COURSE NUMBER: ARM 301 , COURSE TITLE: STRUCTURES 1

Class: Bachelors of Architecture, Status of Course: MAJOR, Approved since

session: 2016-17 Total Credits: 3, Periods (60 mts. each)/week: 3(L-3+0T-0+P/S-
1), Min.pds./sem.: 39

OUTLINE:
Unit-I. Geometric properties of sections
Centre of gravity, Moment of inertia and section modulus for various structural
shapes.

Unit-II. Beams: Types & Properties

Types of beams and their behaviour, types of supports and reactions, bending
moment and shear forces; simply supported, cantilever and overhanging
beams, relation between bending moment and shear force.

Unit-III. Theory of Simple Bending

Theory of simple bending and assumptions. M/I=f/y=E/R applications. Flexural
formula. Determination of different types of stresses induced in beams and
shafts due to bending and twisting moments respectively.

Unit-IV. Bending and Shear Stresses

Bending stresses and Shearing stresses in beams, distribution of shear stress
over different sections like, rectangular, circular, triangular, I and T-sections.

Unit-V. Forces in Arches

Theory of Arches, Classification of arches, Determination of horizontal thrust,
radial shear & normal force, axial thrust, bending moment & shear force for
three-hinged arch. Structural concepts in post & lintel, arch, dome, & vault
construction. Concept of behaviour of heterogeneous materials in direct force
and bending.
SUGGESTED READING:
1. “Structural Analysis”,Punmia, B.C.,Standard Publishers Distributors, NewDelhi,1995
2. . “Elements of Structural Analysis”,Bari, S.A,S.Chand& Company Ltd.,NewDelhi,1997
3. Analysis of Structures,Junnarkar SB,Charotar Publishing House, Anand,1994.
 Question Bank
ARM301
UNIT 1

1. Determine the location of the center of mass of homogeneous plates of constant thickness
shown below in Fig. 1.

Fig.1

2. Determine the coordinates of the centroid of the shaded

area shown in fig 4.

3. Determine the y-coordinate of the centroid of the shaded

area shown in fig.3.

4. a) What do you understand by principal moment of Fig.3

inertia?
b) Derive an expression for moment of inertia and
product of inertia about axes X’, Y' inclined at an angle θ with the X, Y axes about which
the moments and product of inertia are known. Hence locate the orientation and the values
of the principal moments of inertia.

5. Determine the moments of inertia about the x- and y-axes for the shaded area shown in
Fig.5.
Fig.4
Fig.5

6. Determine the moments of inertia of the rectangular area about the centroidal x0- and y0-
axes, the centroidal polar axis z0 through C, the x-axis, and the polar axis z through O.

7. Calculate the moments of inertia of the area of a circle about a diametral axis and about
the polar axis through the center. Specify the radii of gyration.
8. Determine the moments of inertia of the triangular
area about its base and about parallel axes through its
centroid and vertex.

9. Determine the orientation of the principal axes of

inertia through the centroid of the angle section and Fig.6
determine the corresponding maximum and minimum
moments of inertia shown in fig. 6.

10. Define section modulus. Determine the sectional

modulus for the rectangular, hollow rectangular,
circular and hollow circular cross-sections.

UNIT 2

11. What do you understand by shear force and bending moment? Define sagging and hogging.
Write down the sign conventions used for SFD and BMD? What is point of Contraflexure?

12. Derive the relation between rate of loading, shear force and bending moment for the beam?

13. Calculate the shear force and bending

moment at point A, B, C and D for the Fig.7
beam subjected to the loads as shown in
the fig. 7, then draw the shear force
diagram (SFD) and bending moment
diagram (BMD).

14. Write down the equation for the shear

force and bending moment for the Fig.8
beam subjected to the loads as shown
in the fig 8, then draw the shear force
diagram (SFD) and bending moment
diagram (BMD). Fig.8

15. Write down the equation for the shear

force and bending moment for the beam Fig.9
subjected to the loads as shown in the
fig. 9, then draw the shear force diagram
(SFD) and bending moment diagram
(BMD).

16. Draw the shear and moment diagrams for the beam shown in Fig. 10.
17. Draw the shear and moment diagrams for the beam shown in Fig. 11.

Fig.10 Fig.11
18. What is the difference between Cantilever beam and Propped cantilever beam? What are
the three conditions of loading on a cantilever beam? Specify the maximum deflection for
each case.

19. A Simply supported beam of length 6 metres carries a udl of 20KN/m throughout its length
and a point of 30 KN at 2 metres from the right support. Draw the shear force and bending
moment diagram. Also find the position and magnitude of maximum Bending moment.

20. The cantilever beam is subjected to the load

intensity (force per unit length) which varies
as w= w0 sin (πx/l) as shown in fig. 12.
Determine the shear force V and bending
moment M as functions of the ratio x/l.

UNIT 3
Fig.12
21. Write down the assumptions made in the theory of simple bending. Derive the flexural
formula using the stated assumptions.

22. A 50-mm diameter bar is used as a simply supported beam 3 m long. Determine the largest
uniformly distributed load that can be applied over the right two-thirds of the beam if the
flexural stress is limited to 50 MPa.

23. A rectangular steel bar, 15 mm wide by 30 mm high and 6 m long, is simply supported at
its ends. If the density of steel is 7850 kg/m3, determine the maximum bending stress
caused by the weight of the bar.

24. A cantilever beam, 50 mm wide by 150 mm high and 6 m long, carries a load that varies
uniformly from zero at the free end to 1000 N/m at the wall. (a) Compute the magnitude
and location of the maximum flexural stress. (b) Determine the type and magnitude of the
stress in a fiber 20 mm from the top of the beam at a section 2 m from the free end.

25. A beam of size 150 mm wide, 250 mm deep carries a uniformly distributed load of w kN/m
over entire span of 4 m. A concentrated load 1 kN is acting at 1.2 m from the left support.
If the bending stress at a section 1.8 m from the left support is not to exceed by 3.25 N/mm2
find the value of load w.

26. Define torsional rigidity. Derive the torsional formula using the stated assumptions.

27. Determine the diameter of a solid shaft which will transmit 300 KN at 250 rpm. The
maximum shear stress should not exceed 30 N/mm2 and twist should not be more than 10
in a shaft length 2m. Take modulus of rigidity = 1x 105N/mm2

28. A steel shaft ABCD having a total length of 2400 mm is contributed by three different
sections as follows. The portion AB is hollow having outside and inside diameters 80 mm
and 50 mm respectively, BC is solid and 80 mm diameter. CD is also solid and 70 mm
diameter. If the angle of twist is same for each section, determine the length of each portion
and the total angle of twist. Maximum permissible shear stress is 50 MPa and shear
modulus 0.82 x 105 MPa
29. What is the minimum diameter of a solid steel shaft that will not twist through more than
3° in a 6-m length when subjected to a torque of 12 kN·m? What maximum shearing stress
is developed? Use G = 83 GPa.

30. A shaft composed of

segments AC, CD, and
Fig.13
DB is fastened to rigid
supports and loaded as
shown in Fig. 13. For
bronze, G = 35 GPa;
aluminum, G = 28 GPa,
and for steel, G = 83 GPa.
Determine the maximum shearing stress developed in each segment.

31. Show that the hollow circular shaft whose inner diameter is half the outer diameter has a
torsional strength equal to 15/16 of that of a solid shaft of the same outside diameter.

UNIT 4

32. A rectangular beam of width b and height h carries a central concentrated load P on a
simply supported span of length L. Express the maximum shear stress fv in terms of
maximum bending stress fb.

33. The T section shown in Fig. 14 is the cross-

section of a beam formed by joining two
rectangular pieces of wood together. The
beam is subjected to a maximum shearing
force of 60 kN. Show that the NA is 34 mm
from the top and the INA = 10.57 × 106 mm4.
Using these values, determine the shearing Fig.14
stress (a) at the neutral axis and (b) at the
junction between the two pieces of wood.

34. The cross-section of a beam is an isosceles triangle with vertex

uppermost, of altitude h and base b. If V is the vertical shear, show
that the maximum shearing stress is 3V / bh located at the midpoint
of the altitude.the minimum height h of the beam shown in Fig. P-
508 if the flexural stress is not to exceed 20 MPa.
Fig.15
35. In the beam section shown in Fig.15, prove that the
maximum horizontal shearing stress occurs at layers h/8
above or below the NA.
Fig.15
36. Determine the maximum and minimum shearing stress in
the web of the wide flange section in Fig.16 if V = 100 kN.
Also, compute the percentage of vertical shear carried only
by the web of the beam.
Fig.16
 UNIT 5

37. Define arches. Classify the arches based on the supports. Describe different parts of the arches?
38. The three-hinged spandrel arch is subjected to the uniform load of 20 kNm shown in fig. 17.
Determine the internal moment in the arch at point D.
39. The tied three-hinged arch is subjected to the loading shown in fig 18. Determine the
components of reaction at A and C and the tension in the cable.

Fig.17 Fig.18
40. A three hinged parabolic arch has a span 30m and rise 5m. A concentrated load of 12KN acts
at 10m from left hinge. The second moment of area varies as the secant of the slope of the rib
axis. Calculate the horizontal thrust and the reactions at the hinges. Also, calculate the
maximum bending moment anywhere on the arch.

41. The three-hinged parabolic arch of span L subjected to uniformly distributed load of intensity
w per unit length over the entire arch. Calculate the bending moment at any point of the arch.

42. A three hinged arch shown in the fig. 19 is quarter of a circle. If the vertical and horizontal
components of reaction at A are equal, Find the value of θ.
43. A three hinged parabolic arch having a span of 20 m and a rise of 5m carries a point load of
10 kN at quarter span from the left end as shown in fig 20. Find the resultant reaction at the
left support and its inclination with the horizontal.

Fig.19 Fig.20