1.

0 OBJECTIVES

The end of this practical apprentice will able to:

i. To observe the effect of redundant member in structure and to understand the method
of the analyzing type of this structure.

2.0 LEARNING OUTCOME

At the end of the course, students should be able to apply the knowledge and skills they
have learned to:

i. To application the engineering knowledge in practical application.

ii. To enhance technical competency in structural engineering though laboratory
application.

3.0 THEORY

 In a statically indeterminate truss, static equilibrium alone cannot be used to

calculate member force. If we were to try, we would find that there would be too
many “unknowns” and we would not too able to complete the calculations.
 Instead we will use a method known as the flexibility method, which uses an idea
know as strain energy.
 The mathematical approach to the flexibility method will be found in most
structural text books,

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 Figure 1: Idealized Statically In determined cantilever Truss.

 Basically the flexibility method uses the idea that energy stored in the frame would
be the same for a given load whether the frame is from redundant or not.
 In other word, the external energy = internal energy.
 In practice, the loads in the frame are calculated in its “released” from (that is,
without the redundant member) and then calculated with a unit load in place of in
the redundant member and remaining members.
 The redundant member load in given by:

 The remaining member force are then given by :

Member force = Pn + f

Where,

P = Redundant member load (N)

L = length of members (as ratio of the shortest)

n = load in each member due to unit load in place of redundant member(N)

F = Force in each member when the frame is “release” (N)

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 Figure 2 shows the force in the frame due to the load of 250N. You should be able
to calculate these values from Experiment titled: Force in a Statically Determinate
truss

Figure 2: Force in the “Released” Truss

 Figure 3 shows the loads in the member due to the unit load being applied to the
frame.
 The redundant member is effectively part of the structure as the idealized in figure 2

Figure 3: Forces in the Truss due to the load on the redundant member

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4.0 PROCEDURE

a) Wind the thumbwheel on the ‘redundant’ member up to the boss and hand tighten it.
Do not use any tools to tighten the thumbwheel.
b) Apply the pre-load of 100N downward, re-zero the load cell and carefully zero the
digital indicator.
c) Carefully apply a load 250N and check the frame is stable and secure.
d) Return the load zero (leaving the 100N Preload). Recheck and re-zero the digital
indicator. Never apply loads greater than those specified on the equipment.
e) Apply loads in the increment shown in table1, recording the strain readings and the
digital indicator readings.
f) Subtract the initial (zero) strain reading (be careful with your signs) and complete
table 2.
g) Calculate the equipment members’ force at 250N and enter them into table 3.
h) Plot a graph of Load vs. Deflection from Table 1 on the same axis as Load vs
Deflection when the redundant ‘removed’.
i) The calculation for redundant truss is made much simpler and easier if the tabular
method is used is used to sum up all of the “Fnl” and “n2l”
j) Refer to table 4 and enter in the values and carefully calculated the other terms as
Required
k) Enter your result in to Table 3.

Figure 1: Redundant Truss Apparatus

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5.0 RESULT

5.1 Table

Load Strain Reading Digital

(N) indicator
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
reading(mm)
0 146 265 0 0 75 23 37 48 0
50 160 260 -9 -16 80 17 51 56 -0.029
100 172 256 -18 -28 84 11 64 63 -0.054
150 185 253 -26 -40 87 5 75 68 -0.070
200 197 250 -34 -53 91 -2 87 74 -0.086
250 208 247 -41 -64 95 -7 98 80 -0.106

Table 1: Strain Reading and Frame

Load Strain Reading

(N) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
50 26 -5 -9 -16 5 -6 14 8
100 12 -4 -9 -12 4 -6 13 7
150 13 -3 -8 -12 3 -6 11 5
200 12 -3 -8 -13 4 -7 12 6
250 11 -3 -7 -11 4 -5 11 6

Table 2: True Strain Reading

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Theoretical Force (N) was calculated by using the Method of Joint, and the result obtained from
the calculation were recorded in the Table 3 (below).

Experimental Force Theoretical Force

Member (N) (N)

1 218.08 250.00
2 - 218.08 - 250.00
3 -205.96 - 250.00
4 -436.15 - 500.00
5 18.17 0
6 0 0
7 315.00 354.00
8 327.11 354.00

Table 3: Measured and Theoretical in the Redundant Cantilever Truss

Given,
Esteel = 2.10 x 105 N/mm2

Rod Diameter :
Reading Diameter (m)
1 6.06 x 10-3
2 6.03 x 10-3
3 6.09 x 10-3
Average 6.06 x 10-3

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 Member Length
F n Fnl n2l pn Pn + f
1 1 250 -0.707 -176.75 0.5 125.1 375.1
2 1 -250 -0.707 176.75 0.5 125.1 -124.9
3 1 -250 0 0 0 0 -250
4 1 -500 -0.707 353.5 0.5 125.1 -374.9
5 1 0 -0.707 0 0.5 125.1 125.1
6 1.414 0 1 0 1.414 -176.9 -176.9
7 1.414 354 0 0 0 0 354
8 1.414 354 1 500.56 1.414 -176.9 177.1

Total 854.06 4.828

− 𝑻𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 𝑭𝒏𝒍
P=
𝑻𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 𝒏𝟐 𝒍

−𝟖𝟓𝟒.𝟎𝟔
=
𝟒.𝟖𝟐𝟖
= -176.9 N

6.0 CALCULATION

Calculation for True Strain Reading;

True Strain Reading (load50, 100,150,200,250)
= Strain reading (load50, 100,150,200,250) – Strain reading (load0)

Example for True Strain Reading (load = 200 N)

a) True Strain Reading (member 1) = 197 – 146

= 51

b) True Strain Reading (member 2) = 250 – 265

= -15

c) True Strain Reading (member 3) = -34 – (0)

= -34

d) True Strain Reading (member 4) = -53 – (0)

= -53

e) True Strain Reading (member 5) = 91 – 75

= 16

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 f) True Strain Reading (member 6) = -2 – (23)
= -25

g) True Strain Reading (member 7) = 87 – 37

= 50

h) True Strain Reading (member 8) = 74 – 348

= 26

Calculation for Cross Section Area of the member (m2);

Diameter, D = 6.06 x 10-3 m

D 2
From equation; A 
4
 (6.06 x10 3 ) 2

4
1.1539 x10 4

4
 2.8846 x10 5 m2

Calculation for Experimental Force (N);

From
σ=F/A
F=Aσ

But, from equation; E = σ / ε

σ=Eε

Thus; F = A E ε

Where;
E = Young’s Modulus (Nm-2)
σ = Stress in the member (Nm-2)
ε = Displayed strain
F = Force in member (N)
A = cross section area of the member (m2)

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 Given,
Esteel = 2.10 x 105 N/mm2

ΣFAY

A 1 B
ΣFAX

8 7
5 2

ΣFEX
C
E 4 D 3

250 N
m=8 , m = 2j - r
j=5 8 > 2(5) - 3
r=3 8 > 10 - 3
8>7
Therefore, the structure is statically internal indeterminate.

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Calculation For Experimental Force (N)

Member 1
F=AEε
= (2.8846 x 10-5) x (2.10 x 105) x (51)
= 308.94N

Member 2
F=AEε
= (2.8846 x 10-5) x (2.10 x 105) x (-15)
= -90.86N

Member 3
F=AEε
= (2.8846 x 10-5) x (2.10 x 105) x (-34)
= -205.96 N

Member 4
F=AEε
= (2.8846 x 10-5) x (2.10 x 105) x (-53)
= -321.06N

Member 5
F=AEε
= (2.8846 x 10-5) x (2.10 x 105) x (16)
= 96.92N

Member 6
F=AEε
= (2.8846 x 10-5) x (2.10 x 105) x (-25)
= -151.44N

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Member 7
F=AEε
= (2.8846 x 10-5) x (2.10 x 105) x (50)
= 302.88N

Member 8
F=AEε
= (2.8846 x 10-5) x (2.10 x 105) x (26)
= 157.50N

Calculation for Theoretical Force (N)

ΣFAY

A 1 B
ΣFAX

8 7
5 2

ΣFEX
C
E 4 D 3

ΣMA =0 250 N
+250 (2) + FEX = 0
FEX = -500 N

ΣME =0
+250 (2) + FAX = 0
FAX = +500 N

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 B + ΣFY = 0
FCB (1/√2) – 250 = 0
√2 FCB = 250 (√2)
1
FCB = 353.55 N

D 1 C
+ ΣFX = 0
FCD + FCB = 0
FCD = - FCB (1/√2)
FCD = - 353.55 / (√2)
= - 250 N

FAY
1
FAX B

1 √2

D
E

+ ΣFY = 0

- 250 + FAY = 0
FAY = 250 N

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 + ΣFY = 0

250 – FAD (1/√2) = 0

FAD = 250 (√2)
FAD = 353.55 N

+ ΣFY = 0

FAY + FAE – 250 = 0

FAE = 250 – 250
FAE = 0

+ ΣFX = 0

FAB + FAD (1/√2) – 500 = 0

FAB = 500 – 250 / (√2)
FAB = 500 – 250
FAB = 250 N

√2
1

D C
1

250 N

+ ΣFY = 0

FCB (1/√2) + FBD = 0

FBD = - FCB / (√2)
FBD = - 353.55 (√2)
FBD = - 250 N

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 A

500 N D
E

+ ΣFX = 0

FED + 500 = 0
FED = - 500 N

Calculation, n

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 Point A

FAB
1

A FAE

+ ΣFY = 0
FAB + (1/33.941) X 24 = 0
FAB = -0.707 N

+ ΣFX = 0
FAE + (1/33.941) X 24 = 0
FAE = -0.707 N

Point B

B FBC + ΣFY = 0
FAB – FBE (24/33.941) = 0
0.707 – FBE (0.707) = 0
FBE = 1 N
FBE
FAB + ΣFX = 0
FBC + FBE (24/33.941) = 0
FBC + FBE (0.707) = 0
FBC = - 0.707

Point C

C + ΣFX = 0
FBC FBC + (1/33.941) X 24 + FCD (24/33.941) = 0
0.707 + (-0.707) + FCD (0.707) = 0
FCD = 0
FCD
1 + ΣFY = 0
FEC - (1/33.941) X 24 – FCE – FCD = 0
- 0.707 FCE – 0 = 0
FCE = - 0.707

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Point D

Point D = zero bar

Point E
FEC
FBE

FAE FDE

+ ΣFY = 0
(1/33.941) X 24 – FCE = 0
0.707 – 0.707 = 0
0 = 0 (CHECKING)

+ ΣFX = 0
FAE + FED – (1/33.941) X 24 = 0
0.707 + FED – 0.707 = 0
FED = 0

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7.0 DISCUSSION

i. From table 3, compare your answer to the experimental values. Comment on the
accuracy of your result.

From the table 3, the experimental and theoretical forces are not accurate.
We can see that there are huge difference value between experiment and theory.
It is mean that, the accuracy of the result is not exact but for the compression and
tension member, we can conclude that the following tension and compression is
same with the value of the force is different. The experiment value is different
compared to the theoretical value. Member 1, 2, 4, 7 and 8 for experiment value
is near with theoretical value.

It’s probably because of the error while setting the apparatus of the
experiment laboratory. Since the equipment is under the air conditioner, the
factor of wind and human mistakes will be taken in this experiment, so we can
assume that the apparatus are not calibrated.

ii. Compare all of the member forces and the deflection to those from statically
determinate frame. Comment on them in terms of economy and safety of the
structure.

For the determinate truss it has extra member and for the indeterminate
truss it has extra member. From that, for the determinate truss it safety for the
structure however for the indeterminate truss it more safety for the structure. In
the economy, the indeterminate truss will cost more expensive than determinate
truss because the indeterminate truss has more member than the determinate
truss.

iii. What problem could you for seen if you were to use a redundant frame in a “real
life’ application. (Hint: look at the zero value for the strain reading once you have
included the redundant member by winding up thumbnut).
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 Redundant member is use to make beauty for the truss. When they are
redundant in truss it will rising the cost because there are redundant member in
that truss.

8.0 CONCLUSION

From what we have learn and get form the experiment we can say that, the statically
indeterminate structure can be classified if the equilibrium equations were not adequate to
calculate the external reactions of all the internal forces. However there are pro and contra
in this statically indeterminate analysis. The advantages of statically indeterminate are:

i. The maximum stresses and deflections are smaller than statically determinate
counterpart.
ii. Can support loads with support loading on thinner members with increased
stability.
iii. Have a tendency to redistribute its load to redundant supports in the case of faulty
design or overloading occurs.

The disadvantages of this truss are:

i. Redundant structures can induce problems such as differential displacement

ii. High cost of statically indeterminate structure compare to determinate structure.

8.0 REFERENCES

Book

1. Yusof Ahamad (2001). “Mekanik Bahan Dan Struktur.” Malaysia: Universiti

Teknologi Malaysia Skudai Johor Darul Ta’zim.

2. R. C. Hibbeler (2000). “Mechanic Of Materials.” 4th. ed. England: Prentice Hall

International, Inc.
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