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154 viewsCoordinate Geometry Circle Part2 PDF
Uploaded by
Arshad BashaCopyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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/ 17
‘Equation of M [slope =- 3, point = (~3--3)]:
Equation of L [slope =~ }, point=(-3,—2)]:
(y-y)=me—x) (y-y=mG—)
(y+2)=- 3043) O+)=-3@+))
Qyt4e-2-3 ya ha-3e-8
L:x+2y+7=0 (M: 3x+y+6=0
Solving the simultaneous equations Z and M gives the centre of the circle c(~1,-3).
Radius:
‘The radius is |ac| or [oc].
a(-3,-2), -1,-3)
Jac | =V¥ery—x))*+ a yd2=VET 43)? + 34 2)2=VO)2+ C= V4 ANS
Thus, the centre of the circle is (-1,~3) and the radius is V5.
Equation of the circle: (e-h)?+(y- B22?
(412+ (943)? (15)?
G++ (94325
or
x2+y242x46y45=0
‘Note: After finding the equation of the line L, we could have let the equation of the circle be
x?+y?+2gx42fy-+c=0 and used an algebraic approach to find the values of g, fand c.
Exercise 1.8 -w
1. Find the equation of the circle that contains the points (3, 6) and (5, 4) and whose centre lies on
the line x+y-5=0.
2. Find the equation of the circle that contains the points (2, ~6) and (4,~2) and whose centre lies
on the line 2x+y+4=0.
3. The circle x7+y?+2gx+2fv+c=0 passes through the points (4, 3) and (6,~3).
‘The line 3x~y~7=0 passes through the centre of the circle.
Find the real numbers g, fand c.
4, Find the equation of the circle which passes through the points (~1, 6) and (-3, 0) and where the
line 2x +y-+6=0 is a tangent at the point (-3, 0).
5, Find the equation of the circle which passes through the points (-1, 3) and (3, 5) and where the
line 3x—y+6-=0 is a tangent at the point (-1, 3).
6. The circle x*+y?+2gx+2fy+e=0 passes through the points (4, 1) and (6,—5).
The line 2x-y—17=0 is a tangent to the circle at (6,5).
Find the real numbers g, fand c. Given the length of the radius
{In some questions we are given the radius. When this happens we let Yg?++f?—c be equal to the given
radius. Then we square both sides. We then have to use the other information in the question to form
‘two other equations in g, f and c, and substitute these into the first equation to get a quadratic equa-
tion in one variable. In general, we end up with two circles that satisfy the given conditions.
2 a a
‘A circle of radius length ¥20 contains the point (1, 3). Its centre lies on the line x+y=0.
Find the equations of the two circles that satisfy these conditions.
Solution:
Let the circle be x?+y2+2gx+2fy-+en0.
Given: Radius = 120 Contains the point (-1, 3)
2 CD24 (3)?+2¢-1) +2f8)+e=0
2g-6f-c=10 @
We now have to solve between the simultaneous equations ®, ® and ®.
gtf-0 ® 2g-f-c=10 ©
fa-8 2g-6(-g)-c=10 (f=-2)
Put f=—g into ® and express 2g +6g-¢
cin terms of g only. see
c=8e-10
‘We now have fand c in terms of g and we put these into @:
gitfi-c=20 @
87+ (-4)?-(Bg- 10) =20 gand c=8g- 10)
g2+g?-8g+10=20
2g?—8g-10=0
g2-4g-5=0
(e+ (g-5)=0
1 or ge5
8-10=-18 ¢=8g-10=8(5)-10 =40-10=30 1
x24 y24 2CDxct 2)y-18=0 wey? +2(S)x+ 2-5)y +30=0
xtay?-2x42y—1 x?4y?410x—10y +30=0
‘These are the equations of the two circles that satisfy the given conditions. 1. A circle of radius length 2 contains the point (1,~1). Its centre lies on the line x= 1.
Find the equations of the two circles that satisfy these conditions.
2. A circle of radius length 20 contains the point (0, 2). Its centre lies on the line x+y =0.
Find the equations of the two circles that satisfy these conditions.
3. A citcle of radius length VI0 contains the point (—5, 0). Its centre lies on the line x+2y=0.
Find the equations of the two circles that satisfy these conditions.
4. A line L: 2x~3y=0 isa tangent to a circle C at the point (0, 0).
If the radius of Cis Y13, find two possible equations for C.
5, ‘Two citcles intersect at the points p(1, 3) and q(3,-1).
‘The line M joining the centres of the circles is the perpendicular bisector of {pq].
(@) Find the coordinates of r, the midpoint of [pg] and the equation of the line M.
(ii) If the distance from the centre of each circle to ris V20, find the radius length of each circle.
(ii) Find the equation of each circle.
6. A circle of radius length V10 contains the points (1, 2) and (1, 4).
Find the equations of the two circles that satisfy these conditions,
Equation of a Tangent |
Equation of a tangent to a circle at a given point 1
‘A tangent is perpendicular to the radius that joins the centre
of a circle to the point of tangency.
‘This fact is used to find the slope of the tangent.
In the diagram on the right, the radius, R, is perpendicular
to the tangent, T, at the point of tangency, p. f, point =.
RLT
‘The equation of a tangent to a circle at a given point is found with the following steps:
Step 1: Find the slope of the radius to the point of tangency.
Step 2: Tum this slope upside down and change its sign.
This gives the slope of the tangent.
Step 3: Use the coordinates of the point of contact and the slope of the tangent at this point in
the formula:
(-y)=m@—x).
‘This gives the equation of the tangent.
‘A diagram is often very useful. Find the equation of the tangent to the circle x?+ y?—4x + 6 ~ 12=0 at the point (5,~7) on the
circle.
Solution:
xPayt drs 6y—12=0
‘The centre of the circle is (2,-3).
=143
Slope of R=
s
3
5-2
Slope of T=3
2 Slope
Equation of 7: (y—y,)=m(x—x,)
5,1)
Proving that a line is a tangent to a circle y
‘A line is a tangent to a circle if the perpendicular distance from
the centre of the circle to the line is equal to the radius.
Prove that the line 2x-3y~27=0 is a tangent to the circle x7+y?-8x+4y+7=0.
Solution:
(As we do not need the point of contact, we use the
perpendicular distance method.)
xP+y?-8x44y47=0
Contre = (4,-2)
Radis Vs COPo7 MiGs a7
Perpendicular distance from the centre (4,—2)
to the line 2x - 3y- 27 =0 is given by:
ga mete te| _ 124-302-271 | [846-27] _[-13] 13g
Varo? Yor+ 3? Varo 9 i383
|As the perpendicular distance from the centre of the circle to the line is equal to the radius, the line is @
tangent tothe circle. Length of a tangent to a circle from a point outside the circle
‘The length of a tangent from a point outside a circle
is the distance, d, from the point outside the circle to the
point of tangency.
‘Method:
1. Find the centre, c, and radius length, r, of the circle.
2. Find the distance, /, between the centre and the point outside the circle.
3. Use Pythagoras’s theorem to find d, ie, [?= 124d,
‘A tangent from the point p(3. 0) touches the circle x?+y?+2x—4y+1=0 at g
Fiad [pal (cough diagram)
Solution: :
xP+y?42x—dy+1=0 :
centre = o(-1, 2)
radius =VC1)?+@)?- 1=Vi+4-1=¥4=2
Distance from the centre e(—1, 2) to the point p(3, 0)
=|pe| =VG4 1)2+ 0-2)? =Va2+ C22 =VI64 4 N20
Using Pythagoras’s theorem: 7.0)
Ipgl?+lac|*=|pel? g
Ipal?+2* = 120)* L
20 © 4
‘y
Exercise 1.10 x]
Find the equation of the tangent tothe given circle at the given poi
L x2+y?=10; G1 2. x2+y2=29; (2,5)
3 xt4y2=50; (7,-1) 4, 4x24 4y?=25; ea)
5. (x4) #(y43)=10; (7-4) 6. x24(7-5)2=29; (5,3)
1. xtsy246042y-320; 5.4) 8. x24y2-2rb4y- 15-0; 6.2)
9, x2+y?—4r-6y-12=0; (5,7) 10. x2+y?-8r+14=0; B,-D LL. Show that the tangents to the circle x?+ y?—2x-2y-3 =0 at the points (3, 2) and (2,1) are
perpendicular to each other.
‘Verify in each case that the line L is a tangent to the circle C:
1D Li 3x4dy-25=0; Cz x2+y7=25
13, L: dx-+3y-14=0; Cx? +y?-4x+6y+4=0
U4. L: x—4y+31=0; Ci x2 +y?4de—6y—4=0
18, L: x-6y-9 C: xt y?-4x—10y-8=0
16. L: x-2y +10: Cex? ry? +8x- 16y+60=0
In cach of the following, find the distance from the given point outside the circle to the point of
tangency:
17. (11,-2); x24y=25 18. (0,-4); x? +y?-Gx-8y+16=0
19. 3, Ds x24y244x-2y-4=0 20. (2,5); x+y?-2ee4y-2020
21, 0,0); x24y?-8x-6y+20=0 22. (5,0); x2+y?+6r-5=0
23. The length of the tangent from the point (3, 2) to the circle x+y2—8x~8y +k=0 is 2.
Find the value of k.
Equation of a Tangent 2
‘Tangents parallel, or perpendicular, to a given line
We make use of the fact that the perpendicular distance from the centre of a circle to the tangent is
_equal to the radius. i Te
Note: ax+by+k=0 is a line parallel to the line ax+by+e=0.
bx—ay +k=0 ot ~ bx+ ay +k=0 is a line perpendicular to the line ax + by+e=0.
Find the equations of the tangents to the circle x? + y?~6x-2y~15=0 which are parallel to the
Tine 3x+4y +20=0.
Solution:
stay? 6r-2y-15=0
Centre=(3, 1)
Radius =V@)2+ (12+ 15 =V94 14 15 =V25=5
Let the equation of the tangent parallel to
3x+dy+20=0 be 3x+dy+k=0. ‘As 3x+-4y +k=0 is a tangent to the circle, the perpendicular distance from the centre of the
circle, (3, 1), to this line is equal to the radius, 5,
[3)+4(1) +41
¥@?+ay?
[13 +k] =25
o 13+k=25 or 13+k=-25
ke12 or ka-38
‘Thus, the tangents are 3x+4y+12=0 and 3x-+4y~38=0.
Equations of tangents from a point outside a circle r
From a point outside a circle, two tangents can be
<érawn to touch the circle,
7
‘Method for finding the two equations of tangents from a point (x,,y;) outside a circle:
1. Find the centre and radius length of the circle (a rough diagram can help).
2, Let the equation be (y~y,)=m{x—2,) and write the equation in the form ar+by+c=0.
3, Let the perpendicular distance from the centre of the circle to the tangent equal the radius.
4, Solve this equation to find two values of m.
5. Using these two values of m and the point (x,, y,), write down the equations of the two tangents.
Example
Find the equations of the two tangents from the point (5,3) to the circle
a2ey? des 8yt 125!
Solution:
tay? dys 8y +120
Centre:
=2,-4)
Radius =V@)?+C4)?— 12 = V4 16-12-18 S ‘We have a point (5,~3) and we need to find the slopes of the two tangents.
Equation: ()—y,)= mlx —x)
(y+3)=m(x-5)
y+3=mx—5m
mx-y4+(-Sm-3)=0 [in the form ax+by +¢=0)
‘The perpendicular distance from the centre of the circle (2,4) to each tangent is equal to
the radius, V8.
|m(2)= 12-4) +(Sm—3)| we
Tho: ne = V8
. VPs CI
[2ms4-Sm—3] _ yg
Ime 1
[eam yg
=¥8
V+ 1
2
omen ag [square both sides}
9m? 6m+1=8m?4+8 [multiply both sides by (m?+1)]
m?—6m-7=0
(m+1)(m-7)=0
m=-1 or m=7
Equations of the two tangents:
5 point= (5,~3) Slope =7; point=(5,-3)
(y+3)=- 1-5) (y+ 3)=7(r4+5)
yr3e-x45
Slope=
xty-2=0
‘Thus, the equations of the two tangents are x+y~2=0 and 7x—y+32=0.
Exercise 1.1] w )
4. The line 2e+ y+
2. The line 3x4 y+k=0 is a tangent to the circle x? + y?—4x+8y +10=0.
Find the two values of k.
is a tangent to the circle x*+y?=5. Find the two values of k.
3. Find the two valucs of k for which the line:
(@ 2x+y4+k=0is a tangent to the circle x*+ y?—4x-6y+8=0
(ii) 2x+ky+3=0 is a tangent to the citcle x*+y?—4x-4y-5=0.
4, Find the two values of k for which the line x+ky~6=0 is a tangent to the
circle x?+y?—6x-2y+5=0.
‘The line 3x+ky-k=0 is a tangent to the circle x?+y?~ 10x-2y-+ 17 =0.
Find the two values of k. .. Find the equations of the tangents to the circle x7+y?=25 which are parallel to the line
4x—3y+10=0.
17, Find the equations of the tangents to the circle x?+y?= 10 which are parallel to the line
3x-y=0.
8, Find the equations of the tangents to the circle x?+ y?+ 6x-+ 10y+29=0 which are parallel to
the line 2x-y-8=0.
9, Find the equations of the tangents to the circle x74 y?~ 6x-+4y~4=0 which are parallel to the
line x+4y~-3=0.
10. Find the equations of the tangents to the circle x?+y*+6x~2y~15=0 which are perpendicular
to the line 4x +3y +5 =0.
is a tangent to the circle x?+y?—6x+2y4+2=0.
1. The line mx-y=
Find the two Values of m.
Find the equations of the tangent from the given point to the given circle:
12. (5,0); x? +y?=5 13. 10,-10); x7+y?=20
14, (0,0); xt4y?#4x42y4+4=0 18. 3,-2% xt4y?44x—6y+8=0
16. (0, 1); x2 +y?=8x~-2y+9=0 17. (1,25 xtayt+Br+ Gy +15=0
18, The line ax+by=0 is a tangent to the circle x? + y?—4x-2y+4.=0, where a, be R and b 0.
(© Show that $4
(ii) Hence, or otherwise, find the coordinates of the point of contact.
Circles with the Axes as Tangents
Ifa circle touches an axis (the + or y-axis isa tangent to the circle), then one of the coordinates of the
centre of the circle is equal to the radius.
1, Circle touching the x-axis :
radius =|-f|
Ve? f?—e=|-f1
ep onf?
g-c20 |
gece ok CHO
2. Circle touching the y-axis 5
radius = |-g|
Vg? f?—c=|-31 a
O-9'
eieete rs
fi-c=0 a)
Pra,
freeing. The x-axis is a tangent to the circle C: x?+y?+2gx+2fy+e=0.
‘Show that g7=c.
‘The points (2, 1) and (3, 2) are also on the circle C.
Find two possible equations for C.
Solution:
xtey?+2gnt2fyre=0 »
cente=(-g,-f) radius=VWg?af?—e
From the diagram,
radius =|~f|
WaP=e-|-f|
gepconf?
Ses
gee
2.1) on the circle: (2)?+(1)2+2¢(2)+2f()+e=0 = 4g+2fre+5=0
(3,2) on the circle: (3)*+(2)?+2g(3)+2/@)+c=0 > 6g+4f+c+13=0
We now have 3 equations:
giec D 4g+2f+c+5=0 @ 6g+4fec+13-0 D
Replace c with g? in @ and @:
4g+2fec+ @ 6g+4f4c+13=0 @
Agt+2f+g?4+5-0 © | 6g+4f+g2+13=0 ©
From ®, express fin terms of g and put this into ®:
4g+2f+g?+5=0 © 6g+4frg?+13=0 ®
2fe-g?4g-5
6g~2g?—8g—10+g+13=0
put this into ®. =g?-2g+3=0
g242g-3=0
(g+3)@-1)=0
gr-3 or g=1
Case 2
xtey?+2C3e+2C1y+9=0 wey Wet 2-Sy41=0
24y?=6x-2y+9=0 w24y242e-10y+1=0 Exercise 1.12 ~
1. Find the equation of the circle with centre (2, 5) and which has the x-axis as a tangent.
2, Find the equation of the circle with centre (-3, 4) and which has the y-axis as a tangent,
3, Show that the circle x? +)?—4x—4y +4=0 touches the x- and y-axes.
4, The a-axis is a tangent to the circle x2+y?+2gx+2fy+e
Show that g?
‘The x-axis is a tangent to a circle C at the point (5, 0).
‘The point (1, 4) is on C. Find the equation of C.
5, The y-axis is a tangent to the circle x?+y?+2gx+2fy+c=0.
Show that f?=c.
‘The y-axis is a tangent to a circle K at the point (0, 2).
‘The point (2,~2) is on K. Find the equation of K.
6. A circle has its centre in te first quadrant and touches the 2~ and y-axes.
If the distance from the centre of the circle to the origin is 2V2, find the equation of the circle.
7. The x-axis and the y-axis are tangents to the circle x?+y?42gx+2fy+e=0.
Show tha: (i) g@=c ii) g?=f?.
The circle C: x?+y?+2gx+2fy+c=0 has its centre in the first quadrant.
‘The x- and y-axes are tangents to C. The point (3, 6) is on C.
Find two equations for C.
8 Show that the circle x?+y?~2rx—2ry+r?=0 has radius r and has the x- and y-axes as tangents,
Find the equations of the two circles which contain the point (1, 2) and have the x- and y-axes as
tangents.
Touching Circles
‘Two circles are said to be touching if they have only one point of intersection. To investigate whether
two circles touch, we compare the distance between their centres with the sum or difference of their
radii.
Consider two circles of radius r, and r, (Where r,>r,) and let d be the distance between their centres.
1. Circles touch externally 2, Circles touch internally
Fan
d=rjtr, danny
Distance between their centres Distance between their centres
sum of their radii =
