Lecture 14
ROAD AND BRIDGE CONSTRUCTION
TSP-308 MPK Ferdinand Fassa
SI-4151 Construction Equipment & Methods
History of Roads
Road Construction
• Design
– Geometric (Vertical and Horizontal Alignments)
– Soil
– Pavement Design
• Construction
– Earthworks
– Pavement Construction
The Basic Technology and Method
remain steady through years . . . .
Mechanization helps improve productivity
Design of Roads
• Geometric Design
Road Design (1)
• Geometric Design Road Design (2)
• Soil Behavior Road Design (3)
SWELLING & SHRINKING
Material % swell % shrink
Dry, clean sand or gravel +12 ~ +14 -12
Wet, clean sand or gravel +12 ~ +16 -14
Loamy sand +15 ~ +20 -17
Common soil +25 -20
Dense clay +33 ~ +40 -25
• Earthworks Road Design (4)
Cut and Fill
hauling
spreading
excavation
loading
compaction
return
• Pavement Design Road Design (5)
FLEXIBLE PAVEMENT
• Pavement Design Road Design (6)
RIGID PAVEMENT
Roads Construction
► Cyclic Operation
hauling
spreading
excavation
loading
compaction
return
Road Construction (1)
Excavation Earthwork
Road Construction (2)
Scraping
(Loading – Hauling – Spreading)
Road Construction (3)
Grading
Road Construction (4)
Compaction
Road Construction (5)
Flexible Pavement
paving
compaction
Road Construction (6)
Road Construction (7)
Flexible Pavement
ASPHALT MIXING PLANT
Road Construction (8)
Flexible Pavement
ASPHALT SPRAYER
Road Construction (9)
Flexible Pavement
Asphalt Paver
Road Construction (10)
Flexible Pavement
Asphalt Paver
Road Construction (11)
ASPHALT / ROAD RECLAIMER
Road Construction (12) Rigid Pavement
CONCRETE PAVER
Road Construction (11) CONCRETE PAVER
• Road constructions are basically Closing
unchanged
• Mainly dominated by
earthworks
• Modern highways (elevated) are
built using other method (other
equipment)
• Selection of equipment is critical
(characteristic, capacity, combination,
productivity, availability)
Bridge Construction
Bridge Types
• Short to medium span
– Concrete (Simple Box-Girder) Bridges
– Concrete Arch Bridges
– Steel Frame Bridges
• Long span
– Cable-stayed bridges
– Suspension bridges
– Hybrid bridges (cable-stayed suspension)
Evolution of Long Span Bridges
Development of Bridge Span
Continuous Girder Bridges
Trusses Bridges
Arch Bridges max. 500 m
Cable-stayed Bridges
Suspension Bridges (longer span)
Long Span Cable Bridges
• Development of Advanced Cable Material
The development high performance cables aims at:
• high strength cable
• easy installation
• light weight
• high durability (against corrosion)
Cable facts
Akashi Kaikyo Bridge (1998):
- mid span : 1990 m
- strength of cable : 1770 Mpa
- diam. of cable : 1,12 m
- 290 hexagonal strands @ 127 cables diam. 5,23 mm
- capacity : 65.000 tones
- total cable length : 600 km
- suspended cable : 560 tones
Bridge Types
arch-bridge
(concrete or steel)
space-truss
(steel bridge)
Cable-stayed Bridges
cable
pylon
bridge deck
Cable-stayed Bridges
Pylon Configuration
Suspension Bridges
cable
saddle
pylon
suspension cable
anchor
bridge deck
High Strength Cables
wires strands cable
Cable Bridge Construction Method
(Akhasi Kayko Bridge)
Foundation (off-shore structure)
laying down Caisson method
• underwater excavation
• base foundation works
• transporting & submerging Caisson
• pre-packed concreting
Abutment works (on-shore structure)
• excavation large foundation
• mass concreting
• high workability
Cable Bridge Construction Method
(Akhasi Kayko Bridge)
Construction of Tower (Pylon)
• cast-in-place concreting
• self climbing form (slip form)
• self climbing crane
• precision
• weather sensitivity
Erection of Cable (Cable Stayed)
• erection of temporary props (rigging method)
• free cantilever w/ progressive placing
• balanced cantilever
• push out method
Cable Bridge Construction Method
(Akhasi Kayko Bridge)
Erection of Cable (Suspension)
• raise catwalk (w/ chopper)
• cross bridge and fix storm ties
• raise tramway ropes
• erect main-cable - air spinning
• install deck unit
• joint deck unit
• cover main cable
Suspension Bridge Construction (1)
anchorage bundled cable anchor block
Anchorage
Construction of Caisson Foundation
Construction of Off-Shore Foundations
Suspension Bridge Construction (2)
suspension cable
catwalk
Construction of Pylon Structure
Suspension Bridge Construction (3)
spinning wheel
Suspension Bridge Construction (4)
bridge deck erection
Suspension Bridge Construction (5)
construction of approach ways
Segmental Bridge (w/ Launching Girder)
PROYEK PEMBANGUNAN JALAN TOL CIPULARANG
TAHAP II SEKSI IV.2 (JEMBATAN CIKUBANG)
A R R
1 B A
P
1
P
2
Initial position; launcher truss ready for erection
A R R
1 B A
P
1
P
2
Launcher truss moves to Pier 1, Pier 2
PROYEK PEMBANGUNAN JALAN TOL CIPULARANG
TAHAP II SEKSI IV.2 (JEMBATAN CIKUBANG)
A R R
1 B A
P
1
P
2
Girder prepared and launcher retreats
A R R
1 B A
P
1
P
2
Girder erected by launcher
PROYEK PEMBANGUNAN JALAN TOL CIPULARANG
TAHAP II SEKSI IV.2 (JEMBATAN CIKUBANG)
A R R
1 B A
P
1
P
2
Girder approaches Pier1 and Pier 2
A R R
1 B A
P
1
P
2
Launcher proceed to Pier 1 and Pier 2
PROYEK PEMBANGUNAN JALAN TOL CIPULARANG
TAHAP II SEKSI IV.2 (JEMBATAN CIKUBANG)
A R R
1 B A
P
1
P
2
Preparation to lower girder at P1 and P2
A R R
1 B A
P
1
P
2
Lowering girder at P1 and P2
Pier construction using tower crane
Girder installation using truss launcher
The Management Aspects of Long Span Bridge Construction
• Preparation Works
• Pre-fabrication and Assembly
• Erection
• Construction Control
• Process
• Material
• Quality
• Precision
• Safety
• Risk Management
videos and website
• Videos on Bridge Construction are available at
Construction Engineering and Management
Laboratory
• Information on bridge construction :
http://bridgepros.com/
Thank You
