Introduction To Criminology Definition
Introduction To Criminology Definition
Terms
Alienist – This term is applied to a specialist in the study of mental disorders.
Anthropology – Science devoted to the study of mankind and its development in relation to its
physical, mental, and cultural history.
Behavior Systems In Crime – Progress in the explanation of disease is being made personally by
the studies of specific diseases. Similarly it is desirable to concentrate research work in
criminology on specific crimes and on specific sociological units within the broad area of crime
and within the legal definition of specific types of crime such as kidnapping and robbery.
Biometry – A measuring or calculating of the probable duration of human life; The attempt to
correlate the frequency of crime between parents and children of brothers or sisters.
Bio-social Behavior – A person’s biological heritage plus his environment and social heritage
influence his social activity. It is through the reciprocal actions of his biological and social
heritages that a person’s personality is developed.
1. School
2. The Church
3. The Police
4. The Government
5. The Prosecution
6. The Court
7. Correctional Institutions
Broken Home – The modification of home conditions by death, divorce or desertion has
generally been believed to be an important reason for delinquency of the children.
Cesare Beccaria – In his book “An Essay Of Crimes And Punishment” London 1767, advocated
and applied the doctrine of penology that is to make punishment less arbitrary and severe than it
had been; That all persons who violated a specific law should receive identical punishment
regardless of age, sanity, wealth, position or circumstances.
Charles Goring – An English statistician who studies the case histories of 2000 convicts. He
found that heredity is more influential as a determiner of criminal behavior than
environment.
Colajani – A criminologist describes the direct and indirect deficiency of the means to satisfy
the numerous necessities of man is sufficient stimulus for him to adopt honest or criminal
methods in the struggle that ensues. “To this man delinquency is strongly influenced by
socio economic”.
Cretinism – A disease associated with pre-natal thyroid deficiency and subsequent thyroid
inactivity, marked by physical deformities, arrested development, goiter and various forms
of mental retardation including imbecility.
Crime Index – Any record of crimes such as crimes known to the police, arrest, conviction or
commitments to prisons.
Criminality In The Home – One of the most obvious elements in the delinquency of some
children is the criminalistic behavior of other members of the child's family.
Criminal Psycho-dynamics – The study of mental processes of criminals in action, the study
of the genesis, development and motivation of human behavior that conflicts with accepted
norms and standards of society; This study concentrates on the study of individuals as
opposed to general studies of mass populations with respect to their general criminal
behavior.
Criminogenic Process – The process which explain human behavior, the experiences which
help determine the nature or a persons as a reacting mechanism, the factors or experiences
in connection thereto impinge differentially upon different personalities producing conflict
which is the aspect of crime.
Criminology – Scientific study and investigation of crime and criminals as well as the
identification of criminals and detection of crime.
Dementia praecox – A collective term for mental disorders that begin at or shortly after
puberty and usually lead to general failure of the mental faculties with the corresponding
physiological impairment.
Dr. Cesare Lombroso – Advocated the positivist theory that crime is essentially a social
phenomenon and it can not be treated and checked by the imposition of punishment.
Economic Approach – The unjust utilization of economic resources sometimes create
resentment among individual which often lead them to frustration and develop a feeling of
hatred and provocative criminal conduct will result.
England During The Last Half Of 19th Century – Place and period where and when the
classical school of criminology and of criminal law developed based on hedonistic
psychology.
Episodic Criminal – A non-criminal person who commits a crime when under extreme
emotional distress; A person who breaks down and commits a crime as a single incident
during regular course of natural and normal events.
Euthanasia – It signifies the release from life given a sufferer from an incurable and painful
disease.
Family – It is the first agency to affect the direction which a particular child will take and
that no child is so constituted at birth that it must inevitably become a delinquent or that it
must inevitably be law abiding.
Fashions In Crime – Certain types of crimes have disappeared almost entirely thus the
general situation may change and cause the disappearance of crime.
Ferri – A sociologists who theorized that it is the impulse of opportunities more than innate
tendency that determine the crime.
Government – It is an organized authority that can influence social control through its
branches, particularly in the making of laws.
Heredity and Environment – Have been believe to share about equally in determining
disposition that is whether a person is cheerful or gloomy, his temperament and his nervous
stability.
Home – Considered as the cradle of human personality for in it the child forms the
fundamental attitudes and habits that endure through out his life.
Introvert – An individual with strongly self centered patterns of emotion, fantasy and
thought.
John Gaspar Lobater – A Swiss theologian, regarded the lack of beard in man, the swirly eye
or angry eye and weak chin serve as clues to unfavorable personality or characteristic traits
of an individual.
- phrenology or any of the protuberances of the skull as interpreted
with reference to one’s mental faculties (pseudonym science) as popularized by Hanz Joseph
Gall.
Jonathan Edwards family – One family tree that contradicted the theory that criminality is
inherited. A famous preacher in the colonial period, none of his descendants were found to
be criminals.
Jukes Family – Family trees have been used extensively by certain scholars in the effort to
prove that criminality is inherited.
Legomacy – A statemetn that we would have no crime if we had no criminal laws and that
we could eliminate all crime merely by abolishing all criminal law.
Mania Fanatica – A morbid of insanity characterized by a deep and morbid sense of religious
feeling.
Masochism – A condition of sexual perversion in which a person derives pleasure from being
dominated or cruelly treated.
Maturation – A process which appears in the life history of persisting criminals. This process
describes the development of criminality with reference first to the general attitudes toward
criminality and second to the techniques used in criminal behavior.
Mc Naghten Rule – Insanity is used to describe legally harmful behavior perpetrated under
circumstances in which the actor did not know the nature or quality of his act or did not
know right from wrong. This explanation was formulated in England in 1843.
Megalomania – A mental disorder in which the subject thinks himself great or exalted.
Mobility – The most significant social condition accompanying the industrial and democratic
revolutions because of this a condition of anonymity was created and the agencies by which
control had been secured in almost all earlier societies were greatly weakened.
1. Biological
2. personality
3. Primary Social Group
4. Broader Social Group
Biological
1. Heredity
2. Endocrine Glands
3. Anatomical Structure/Physical Disease/Disorder
Organization Of criminals – This may be developed thru the interaction of criminal, this may
be a formal association with recognized leadership understanding, agreements and division
of labor or it may be a formal similarity and reciprocity of interest and attitudes.
Personality -
1. psychopatic Personality
2. Psychosomatic Personality
3. Alcoholism
4. Other Personality Deviation
1. Home
2. Bad Neighborhood
3. Broken Home
and who therefore can not avoid or stop from doing it.
Professionalization – When applied to a criminal refers to the following things the pursuit of
crime as a regular day by day occupation, the development of skilled technique and careful
planning in that occupation and status among criminals.
Progressive Conflict – This process begins with arrest which is intgerpreted as defining a
person as an enemy of society and which calls forth hostile relations from representative of
society prior to and regardless of proof of guilt, that each side tends to drive the other side
to greater violence unless it becomes stabilized on a recognized level.
Prussian Law of 1784 – prohibit mothers and nurses from taking children under 2 years old
of age into their beds.
Rafael Garofalo – A criminologist who pro-founded that society sets only 2 elements in
crime, the opportunity and victim. He classified criminals into murderers, thieves, sexual
offenders (cynics) And violent criminals.
- Italian criminologist who developed a concept of the natural crime and
defined it a violation of the prevalent sentiments of pity and probity.
Regionalism – crime rate not only vary from one region to another but also generally among
the several sections of each nation.
Religion – It emphasizes of morals and life's highest spiritual values, the work and dignity of
an individual and respect for the person and property of others generally a powerful forces.
Segregation – This may be observed in the interaction between criminals and the public
thus, a person with criminal record may be ostracized in one community but may become a
political leader in other communities.
Social Institutions And Crime – The general explanation of one topic in relation to criminal
behavior is that causes of crime lie primarily in the area of personal interaction and that
personal interaction is confined most entirely to local community and neighborhood.
Social Psychological – Advocated by John Dewey, George Mead, Charles Cooley and W.I.
Thomas, that development of criminal behavior is considered as involving the same learning
process as does the development of the the behavior of a banker, doctor etc.; that the
content of learning not the process itself is considered as the significant element
determining whether one becomes a criminal or non-criminal.
Socialist School of Criminology – Based on writings of Marx and Engels, began 1850 and
emphasized economic determinism; that crime is only a by-product, variations in crime
rates in association with variations in economic conditions.
Sociological And Cultural Approach – It includes assessment of those forces resulting from
man's collective survival effort with emphasis upon his institution, economic, financial,
educational, political, religion as well as recreational.
Sociology – May mean a study of human society, its origin, structure, function and direction.
W. A. Bonger – Classified crimes by the motives of the offenders as economic crimes, sexual
crimes, political and miscellaneous crimes with vengeance as the principal motive.
White Collar Crimes – crimes committed by persons on the upper socio economic level or
occupying a high position in the organization.