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Lab 1 COAL

This document provides an overview of the COAL Lab 1 course, which introduces computer architectures over 4 hours using the Emu 8086 tool. It describes key aspects of embedded systems, microprocessors, microcontrollers, and different CPU architectures including Von Neumann, Harvard, CISC, RISC, super scalar, VLIW. The lab tasks involve commenting on the architectures of specific CPUs and providing examples of embedded systems.

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Ayaan Shah
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
101 views

Lab 1 COAL

This document provides an overview of the COAL Lab 1 course, which introduces computer architectures over 4 hours using the Emu 8086 tool. It describes key aspects of embedded systems, microprocessors, microcontrollers, and different CPU architectures including Von Neumann, Harvard, CISC, RISC, super scalar, VLIW. The lab tasks involve commenting on the architectures of specific CPUs and providing examples of embedded systems.

Uploaded by

Ayaan Shah
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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COAL Lab 1

Summary
Items Description
Course Title Introduction, Architectures of different Computers
Duration 4 Hours

Operating System /Tool/Language Emu 8086


Objective To get familiar with different Architectures of computer

Embedded Systems:

 A physical system that employs computer control for a specific purpose, rather than for
general-purpose computation
 Any device that includes a computer but is not itself a general-purpose computer.
 Hardware and Software, part of some larger systems and expected to work without human
intervention.
 Often the user of the device is not even aware that a computer is present.
 Respond, monitor, control external environment using sensors & actuators.
Examples:

Anti-lock brakes Auto-focus cameras


Automatic teller machines Automatic toll systems
Automatic transmission Avionic systems
Battery chargers Camcorders
Cell phones Cell-phone base stations
Cordless phones Cruise control
Curbside check-in systems Digital cameras
Disk drives Electronic card readers
Electronic instruments Electronic toys/games
Factory control Fax machines
Fingerprint identifiers Home security systems

Processors
Micro-processor and Microcontrollers

Key Requirements:

 Energy Efficiency
High Code Density
 Combined Size of all instruction
 Characteristics of a particular instruction set

Microprocessors
 CPU for computers
 No RAM, ROM, I/O on CPU chip itself
Example: Intel x86, Motorola 680x0

Microcontrollers

 Basically microcontroller is a device which integrates a number of the components of a


microprocessor system onto a single microchip.
 A Micro-controller combines onto the same microchip.
 The CPU core
 Memory (both RAM and ROM)
 Parallel Digital I/Os other I/Os & more
Architectures

Von Neuman

 Only one Memory holds data + instructions


 Data and Program share the same bus and the same memory, and so must have the same
width.
 CPU Registers:
 PC, IR and other general purpose
 Bottleneck: Getting instructions interferes with accessing RAM

Harvard

 Separate program bus and data bus


 Can be different widths!
 Pipelining Easy
 Allows 2 simultaneous memory Fetches
 Greater memory Band-width
 More predictable Bandwidth Most DSPs use Harvard Architecture for streaming data.
CISC - (Complex Instruction Set Computer)
 A large number of instructions each carrying permutation of the same operation
 Instructions provide for complex operations
 Different instructions of different format
 Different instructions of different length
 Many Addressing modes
 Requires multiple cycles for execution

RISC- (Reduced Instruction Set Computer)


 Reduced set of Instructions for simple operations
 Pipeline Friendly
 Each instruction of fixed length
 Instructions that can be executed in a single cycle
 Large general purpose Register set
 Can contain data or addresses
 Load-store Architecture
 No Memory Access for data
 RISC processor are simpler
 Can operate at high class frequencies
 In last two decades, this distinction has blurred
 CISC have implemented more RISC concepts

Super Scalar

 Multiple CPUs in a single Processor


 Processor decides at runtime about the instructions that can be executed parallel.
 Intel’s Pentium, IBM Power2, MIPS R10K, HP PA8500

VLIW (Very Large Instruction Word)

 Multiple CPUs in a single Processor


 Compiler decides about the instructions that can be executed parallel and can be
grouped in one bundle
 Intel i860 RISC (dual mode: scalar and VLIW), ADI Tiger-SHARC, Transmeta
Crusoe, Lucent/Motorola StarCore

LAB TASKS
1. Comment on Architecture of the following CPUs (4-5 lines on each)

 IBM Power2
 Itanium
 EPIC
 Intel i860
 Transmeta Crusoe
 StarCore (Lucent/Motorolla)
 TigerSHARC (ADI)
 Infenon

2. Daily life examples of embedded systems around us (Atleast 40)

3. Name and Comment on Architecture of the processor of your PC and Mobile

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