VII Sem Relay and HV Lab Manual -15EEL77

PREPARED BY APPROVED BY

Dr. K.N. Ravi Dr. K.N. RAVI,

Prof. & HOD, Dept. of EEE Prof. & HOD, Dept. of EEE,
& Sapthagiri College of
Dr. H.P Nagaraj Engineering
Prof. Dept. of EEE Bangalore – 560 057.

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VII Sem Relay and HV Lab Manual -15EEL77

RELAY AND HIGH VOLTAGE

LABORATORY MANUAL

Prepared by Dr. K N Ravi, Dr. H P Nagaraj, Mrs. Harshitha M R

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VII Sem Relay and HV Lab Manual -15EEL77

LI ST O F E X PE R I M E NTS

Tittle of the experiment Page –No

1) IDMT characteristics of Over Current Relay 4-7

2) IDMT characteristics of Under voltage Relay 8-11

3) Operation of Negative Phase Sequence Relay 12-14

4) Microprocessor based Over Current Relay 15-18

5) Microprocessor based Over/under voltage Relay 19-24

6) Spark over characteristics of air insulation subjected to high Voltage AC

for uniform and non-uniform configuration 25-30

7) Spark over characteristics of air insulation subjected to high Voltage DC

31-35

8) Measurement of HVAC & HVDC using standard Spheres 36-38

9) Breakdown Strength of transformer oil by using Oil Testing Unit 39-40

10) Field Mapping using Electrolytic Tank 41-45

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EXPERIMENT NO.1
IDMT characteristics of Over Current Relay
Aim: To determine the IDMT (Inverse Definite Minimum Time) characteristics of an Over
Current Relay.

Apparatus Required:

 Solid state over current relay

 Over current model PSCI-S-EM fitted with EMOC-A

Circuit Diagram:-

1.1 CONNECTION DIAGRAM OF RELAY EMOC-A

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1.2 CONNECTION DIAGRAM OF PSCI-S-EM

Procedure:

1) The relay current is set using plug setting

2) TSM (Time setting multiplier) is then set
3) Time interval meter selection switch is set in T/M position
4) Protection time switch is kept in ON position
5) Power card is connected
6) Dimmer is brought to zero position
7) Using RB20, test current is set
8) The mains are switched on
9) The toggle switch is brought to ‘SET’ mode
10) TEST START BUTTON, CB ON buttons are switched on and the indicator will glow
11) By adjusting the dimmer set the approximate injection current
12) TEST STOP/RESTART button is then pushed
13) Toggle switch is brought to ‘TEST’ mode
14) ‘TEST START’ button is pushed. The current is noted down and the time interval is noted
down until the trip has occurred.
15) The ‘RESET’ button is pressed and the operation is repeated for different values of TSM
and currents
16) The graph of trip time v/s PSM (Plug setting multiplier) is plotted

 Experiments have to be carried out for two values of IS & two values of TSM

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Tabular column:

Tabular Column 1

IS1 = 1.5, TSM = 0.5

SL.NO. If(A) PSM= ( If / IS ) Trip time(s)

Tabular Column 2

IS2 = 1 , TSM = 0.5

SL.NO. If(A) PSM= ( If / IS ) Trip time(s)

Tabular Column 3

IS3 = 1 , TSM = 1

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SL.NO. If(A) PSM= ( If / IS ) Trip time(s)

Expected graph:

1. Graph of Tabular Column 1 and 2 in one graph

2. Graph of Tabular Column 2 and 3 in one graph

Note: X –axis plot shall have PSM more than 12

RESULT:-

EXPERIMENT NO.2
IDMT characteristics of Under Voltage Relay

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Aim: To determine the IDMT (Inverse Definite Minimum Time) characteristics of an Under
Voltage Relay

Apparatus Required:

 Solid state under voltage relay

 Under voltage model PSUV-EM fitted with VDG13

Circuit Diagram:-

2.1 CONNECTION DIAGRAM OF RELAY VDG13

2.2 CONNECTION DIAGRAM OF PSUV-EM

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Procedure:

1) Connections are made as shown in the circuit

2) The relay is set for under voltage level
3) The range of TSM is set
4) Time interval meter selection switch is set in T/M position
5) S2 switch is made ON
6) Both dimmers is brought to zero position
7) The toggle switch is brought to ‘SET’ mode
8) Power card is connected
9) The mains are switched on
10) The voltage level is adjusted above threshold level of under voltage relay setting(using
dimmer 1)
11) TEST START BUTTON, CB ON buttons are switched on and the indicator will glow
12) Under voltage level is adjusted using dimmer 2
13) TEST STOP/RESTART button is then pushed
14) Toggle switch is brought to ‘TEST’ mode
15) ‘TEST START’ button is pushed. The voltage and the time interval meter reading is noted
down until the trip has occurred.
16) The ‘RESET’ button is pressed and the operation is repeated for different values of TSM
and voltages
17) The graph of trip time v/s % closing voltage is plotted
18) Experiments are repeated for two values of Set voltage and Two values of TSM

Experiments have to be carried out for two values of VS & two values of TSM

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Tabular column:

VS1 = 77 , TSM =0.5

Tabular Column 1

SL.NO. Vf (V) Trip time(s) %closing=(Vf / VS )*100

VS 2= 77 , TSM = 1

Tabular Column 2

SL.NO. Vf (V) Trip time(s) %closing=(Vf / VS )*100

VS 3= 99 , TSM = 1

Tabular Column 3

SL.NO. Vf (V) Trip time(s) %closing=(Vf / VS )*100

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Expected graph:

100
% of Closing Voltage

1. Graph of Tabular Column 1 and 2 in one graph

2. Graph of Tabular Column 2 and 3 in one graph

Note: X –axis plot shall have % closing voltage lower than 7

RESULT:

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EXPERIMENT NO.3
Operation of Negative Phase Sequence Relay
Aim: To study the operation of static negative phase sequence current operation

Apparatus Required:

Component Range Quantity

Negative phase sequence Relay current = 1A 1
Relay simulator
Motor 1

Circuit Diagram:-

3.1 NEGATIVE PHASE SEQUENCE CURRENT RELAY (CTNS 1A)

SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM

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CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

Procedure:

1) Connections are made as shown in the circuit

2) Power chord is connected to 3 phase input (415V, 3Ф) and mains are switched on.
3) ‘CB ON’ button is pushed. Indicator ‘CB ON’ glows. If motor is connected, it starts
running. Armature readings are noted.
4) Rheostat is adjusted to create negative phase sequence
5) Negative phase sequence relay gets activated and trips
6) CB OFF/ RESET is pushed
7) Without disturbing rheostat, CB is switched ON and trip time is noted down
8) Phases R,Y,B are interchanged and the proceedings are observed

Tabular column:

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Balanced condition:

Set time(TS) Trip time(Tp) IR(A) IY(A) IB(A) %error=( (TS-Tp)/ TS )*100

Phase change:

Set time(TS) Trip time(Tp) IR(A) IY(A) IB(A) %error=((TS-Tp)/ TS )*100

Unbalanced condition:

Set time(TS) Trip time(Tp) IR(A) IY(A) IB(A) %error= ((TS-Tp)/ TS)*100

RESULT:

EXPERIMENT NO.4

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Microprocessor based Over Current Relay

Aim: To determine the operating characteristics of microprocessor based Over Current Relay.

Apparatus Required:

 Microprocessor based relay kit

Circuit Diagram:-

4.1 CONNECTION DIAGRAM OF RELAY MC12A

4.2 CONNECTION DIAGRAM OF PSCI-S(µP)

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Procedure:

1) The connections are made as shown in the circuit

2) The relay current is set for certain value
3) TSM is then set
4) Time interval meter selection switch is set in T/M position
5) Protection time switch is kept in ON position
6) Power card is connected
7) Dimmer is brought to zero position
8) The mains are switched on
9) The toggle switch is brought to ‘SET’ mode
10) TEST START BUTTON, CB ON buttons are switched on and the indicator will glow
11) The dimmer is adjusted and the approximate injection current is set
12) TEST STOP/RESTART button is then pushed
17) Toggle switch is brought to ‘TEST’ mode
18) ‘TEST START’ button is pushed.
19) The simulated fault current and the trip time is noted down
20) The procedure is repeated for different values of current & TSM settings
21) The graph of trip time v/s PSM is plotted
22) Experiments have to be carried out at Two values of Is and Two values of TSM

Tabular column:

IS 1= 1.5 , TSM = 0.5 ∑t, ∑a have to be calculated and shown before the experiment

Tabular Column 1

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SL.NO. If(A) PSM= ( If / IS ) Trip time(s)

IS 2=1 , TSM =0.5 ∑t, ∑a have to be calculated and shown before the experiment

Tabular Column 2

SL.NO. If(A) PSM= ( If / IS ) Trip time(s)

IS = 1 , TSM = 1 ∑t, ∑a have to be calculated and shown before the experiment

Tabular Column 3

SL.NO. If(A) PSM= ( If / IS ) Trip time(s)

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Expected graph:

1. Graph of Tabular Column 1 and 2 in one graph

2. Graph of Tabular Column 2 and 3 in one graph

Note: X –axis plot shall have PSM more than 12

RESULT:

EXPERIMENT NO.5
Microprocessor based Over/under voltage Relay

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Aim: To study the operating characteristics of microprocessor based Over/under voltage relay.

Apparatus Required:

 Microprocessor based over/under voltage relay kit

Circuit Diagram:-

5.1 CONNECTION DIAGRAM OF RELAY MV12

5.2 CONNECTION DIAGRAM OF PSOVUVI (µP)

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Procedure:

1) The connections are made as shown in the circuit

2) The relay is set for over/under voltage
3) TSM is then set
4) Time interval meter selection switch is set in T/M position
5) Protection time switch is kept in ON position
6) S2 switch is in ON position
7) Dimmers are brought to zero position
8) Connect the power card
9) The mains are switched on
10) The toggle switch is brought to ‘SET’ mode
11) TEST START BUTTON, CB ON buttons are switched on and the indicator will glow
12) The dimmer is adjusted and the approximate voltage is set
13) TEST STOP/RESTART button is then pushed
14) Toggle switch is brought to ‘TEST’ mode
15) ‘TEST START’ button is pushed.
16) The simulated voltage and the trip time is noted down
17) The procedure is repeated for different values of voltage & TSM settings
18) The graph of trip time v/s PSM is plotted
19) Experiments have to be conducted for Normal inverse, definite time characteristics for
both Over voltage and Under Voltage.

Tabular column:

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Over voltage:-
Normal inverse

VS =154 , Ts(Set time) = k *TSM , TSM= 0.1+t =1

∑t , ∑a have to be calculated and shown before the experiment
Table-1

SL. Vf (V) Operating time(s) % Closing

NO. Voltage
Vf x100
Vs

Normal inverse

VS =154 , Ts(Set time) = k *TSM TSM= 0.1+t =0.5

∑t , ∑a have to be calculated and shown before the experiment

Table-2

SL.NO. Vf (V) Operating Set Time % Error

time(s) Ts (Tp-Ts)*100
Tp Ts

Definite Time

VS =165 , Ts(Set time) = k *TSM TSM= 0.1+t =1

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∑t , ∑a have to be calculated and shown before the experiment

Table-3

SL.NO. Vf (V) Operating Set Time % Error

time(s) Ts (Tp-Ts)*100
Tp Ts

Under voltage:-

Normal inverse
VS =77 , Ts(Set time) = k *TSM TSM= 0.1+∑t =1
∑t, ∑a have to be calculated and shown before the experiment
Table-4

SL. Vf (V) Operating time(s) % Closing Voltage

NO. Vf x100
Vs

Normal inverse
VS =77 , Ts(Set time) = k *TSM TSM= 0.1+∑t =0.5

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∑t, ∑a have to be calculated and shown before the experiment

Table-5

SL. Vf (V) Operating % Closing Voltage

NO. time(s) Vf x100
Vs

Definite Time

VS =55 , Ts(Set time) = k *TSM TSM= 0.1+∑t =1.5

∑t , ∑a have to be calculated and shown before the experiment

Table-6

SL.NO. Vf (V) Operating Set Time % Error

time(s) Ts (Tp-Ts)*100
Tp Ts

Expected graph:

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100 0
% of Closing Voltage

Curve should be drawn only for Inverse Characteristics both for over Voltage and under
Voltage Characteristics

1. Graph of Tabular Column 1 and 2 in one graph

2. Graph of Tabular Column 4 and 5 in one graph

RESULT

EXPERIMENT NO 6

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Spark over characteristics of air insulation subjected to high voltage AC for

uniform and non-uniform configuration
Aim: To find the spark over characteristics of air insulation subjected to HVAC for different
uniform and non-uniform configurations.

Apparatus Required:

 Control panel with supply of 230V, 50Hz

 HV transformer
 Resistance column(water cooled)
 Sphere-gap configuration, point-point configuration, point-plane configuration & plane-
plane configuration apparatus

Circuit Diagram:-

Schematic diagram:

1) Base 5) Ground sphere

2) Supporting stand 6) HT sphere
3) Hand wheel 7) Water resistor
4) Measuring scale 8) grounding connection

Electrical circuit:-

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Procedure:

1) The entire HVAC system are properly grounded before making any connections with the
help of an earth electrode
2) The connections are made as shown in the circuit. The resistance column is connected to
the sphere gap configuration (uniform field) and its other end is connected to the HT
winding of the transformer. There is no need of connecting this resistance for non-
uniform field
3) Connect 0-230V variable voltage of the control panel to the supply
4) The distance between all the configurations is made zero initially
5) There are 4 configurations namely sphere-gap & plane-plane configuration for uniform
field & point-point & point-plane configuration for non-uniform field
6) The distance between the two ends of the configurations are varied from 5mm to 25mm
in suitable steps. The corresponding breakdown voltages are noted down thrice for the
same distance each time to check the accuracy
7) The noted values are tabulated for all 4 different configurations separately
8) The required parameters are calculated at STP and the characteristic curves are drawn

Schematic Diagram:

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Tabular column:
Uniform field:

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1) Sphere-Sphere configuration:-

SL.NO. Distance(mm) Breakdown voltage (BDV) Peak value of Corrected Breakdown

(kV) Average BDV BDV Stress
u(kV) uo = u /(δ x k) Ε = uo/d
(kV) (kv/cm)
V1 V2 V3 Average
BDV
1 5
2 10
3 15
4 20

5 22.5

Non-Uniform field:

1) plane-plane configuration:-

SL.NO. Distance(mm) Breakdown voltage (BDV) Peak value of Corrected Breakdown

(kV) Average BDV BDV(Avg. Stress
u(kV) ) Ε = uo/d
Uo=U/ (kv/cm)
(K1*K2)
V1 V2 V3 Average
BDV
1 5
2 10
3 15
4 20
5 25
6 30
7 35
8 40
9 45

2) point-plane configuration:-

SL.NO. Distance(mm) Breakdown voltage (BDV) Peak value of Corrected Breakdown

(kV) Average BDV BDV(Avg. Stress

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u(kV) ) Ε = uo/d
Uo=U/ (kv/cm)
(K1*K2)
V1 V2 V3 Average
BDV
1 5

2 10

3 15

4 20

5 25
6 30
7 35
8 40
9 45

3) point-point configuration:-

SL.NO. Distance(mm) Breakdown voltage (BDV) Peak value of Corrected Breakdown

(kV) Average BDV BDV(Avg. Stress
u(kV) ) Ε = uo/d
Uo=U/ (kv/cm)
V1 V2 V3 Average (K1*K2)
BDV
1 5
2 10
3 15
4 20
5 25
6 30
7 35
8 40
9 45
Expected Graph:-

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STP- standard temperature and pressure

T = 20ºC

P=682mm of Hg

td = dry temperature =

tw = wet temperature =

RESULT:

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EXPERIMENT NO.7
Spark over characteristics of air insulation subjected
to high voltage DC
Aim: To determine the spark over characteristics of air insulation subjected to HVDC

Apparatus Required:

 Control panel with supply of 230V, 50Hz

 HV transformer
 Resistance column(water cooled)
 Sphere-gap configuration, point-point configuration, point-plane configuration & plane-
plane configuration apparatus

Procedure:

1) The entire HVDC system are properly grounded before making any connections with the
help of an earth electrode
2) The connections are made as shown in the circuit. The resistance column is connected in
series with the sphere gap configuration (uniform field) and its other end is connected to
the HT winding of the transformer. There is no need of connecting this resistance for
other configurations
3) Connect 0-230V variable voltage of the control panel to the supply
4) The distance between all the configurations is made zero initially
5) The distance between the two ends of the configurations are varied from 5mm to 25mm
in suitable steps. The corresponding breakdown voltages are noted down thrice for the
same distance each time to check the accuracy
6) The required parameters are then calculated at STP and the characteristic curves are
drawn
7) Experiments should be carried out under both the polarities of DC voltages.

Circuit Diagram:

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Tabular columns:

Point-Point configuration:-

Positive Polarity:

SL.NO. Distance(mm) Breakdown voltage (BDV) Peak value of Corrected Breakdown

(kV) Average BDV BDV(Avg. Stress
u(kV) ) Ε = uo/d
Uo=U/ (kv/cm)
V1 V2 V3 Average (K1*K2)
BDV
1 5
2 10
3 15
4 20
5 25
6 30
7 35
8 40
9 45

Negative Polarity:

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SL.NO. Distance(mm) Breakdown voltage (BDV) Peak value of Corrected Breakdown

(kV) Average BDV BDV(Avg. Stress
u(kV) ) Ε = uo/d
Uo=U/ (kv/cm)
V1 V2 V3 Average (K1*K2)
BDV
1 5
2 10
3 15
4 20
5 25
6 30
7 35
8 40
9 45

Plane-Plane configuration:-

Positive Polarity:

SL.NO. Distance(mm) Breakdown voltage (BDV) Peak value of Corrected Breakdown

(kV) Average BDV BDV(Avg. Stress
u(kV) ) Ε = uo/d
Uo=U/ (kv/cm)
V1 V2 V3 Average (K1*K2)
BDV
1 5
2 10
3 15
4 20
5 25
6 30
7 35
8 40
9 45
Negative Polarity:

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SL.NO. Distance(mm) Breakdown voltage (BDV) Peak value of Corrected Breakdown

(kV) Average BDV BDV(Avg. Stress
u(kV) ) Ε = uo/d
Uo=U/ (kv/cm)
V1 V2 V3 Average (K1*K2)
BDV
1 5
2 10
3 15
4 20
5 25
6 30
7 35
8 40
9 45

Point- Plane configuration:-

Positive Polarity:

SL.NO. Distance(mm) Breakdown voltage (BDV) Peak value of Corrected Breakdown

(kV) Average BDV BDV(Avg. Stress
u(kV) ) Ε = uo/d
Uo=U/ (kv/cm)
V1 V2 V3 Average (K1*K2)
BDV
1 5
2 10
3 15
4 20
5 25
6 30
7 35
8 40
9 45

Negative Polarity:

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SL.NO. Distance(mm) Breakdown voltage (BDV) Peak value of Corrected Breakdown

(kV) Average BDV BDV(Avg. Stress
u(kV) ) Ε = uo/d
Uo=U/ (kv/cm)
V1 V2 V3 Average (K1*K2)
BDV
1 5
2 10
3 15
4 20
5 25
6 30
7 35
8 40
9 45

RESULT:

EXPERIMENT NO.8

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Measurement of HVAC & HVDC using Standard Spheres

Aim: To measure HVAC & HVDC using standard spheres and find the error between the
measured and the standard breakdown values of voltage

Apparatus Required:

 Control panel with supply of 230V, 50Hz

 HV transformer
 Resistance column
 Sphere-gap configuration

Circuit Diagram:-

Procedure:

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1) All the equipments of HVAC & HVDC system are properly grounded with the help of an
earth electrode before making connections
2) The connections are made as shown in the circuit. The resistance column is connected in
series with the spheres to reduce the breakdown current and to suppress the oscillations
that are created between spheres during breakdown
3) Connect 0-230V variable voltage of the control panel to the supply
4) The distance between all the configurations is made zero initially
5) The distance between the two spheres are varied from 5mm to 25mm in suitable steps.
The corresponding breakdown voltages are noted down thrice for the same distance each
time to check the accuracy
6) The recorded values are then compared with the standard values and the % error is
calculated for each reading

Tabular column:

+ve DC voltage:-

SL.NO. Gap BDV Avg.(BDV) Corrected Standard %error

(mm) U (kV) BDV(Avg.) BDV Uo-Us
Uo=U/ Us -------- x 100
(K1*K2) Us
V1 V2 V3

1 5

2 10

3 15
4 20
5 22.5

-ve DC voltage:-

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SL.NO. Gap BDV Avg.(BDV) Corrected Standard %error

(mm) U (kV) BDV(Avg.) BDV Uo-Us
Uo=U/ Us -------- x
(K1*K2) 100
Us
V1 V2 V3
1 5
2 10
3 15
4 20
5 22.5

AC voltage:-

SL.NO. Distance(mm) Breakdown voltage (BDV) Peak value of Corrected Breakdown

(kV) Average BDV BDV Stress
u(kV) uo = u /(δ x k) Ε = uo/d
(kV) (kv/cm)
V1 V2 V3 Average
BDV
1 5

2 10
3 15
4 20

5 22.5

Calculation:-

RESULT:

EXPERIMENT NO.9
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Breakdown Strength of Transformer oil by using Oil Testing Unit

Aim: To determine the breakdown strength of transformer oil by Oil Testing unit

Apparatus Required:

 Oil testing unit

 Transformer
 Voltage supply with suitable frequency

Circuit Diagram:-

Electrical circuit:-

Procedure:

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1) An increasing voltage of frequency 40 to 60 Hz is applied to the testing apparatus

uniformly from zero to value producing breakdown
2) The circuit is opened manually if transient spark occurs between the electrodes or if an
established arc occurs
3) When arc occurs, the tripping circuit shall break the voltage within 0.25
4) The breakdown voltage is the voltage reached during the test at the time the first spark
occurs between electrodes, whether transient or established
5) The test is carried out six times on the same cell filling
6) A time gap of at least 5 minutes is given between successive trials in order to avoid air
bubbles
7) All the readings are tabulated and further calculations are done

Tabular column:

SL.NO. BDV Breakdown stress(kv/cm)

RESULT:-

EXPERIMENT NO.10

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Field Mapping using Electrolytic Tank

Aim: To plot field map using electrolytic tank for parallel plate capacitor model

Apparatus Required:

 Auto transformer (0-230V)

 Electrolytic Tank
 Digital Multimeter

Circuit Diagram:-

Expected Field Map:

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Procedure:-

1) The parallel plate capacitor is placed inside the electrolytic tank and is filled with clean
water. Tank is adjusted for correct levels on all sides using level adjustors
2) Connections are made as shown in figure. Drawing sheet is placed on the glass plate of
electrolytic tank
3) Main supply is switched on
4) The pantograph needle is kept near anyone of the electrode, applied voltage of 10V by
using auto transformer with the help of multimeter
5) Equi-potential lines corresponding to voltages 1,2,3,4,……9 respectively are drawn

Calculations :-

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Theoretical

C= (ε0 εr A)/d

Correction factor for fringe effect, Cth = 1.2*C ---1.2 is for fringe effect

Practical:

C= (ε0 Au l)/d

Np = no. of unit capacitors in parallel

Ns = no. of unit capacitors in series

Ceq = (C * Np)/Ns

%error = (Ceq - Cth)/ Cth

Field Plot of Co-Axial Cable Model:

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Specimen Calculation:
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RESULT:-

Corrections For Uniform Gaps

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Corrections For Non Uniform Gaps

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