Spell out numbers from one to nine within text. Write the numbers numerically from 10 upward.
Exceptions
Write the numbers numerically for item amounts, (5 paper clips)
Write the numbers numerically for time references (5 minutes).
Write the numbers numerically in all math problems unless the objective states otherwise.
The time is correctly written as 6 a.m. with a space between the number and the initials and
periods.

Use of Commas
Use the Oxford comma (or serial comma) which is the final comma in a list of three items or
more. A comma is used immediately before and, or, and occasionally nor.
Example: height, weight, and depth.
For further information on the use of commas, please refer to the Knotion Writing Manual
Guidelines, Style Considerations, and Revision and Correction Tips.

Lists and Bullets

Use correct punctuation in numbered, lettered, or bulleted listings.

Examples:
Assess if learners are able to:

-- Identify plants’ needs in order for them to live.

-- Organize a weekly planner.
-- Explain the benefits plants bring to the environment.

Use numbered lists only when a specific order is needed.

For bullet points, follow this example and use capital letters after the bullet and end with a period.
Shared Reading:

•• Helps the coach guide learners that have difficulty reading in a group setting.
•• Improves reading and listening comprehension.
•• Increases sight word vocabulary knowledge by reading new words in context.
•• Makes the reading more pleasant and easy to understand.
•• Facilitates reading comprehension of texts that learners may find difficult to read on their own.
•• Improves learners’ confidence because they feel supported by their group.
•• Gives learners the opportunity to make mistakes and learn from them in a controlled group environment.

Predicting helps learners to:

•• Activate prior knowledge.

•• Make connections between what they are reading and their prior knowledge.
•• Think ahead anticipating information and events.
•• Stay focused on the reading.
•• Understand the story better.

14 English Writing Guide 2018-2019

Glossary

Glossary
Knotion Terms Commercial Associates
All words that have the prefix Kn, Do not use bold, italics, or quotation marks
will be followed by a floating period. with the following partnerships:
The word that follows is not capitalized.
•• DreamBox
•• Kn•power, •• LightSail
•• Kn•immersive
•• CNN News
•• Kn•book
•• Kn•nect •• BBC Worldwide Learning
•• Kn•it •• BBC Bitesize & Motion Library
•• Kn·story •• BrainPop
•• Knotion
•• Sterling Pixels
•• Knowledge in action
•• IMPACT KNOTION •• Discovery Education
•• KNOTION IMPact LEARNING MODEL •• HeartMath
•• Kn·light •• Lectura Inteligente
•• Kn·sync
•• Heedfulness
•• Heed
•• Knotion Heedfulness
•• Global Knotion
•• Kn·eologism
•• MagnetiK Question
•• MagnetiK Understanding
•• Mind Shakers
•• Kn·genieria
•• Knotion Journey
•• Knotion Bank
•• Konsul
•• Kampaigner
•• Kn·champion
•• Knotion Academy
•• Knotion Inner Kore, Knotion OrganiK
•• Kn·book
•• Kn·story
The logos
•• Kn·connect bearing ®
•• Knotion Wall are: Knotion®
•• My Portfolio Kn•power®,
•• Digital Journal Knotion
•• Global Issue
Academy®.
•• Kn·reminder
•• Kn·planner
•• Mini-Lesson
•• Power up! (in titles Power Up!)
•• DEP= Digital Ecosystem Platform

Kn Immersion is not a Knotion Academy method

Knotion Academy, therefore, we should only
write: Immersion.
Logos will remain as they were designed.
•• Knowledge in Action
•• IMPAct Learning Model

English Writing Guide 2018-2019 15

 Appendix A: Titles and Headings

Appendix A: Titles and Headings

Knotion
Use Title Case for All Titles, Whether They Are Phrases or Sentences
A. Capitalize the Principal Words
The principal words are all of the important words. They include: (i) the first and last words of
the title; (ii) verbs (including infinitives and auxiliaries like do, can, and all forms of to be); (iii)
nouns and pronouns (he, we, she, it); (iv) adjectives and adverbs and some conjunctions (see
below).
B. Capitalize every word that is more than three letters long, including about, with, and around.
C. Do not capitalize the following words unless they are the first or last word in a title.

a at in on to

an but nor so up

and for of the yet

by as per

D. If the title is a complete sentence, it can end in a question mark, an exclamation mark, or
without punctuation. Never put a period in a title even if it’s a sentence.
E. When using an ellipsis (...), add a space after the last word before typing the ellipsis.
F. Some examples of titles without final punctuation:

•• Things I Do at Home to Help

•• Building Your Vocabulary
•• Identifying My Needs and Wants
•• How to Be More Aware of My Needs and Wants
•• Reasons Why I Am Happy
•• The Good, the Bad, and the Ugly
•• My Masterpiece
•• Finding a Way to Catch a Thief Running Away

G. Titles With Final Punctuation

•• Cut It Out!
•• What Are My Needs and Wants?
•• Discover More About …
•• Change Your Habits!
•• How Can I Be More Aware of My Needs?

16 English Writing Guide 2018-2019

Appendix B - C

Appendix B: The Rules of AP Title Case*

Do Capitalize Don’t Capitalize
First word of title
Last word of title a by* of the*
Verbs
Nouns an for on* to*
Pronouns
and in* or* up*
Adjectives
Adverbs
at nor so* yet*
Some Conjunctions
Words more than 3 letters long *Depending on how the
but*
word functions in the title.

Watch out for: * https://www.bkacontent.com/how-to-correctly-use-apa-style-title-case/

Is, are, was, and be are all short but should be capitalized because they are verbs.

Appendix C: Circle of Learning Outcome Verbs

Analogy, Graph,
The six areas in the center
Speech, Collage, Drama, Poster, Story, represent the six levels of
Summary, Photograph, Tape recording, order of thinking, going
Cartoon, Diagramm. from low-order thinking
skills (LOTS) which
People, Diagram, embodies knowledge and
Events, Confirm, Explain, Convert, Sculpture, understanding) to high-
Television shows, Infer, Relate, Match, Photograph,
Describe, Estimate,
order thinking skills (HOTS).
Recordings, Forecast,
Dictionary,
Draw, Paraphrase, Predict. Illustration,
When planning your
Identify, Apply, learning outcomes, use the
Definition, List, Project,
Locate, Label, Modify, Build,
Text reading,
Select, Outline, Construct, Solve,
Puzzle, HOTS with more frequency
Magazine Compre- Cartoon, than the LOTS, as they
Write, List, Report, Sketch,
articles. hension Filmstrip.
Recite, Name, Produce. reflect a deeper learning
State, Record, possibility and reflect
Repeat. Knowledge Application
the KNOTION IMPAct
LEARNING MODEL.
Solve, Analyze,
Critique, Evaluation Analysis Sort, For example: Instead
Editorial, Criticize, Categorize, Survey,
Conclusion, Appraise, Investigate, Sylogism, of using the verb ‘identify’
Synthesis from the lowest thinking
Valuing, Conclude, Compare, Model,
Self-evaluation, Assess, Justify, Debate, Conclusion, skill category, Knowledge,
Group Judge. Differentiate, Graph, in a learning outcome
discussion, Combine, Compose, Examine. Argument
Coaurt trial, Design, Generate, Invent, broken down,
for learning vocabulary,
Survey, Plan, Formulate, Originate, Questionnaire, use ‘relate with,’ which
Recommendation Devise, Revise, Hypothesize. Report. although still a LOTS,
involves a higher thinking
skill in the ‘Comprehension’
Poem, Play, Article, Book, Story,
Report, Invention, Cartoon, Experiment, section.
Song, Game, Set of rules, principles or
standards.
(Anderson & Krathwohl, 2016,
2013, 2005, 2001) can be found at
http://thesecondprinciple.com/
teaching-essentials/beyond-
bloom-cognitive-taxonomy-
revised/ for further information.

English Writing Guide 2018-2019 17

 Appendix D: Translation of Proper Nouns

Appendix D: Translation of Proper Nouns

Mexico
London
Proper nouns are translated from Spanish
Germany
into English only if a translation exists.
State of Mexico
Tibet

Michoacán
Words that derive from native languages
Querétaro
stay in their original spelling.
Yucatán

José Martí
Proper nouns such as a people’s names Vicente Fernández
are never translated when it belongs to an
actual person and should be kept as it is. Simón Bolívar
Guillermo Peña Argüello

Día de Reyes (The Day of the Three Wise Men)

Rosca de Reyes(a traditional round bread from
Mexico)
Represent traditional celebrations, foods Noche de Muertos, Dia de Muertos
(gastronomy), monuments, and dates in (Day of the Dead)
italics. Provide a translation in parentheses. Candelaria (Candlemass)
Smørrebrød (traditional Danish bread)
goulash, lángos and lecsó (Hungarian dishes)
Sverd i fjell (Sword in the Mountain)

Represent the names of organizations

Ley de Seguridad Interna
and governmental institutions and laws in
(Homeland Security Law)
italics. Provide a translation in parentheses.

The Earth is the third planet in our solar system.

The Moon orbits the Earth.
The words sun, moon, and earth begin with
capital or lowercase letters according to The space shuttle will return to Earth next year.
their context. If they are used to refer to the The archaeologists excavated the earth at the
planetary system, then they are capitalized. site.
Celestial bodies of the planetary system go What actions do you take at home to care for
in caps. the earth?
When used with the article, the earth, the The Sun is our star.
sun, the moon should only be capitalized I like to feel the sun on my skin.
when speaking about the planetary system. I like to see the moon at night.
Otherwise they may be in lowercase.
The astronauts landed on the moon.
The Earth’s moon is called the Moon.

18 English Writing Guide 2018-2019