Proving Identities
Double Negation
P ≡ ~~P
1. P SCP
2. ~P SCP
3. ~P v ~~P 2, Addition
4. ~~P 2, 3 D.S.
5. ~P ⊃ ~~P 2-4 SCP
6. ~~P v ~~P 5, MI
7. ~~P 6, Tautology
8. P ⊃ ~~P 1-7 SCP
9. ~~P SCP
10. P
11. p v p 10, Add.
12. p
13. p ⊃ p 10-12 SCP
14. ~P v P 13, MI
15. P 10, 14 D.S.
16. ~~P ⊃ P 9-15 SCP
17. Conjunction of 8 and 16
18. P ≡ ~~P
Tautology
P≡PvP
1. P SCP
2. P v P 1, Addiiton
3. P ⊃ (P v P) 2-3 SCP
4. P v P SCP
5.
Tautology
P.P≡ P
1. P . P
2. P 1, Simplification
3. (P . P) ⊃ P 1-3 SCP
4. P
5. ~P
6. ~P . P
7. ~P ⊃ (~P . P) 5-6 SCP
8. ~~P v (~P . P)
9. ~~P v (P . ~P)
10. (P v P) . (P v ~P) 9, DN and Dist.
11. P v ~P 10, comm., simp.
12. P ⊃ P 11, Comm., MI
13. P 12, 4 Modus Ponens
14 P . P 4, 13 conj.
15. P ⊃ (P . P) 4-14 SCP
Material Implication
P ⊃ Q ≡ ~P v Q
1. P ⊃ Q SCP
2. P . ~ Q SCP
3. P 2, Simplification
4. Q 1, 2 Modus Ponens
5. ~ Q 2, Commutation and Simplification
6. ~ P 1, 5 Modus Tollens
7. ~ P v ~ (P ⊃ Q) 6, Addition
8. ~ (P ⊃ Q) 3, 7 D.S.
9. (P . ~ Q) ⊃ ~ (P ⊃ Q) 2-8 SCP
10. ~(P . ~ Q) 9,1 Modus Tollens
11. ~P v Q 10, DeMorgan’s, Double Negation
12. (P ⊃ Q) ⊃ ~P v Q 1-12 SCP
13. ~P v Q SCP
14. P SCP
15. Q 13,14 D.S.
16. (P ⊃ Q) 14-16 SCP
17. (~P v Q) ⊃ (P ⊃ Q) 13-17 SCP
18. Conjunction of 12 and 17
19.
Transposition
P ⊃ Q ≡ ~Q ⊃ ~P
1. P ⊃ Q SCP
2. ~Q
3. ~P 1,2 Modus Tollens
4. ~Q ⊃ ~P
5. (P ⊃ Q) ⊃ (~Q ⊃ ~P) 1-5 SCP
6. ~Q ⊃ ~P SCP
7. P SCP
8. ~(~P)
9. ~~Q
10. Q
11. P ⊃ Q 7-11 SCP
12. (~Q ⊃ ~P) ⊃ (P ⊃ Q) 6-11 SCP
13. Conjunction of 5,12
14. P ⊃ Q ≡ ~Q ⊃ ~P
Exportation
(P . Q) ⊃ R ≡ P ⊃ (Q⊃R)
1. (P . Q) ⊃ R SCP
2. ~(P . Q) v R
3. (~P v ~Q) v R
4. ~P v (~Q v R)
5. P ⊃ (Q ⊃ R)
6. [(P . Q) ⊃ R] ⊃ [P ⊃ (Q ⊃ R)] 1-5 SCP
7. P ⊃ (Q⊃R) SCP
8. ~P v (~Q v R)
9. (~P v ~Q )v R
10. ~(P . Q )v R
11. (P . Q ) ⊃ R
12. [P ⊃ (Q⊃R)] ⊃ [(P . Q ) ⊃ R]
13. Conjunction of 6 and 12
14. (P . Q) ⊃ R ≡ P ⊃ (Q⊃R)
DeMorgan’s
~ (P v Q) ≡ ~ P . ~ Q
1. ~ (P v Q) SCP
2. P SCP
3. P v Q 2, Addition
4. (P v Q) v ~ P
5. ~ P 1, 4 D.S.
6. P ⊃ ~ P 2-5 SCP
7. ~ P v ~ P
8. ~ P
9. Q SCP
10. Q v P 10, Addition
11. P v Q 10, commutation
12. (P v Q) v ~ Q
13. ~ Q
14. Q ⊃ ~ Q 9-13 SCP
15. ~ Q v ~ Q
16. ~ Q
17. ~ P . ~ Q 8, 16 Conj.
18. ~ (P v Q) ⊃ ~ P . ~ Q 1-18 SCP
19. ~ P . ~ Q SCP
20. P v Q SCP
21. ~ P 19, simp.
22. Q
23. (P v Q) ⊃ Q 20-22 SCP
24. ~ (P v Q) v Q 23, MI
25. ~ Q 19, comm. And Simpl.
26. Q v ~ (P v Q) 24, comm.
27. ~ (P v Q) 26, 25 D.S.
28. (~ P . ~ Q) ⊃ ~ (P v Q) 19-27 SCP
29. Conjunction of 18 and 28
30. ~ (P v Q) ≡ ~ P . ~ Q
DeMorgan’s
~ (P . Q) ≡ ~ P v ~ Q
1. ~ P v ~ Q SCP
2. P . Q SCP
3. P
4. ~ Q
5. Q 2, Comm. and simpl.
6. Q v ~ (P . Q)
7. ~ (P . Q)
8. (P . Q) ⊃ ~ (P . Q) 2-8 SCP
9. ~ (P . Q) v ~ (P . Q)
10. ~ (P . Q)
11. (~ P v ~ Q) ⊃ ~ (P . Q) 1-11 SCP
Association
P v (Q v R) ≡ (P v Q) v R
1. P v (Q v R)
2. ~ P . ~ Q
3. ~ P
4. Q v R 1,3 DS
5. ~ Q 2, comm., simp.
6. R 4,5 DS
7. (~ P . ~ Q) ⊃ R 2-6 SCP
8. ~ (~ P . ~ Q) v R
9. (P v Q) v R 8, DeMorgan’s, D.N.
10. [P v (Q v R)] ⊃ [(P v Q) v R] 1-9 SCP
11. (P v Q) v R SCP
12. ~ R SCP
13. P v Q
14. ~ P SCP
15. Q
16. ~ P ⊃ Q 14-15 SCP
17. ~ R ⊃ (~ P ⊃ Q) 12-16 SCP
18. (~ R . ~ P) ⊃ Q 17, Exp.
19. (~ P . ~ R) ⊃ Q
20. ~ P ⊃ (~ R ⊃ Q)
21. P v (R v Q) 20, MI, D.N.
22. P v (Q v R)
23. [(P v Q) v R] v [P v (Q v R)] 11-22 SCP
24. Conjunction of 10 and 23
25. P v (Q v R) ≡ (P v Q) v R
Distribution
P v (Q . R) ≡ (P v Q) . (P v R)
1. P v (Q . R) SCP
2. ~ P SCP
3. Q . R
4. Q
5. ~ P ⊃ Q 2-4 SCP
6. P v Q 5, MI, D.N.
7. ~ P SCP
8. R 3, comm., simp.
9. ~ P ⊃ R 7-8 SCP
10. P v R
11. (P v Q) . (P v R) 6,10 conj.
12. [P v (Q . R)] ⊃ [(P v Q) . (P v R)] 1-11 SCP
13. (P v Q) . (P v R) 13, SCP
14.
