Submitted by:

Sartaj Singh Sidhu

401688005
Flat Belt
arrangement

Sliding bearing Rolling bearing

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Bearings
The simplest possible bearings are unlubricated plain
or sliding bearings—like the wooden cart wheels
mounted directly on wooden axles in ancient times.
In modern machinery using sliding bearings, steel
shafts are supported by the surfaces of bearings
made of a wear compatible material. Oil or grease is
used in common low-speed applications—lawn mower
wheels, garden carts, children’s tricycles—but the
lubricant does not completely separate the surfaces.
On the other hand, sliding bearings used with engine
crankshafts receive hydrodynamic lubrication during
In rolling-element bearings the shaft and outer members
are separated by balls or rollers, and thus rolling friction
is substituted for sliding friction. A major advantage of
rolling-element bearings is low starting friction and are
ideally suited for applications with high starting loads.
High rotating speeds are generally disadvantageous to
rolling-element bearings because of the rapid
accumulation of fatigue cycles and the high centrifugal
force on the rolling elements.
On the other hand, fluid-film bearings (Hydrodynamic/
hydrostatic) are well suited for high rotating speeds with
impact and momentary overloads. The higher the
rotating speed, the more effective the hydrodynamic
Sliding bearings (also called plain bearings) are of two types:
(1) journal or sleeve bearings, which are cylindrical and support radial loads
(those perpendicular to the shaft axis); and
(2) thrust bearings, which are generally flat and, in the case of a rotating
shaft, support loads in the direction of the shaft axis.

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 Five distinct forms of lubrication may be identified:
◦ Hydrodynamic :the load-carrying surfaces of the bearing are separated by a
relatively thick film of lubricant.
◦ Hydrostatic :does not require motion of one surface relative to another is
obtained by introducing the lubricant, into the load-bearing area at a pressure
high enough to separate the surfaces with a relatively thick film of lubricant.
◦ Elastohydrodynamic :the phenomenon that occurs when a lubricant is
introduced between surfaces that are in rolling contact.
◦ Boundary : has the highest asperities may be separated by lubricant films only
◦ Solid film : When bearings must be operated at extreme temperatures, a solid-
film lubricant such as graphite or molybdenum disulfide must be used because
the ordinary mineral oils are not satisfactory.
• Let a plate A be moving with a velocity U on a
film of lubricant of thickness h and imagine
the film as composed of a series of horizontal
layers and the force F causing these layers to
deform or slide on one another just like a
deck of cards.
• Newton’s viscous effect states that the shear
stress in the fluid is proportional to the rate
of change of velocity with respect to y.

where μ is the constant of proportionality and defines absolute

viscosity, also called dynamic viscosity.
• For most lubricating fluids, the rate of shear
is constant, and du /dy = U /h.
• Fluids exhibiting are said to be
Newtonian fluids.
• The absolute viscosity is measured by the
pascal-second (Pa · s) in SI.
The phenomenon of bearing friction was first explained by Petroff on the
assumption
that the shaft is concentric. Though we shall seldom make use of
Petroff’s method of
analysis in the material to follow, it is important because it defines
groups of dimensionless parameters and because the coefficient of
friction predicted by this law turns out to be quite good even when the
shaft is not concentric.
• The difference between boundary and hydrodynamic lubrication can be explained
from the data generated by the McKee brothers in an actual test of friction of the
change in the coefficient of friction versus the bearing characteristic μN /P .

 Petroff’s bearing model predicts that f is proportional to μN/P, that is, a straight
line to the right of point C .
 Petroff’s model presumes thick-film lubrication without metal-to-metal contact. A
design constraint to keep thick film lubrication is to be sure that
 The region to the right of line B A defines stable lubrication because variations are
self-correcting and the region to the left of line B A represents unstable lubrication.
• The group of variables ◦ The minimum film thickness h0
whose values are either • The angular speed N
given or under the that is significant to
control of the designer hydrodynamic film
are bearing performance is
◦ The viscosity μ
◦ The load per unit of projected where
bearing area, P Nj = journal angular speed, rev/s
◦ The speed N Nb = bearing angular speed,
◦ The bearing dimensions r, c, β, rev/s
and l Nf = load vector angular speed,
rev/s
• The second group of
variables are dependent • Trumpler’s Design
that the designer cannot Criteria for Journal Bearings
control ◦
◦
◦ The coefficient of friction f
◦ The temperature rise T
◦ The volume flow rate of oil Q
• The diameter and length of a bearing
depend upon the unit load.
• A long bearing (large l /d ratio) reduces
the coefficient of friction and the side
flow of oil and therefore is desirable
where thin-film or boundary-value
lubrication is present. On the other hand,
where forced-feed or positive lubrication
is present, the l /d ratio should be
relatively small.
• The two conflicting requirements of a
good bearing material are that it must
have a satisfactory compressive and
fatigue strength to resist the externally
applied loads and that it must be soft
and have a low melting point and a low
modulus of elasticity.
• Additional considerations in the selection
of a good bearing material are its ability
to resist corrosion and, of course, the
cost of producing the bearing.