First Edition POST-TENSIONED BUILDINGS Design and Construction Dr Bijan O. Aalami Professor Emeritus, San Francisco State University Principal, ADAPT Corporation Ietrational EatonPost-Tensioned Buildings CHAPTER 5 10 STEPS OF DESIGN OF APOST-TENSIONED FLOOR ‘laya Post-Tensioned Towers (HSA P10) “The information and know-how necessary for de sign ofa post tensioned floor system were cited and Alscussed in detain Chaptor 4. Ths information is applied to two practical design examples in Chapters Gand 7. The objective ofthis Chapter ist simply list the 10 steps that we wil follow In design ofeach of the cwo examples. The 10 stops serve as 2 quick rel- ference guide to walk us through the design. Its recognied that, to day, most desig firms use software for thet routine designs, where many ofthe design steps listed are handled inthe background by the routines ofthe computer program. The lst and {helt detas in the Chapters that flow also serve to better understand anlevaluate the outcome of auto> sated designs PostTensioned Buildings 10 STEPS OF DESIGN 1 Selection of Geometry, Sling of the Members nd Strctral Sytem 1.4 Optimum span 12. Optimum thickness, slab, column drops, slab bands beams 13 Selection of load path, support tines and design strips Selection of Material 24. Concrete 22. Non-stresed reinforcement—rebar 23, Selection of prestressing system and Its design parameters Selection of Loads 31. Selfweight wwe structurescom52 382, Superimposed dea load $33, Liveload, including lateral lads, Fany 34, Temperature Design Parameters 441, Design code 442, Selection of allowable stresses, exposure to corrosion and erack width, where apiable 43, Deflection criteria (immediate /long-term) 444, Fire resstty to determine cover to re forcement 45, Vibration Selection of Post Tensioning Design Parameters 51 Selection of Tendon Profile and Other Param ‘ters Such as Precompression and Percentage of Toad to balance Selection of Analysis Procedure and Analysis, Structural Modeling Analysis and Design 61, Strip method (simple fame or equvalent frame) optimization capability 62. Rate Elements (ADAPT-Floor Pro) Extraction of Design Values and Code Check for Serviceabity Lilt State (513) 71, Lead combinations 72. Stress chece 173. Crack width control, where applicable 7, Minimum reinforcement 75, Deflection chece Cate Check or Strength; Uimate Limit state (ULS) 4. Load combination 82, Determination of hyperstatc actions £83, Calculation of design moments BA, Strength design for bending and ductility Post-Tensioned Buildings '85, Punching shear check or one-way shear 6. Desig or transfer ofeolumn momento slab 9, Cheek or initial Condition 94. Losdl combination and determination of de- sigh values 92. Siess check and provision of reinforce rent, where necessary 10,Structral Detalling 10.1 Detalling of bar (rebar not determined by calealation) 102 Detailing oftndons ‘The above steps arefllowed by: ‘Generation of structural drawings ' Generation of fabrieation (shop) drawings SPECIAL CONDITIONS Depenalng on the application, or the function ofthe for system special considerations, such as those listed below may be necessary 1—Vibration evaluation 2—Diaphragm design ofthe floor sytem for lateral loads 3—Partiipation of floor to actin frame action with als and columns in resisting wind and seismic Fores Refer to Chapters 6 forthe aplication ofthe steps listed to design of column-rupported flor system, and Chapter 7 for design ofa beam frame. FOREWORD ‘Tis example walks you through the 10 steps of de- ign of a posttensioned flor level of a multstory ‘uldng. Each of the 10 steps is commented in de- tallta provide you with the background information necessary to follow the calculations. Many aspects ofthe example selected, such as thear~ rangement of ts floor supports are highly irregular. ‘The objective In selecting an ireegula structure is tw expose yo tothe diferent design scenarios that Yyou may encounter in real life structures, but you {do not find covered in standard textbooks. Design ‘conditions that are not drectiy encountered i this fxample, but ae important to know, ae introduced Sand discussed as comments “The floor slab is provided with both column drops for punching shear and drop panels fr additional strength in resisting high negative moments over the Post-tensioned Buildings CHAPTER 6 POST-TENSIONED FLOOR DESIGN ‘STEP-BY-STEP CALCULATION Post‘Tensioned Concrete Frame under Construction {Earns PS) supports. The design example also features different rumber of strands along the length of the structure 4nd change in tendon profile frm span to span Design operations that are considered common kknowiedge, suchas the calculation of moments and shears onde the geometry af astructure ts material properties and loading are know, are not covered in ‘etal, You ate referred to your in-house frame pro- fram for their evaation, of other sections of the book, where the specific operations are addressed in greater deta ‘The design example covers sde by side both the un- bonded and bonded (grouted) post tensioning sys tems, thus providing a direct comparison between the design processes ofthe two options In addition, in parallel the design uses the current Ameri bullding codes (AC-318 and (BC) along with the Eu- Fopean Code (EC2). Where applicable, reference is Imad tothe UK's committe report TRAS. uP Pstrucurescom SEER eee eee eee eee eee eee eee eee eee eee62 “There are thre methods commonly used forthe de- sign ofa past tensioned Noor sytem-Simple Frame Methods (SEM), Equvalent Frame Method (EFM), and Finite Element Method (FEM). Among the three, ‘the BPM hasbeen the primary method of design used by leading consulting ems over the years However, due to its complet it ds not lend itself to hand fclcultion of real structures in the environment fa consulting firm. Computer programs based on ‘he EFM, sich as ADAPTPT are generally wed. Re- cently, many consultants sacrifice the elcleney and {he option of optimization thats easblefor designs based on EFM and opt forthe benefits of FEM-based designs, such asthe computer program Flor Pro by ADAPT There FEMcbased designs can model the entire oor system and provide seamless integration ‘of design process from architectural drawings to fab Fleation documents. Hand calculations such asthe one presented herein, use the SFM ‘Two text fonts are used inthe following. The numer: ‘eal work that forms part ofthe actual cleulations ‘uses the font shown below: “This fon ic used forthe rumen work thao part. oF the dena, ‘The following text font is used, wherever comments are made to supplement the calculations: This font i used to add clarification to the caeula- tions. Desionsrers 1 RY AND STRUCTURAL SYSTEM 1h Ouran 12 Geometry and Support Contions 13. Support ines and rvtaree 14 dead Deion Sp 2, MATERIAL PROPERTIES 21 Concrete 22. Nonprestessed Reinforcement 23 Pentrossing The Simple Fame Mead (SPM) in UK nd te erate att on UK prac ert to aut Fane Mi” i sed sy on th cos Seo so iyo thea rae eng Sesgnes. The tr Elen ‘ton ht itn snl tony ano ‘oor ah desi i vos esos of ACUTE (bse trough ent he Far System F472) (0180 Views of he Flor System Lone 31 Seige 32 Supermponed Dea Load 38 Lee Lose DESIGN PARAMETERS: ‘At Pppable Code 42 Conor to Rebar ard Pestessng Sande 43 Momstle Stes 4A Crack Wath Litton ‘4. Alowable Deection ‘ACTIONS DUE 10 DEAD AND LvE LOADS POSPTENSIONNG 1. Selction of Doign Parameters 2 Selection of ost tension Tendon Force snd Frofe 63 Selection of Number of Strands 4 Calaslation of Balanced Load 65 Determination of Actions Due to Balanced (ost rensrin) Loads CODE CHECK FOR SERVICEABILITY 71, Load Combinations 13. Grace Widen Control Post-Tensioned Floor Design 14 Minera Reinforcement 15 Detection cece CODE CHECK FOR STRENGTH 81 Losd Combination 22 Determination of Hyperstetie Actions {83 Carlation of Design Momento Ba Strength Design for Benen and Ductlty 125 Pnclung Shear Check and Design {CODE CHECK FOR INTIAL CONDITION 81 Load Combinations 92 Strese Check 10. DETALNG 1 GEOMETRY AND STRUCTURAL SYSTEM 110verdn Nid bling 6 a rutstory structure supported fale and cola The ltoralloado are roid ry hoor wal wo directions, The far of Che ling is | tno may post tensloned slab rating on coum sr wale The cculatone that fll represent the design (fone tego ofthe fam slab Gerinea by ariine fn releved t0 36 “des str 6." The emander of the for oab canbe desired m a eise marr. Te fosgn ts prforned wing the carne verse oF BC; AOVBIBLECE ona R42, 1.2 Geomtry and Support Conditions Dimerstons and Suppor Conditions Foor slab dimensions are chown Fg 1. | Stab eines and locaton of Clan drops (49 ar shown in Fg 1-2 ‘© Diensins of clu depslpares shown Fig 1: © Coline are 600 re x600 mt and cand above and pew te lb: ard ‘© Colinna are accrtedfuad st conection to the lab and st toler endo The maximum span to depth ratio for the 240 mm Slab selected sess than 4, whichs the upper value ‘commonly used for similar stuctures.Apeliminary ‘analysis, not included in this work, showed tha the ‘Sab thickness selected was not adequate for punch- ‘ng shear at celected column locations (marked locations A through Fn Fly, 12-2, and along the column supported right edge of the slab). AS are sll the eght ede Is provided with a down turned ‘edge beam (Seti tin Fig. 12-2)-The remainder of the locations ae provided each with aealumn drop to resist punching shear Further calulation of the preliminary design concluded thatthe requlred re Inforcement ove four ofthe interior columns was Floor Slab Dimensions (m) FIGURE 14 ata (0 Section Typical oR, (a Secon “Thickness Geometry ofthe Floor (mm) FOUREN264 Type lame [T) Yow 7 a veo] oo, 4} 8 Tye" Type 08 -8200rm blow soft ob Plan Geometry of Drop Caps and Drop Panels (mm) FIGURE excessive (more than 4200 m2) [Aala, 1985) To void congestion of top renforcement, the column frops at these locations were enlarged to dually them as drop panels. These locations are marked a5 8, Dand Fin Fig 12-2, While iis practical liminate column drops atlocations and E through provision of punching shear reinforcement, te drop panels cannot be eliminated without causing com teston in top rebar. 1.3 Support Lines and Tetutaries ‘The brealown of flor into support ines, tb taries and design strips in two principal directions are explained in Chapter 3, as the fist step in defin- tion of load paths for design The outcome ithe sub- Aivsion of floor into design strips in each ofthe bo ‘orthogonal directions. In this example, we select and complete the design ofoneof the design sripsin ‘eirectlon. The remainder ofthe design strips il be tested ina similar manner The desig stripe in Krcton are shown in Fl. 13: Each design sep i ecracted from the Ror eystan land madeed in isciaton a an iealzed one de Son strip sich a the desion strip for support ne showin. 12-25 Post-Tensioned Buildings, KL. Li KK « CAC ‘Tributaries for Design Strips in X-- Direction FlGURE 34 1m) ie ms eae” (b Staighoned dein spn) pee eee] of +--+ (0) esi try for desi Construction of Design Stip in Plan FOURE 3-2 Post-Tensioned Floor Design 14 Weaied Desien Step Denn Sip Omarsens re crtratted deagnn-beaightened” to simplify anal- Joo (Fg, 12-20). The erinstaries ofeach span of the oracted design stn are adjosted to the maxirum ith ofthe reapecte spon on each oie of te nop fort line The dimenscne ofthe fal desian stp are Frowmin Figo. 1 and 4-20 For gravity design ofthe structure, the practice In Selection of boundary conditions ofthe extracted ‘design strip is verbalized in AC/IBC a8 follows, The Step fs modeled with one level of supports imme: tately above and below the level under consider- tion. The a ends ofthe supports are assumed fixed ‘gsinst rotation. The clovation of the iested design stip and 2 thee Girensonal vow oar ahow in Figs 142,143, Plan of Design Stip B (mm) FlouRE 141 se D v0 O os ©, {os Design Strip in Elevation FIGURE 14-2 | Section Moperten The section properties ofeach span are caclated us Ing the gross cronpsecinal ara of he weaves de sion step as shown Figs 14-1 and 14-2 ‘The siening ofthe slab due to the aed thickness ofthe column dropsand drop panels ae accounted forin the caleulatonthrough thet seein properties. In SFM adopted in ths example, the added siftness in the slab immediately over the supportis not neue. Inthe analysis, However, che EFM of analysis allows forthe aforementioned increase i tlfness. FIGURE IAS Vw of the Design Strip) 2 MATERIAL PROPERTIES 2Gonceeta Ff (28 day cdr etength) = 40 MPa Wgre = 24 EN? laste Module 47100VFe = 25725 MPs (ACI) E210 ( 48)10] >” [EC2, TRA) = 35220 Mia Grp cooticle = 2 Material factory,» (Aa 150 [EC2, 18-4] ‘The creep coefficient i used to estate the long term deletion of te sab, 22 Norprestressed (Passive) Reinforcement faseours lati Malus = 200000 Ma Nate factor y= (AGI 19 EC Strength reduction factor (bending) @ = 0-9 [ACT HTEc2. Te43) Where abe sng is specifi, he flowing omer loner cylinder stent = 08 tes ce sgh STEN 192-1 2n04E Tale 3.1TABLE L441 Section Property ofthe Design Step 75) Post stoned Buildings Span | Tabaeary [Or T T % ree Om gee ef 7 ee Baa | 886] 0 | sor] a0 | Fae | 886 —| Ho | ease] ae] 8 Bk | 66 | 0a | aa} Baa | 108} 90 | oe | Be | ie —] a a] — an) Fat | “68s —| ao ae} a aa —| 038 —| — 90 | somo | eo a Carlen | 1035 —| a0 —| “Tati | a0 | a0] Where |= second moment of rea ofthe tebutsry section: and Yu Yo top and bottom distances of the centro ofthe section tothe creme fibre reepectively Ltmste strength of strata) = 1260 Ma Materia factor y= [ACI 195 [EC2, 1-43] System Untorded System Angiar oot of rickon (y)= 0.07 otic coecen of frtion(f) = 2008 rain Drcr et (edge drain) = G mn Steescng force = BOR of spect utimate strength flectheoteos afterall sses* = 1200 MPs Bonded System Use Nat dite 20%80rm; O38 mm thik met het housing opto fe stare ‘Aralat Coefcent of Friction (y) = 02 3 Forendceton.an fcc res of tne ‘Thecfetve tess the average sts onthe eh tenon flea india og em loses, Te aie ‘Woon etective sted desi, he std Tents doe kept sha ses in thealclaons, \Wotie Cooficient of Frction (K)= 0.008 rai ‘Anchor Set (Weg Drsw-n) = 6m Offer ofetand to dict centroid (2) Ettactve stroos ater al ones = 100 Mia 3-L0ADS S.1SetFweghe Slabe(240/000Y" 2400" 9.8000 (5 Nine 3.2 Superinposed Dead Load Superimposed dead lad = 200 Hine 65 kN? 109 Nn 165" 1025 m= 7318 ein ‘ded dead load de to colons dr, drop panel an Colin drop DU (ouppore 3) =02"15"2400°9.811000 « 706 tim Load exzenss 0:75 mon each de of support 3) Drop parelD. (support 4) =2°2.6°2400°9 11000 16.95 lie Load entendo UB mon each sie of support 4) ‘dca beam depth career) post-Tensioned Floor Design * (2) Sovonvir stant pase. (0) ew dan Unbonded Tendon FIGURE 234 Section View of at Unbonded Tendon (0271028"2400°9 19000 = 4574 ein (Latowterl from 0.2m eof suppert.5 co slab ee) SB LiveLoad® 3 inn 10.25 = 3105 «Nim Career UL = 3° 1036 = 31.05 8M Up rate=ai765 = 039 £0.35 Do not op he ond Live oad is generally skipped (patterned), inorder tomasimize the design values. However fo two-way floor systems ACL 318-11 does not requir lve load skipping provided the ratio flivto dead load does ot exceed 075. n this example, as nmmast concrete Alor systems for residential and office bldings the ‘nto ofliveto dead load is ess than 0.75. Hence the liad wil not be sipped Theoadngdagrmo ae own in Fig, 3 4-DESION PARAMETERS. Ine for este Dor i pedal 242. For ately Nin? asad. Lie lal goo dod asd nthe ose overs, Reto ive ae sre in IBC 2012 (Chapt 1 nhs sign example, Treo snot ede. Acta ST) se gate [frase (0) Seeson (ty aton Example of a Grouted Flat Duct Used in Bulng Constucion FIGURE 29-2 Pictic Fat Corrugated Duct raved Tendon rerearsi/ oor —/ east — ge antdth arctan ao td cre Section through a Flat Duct at Low Point FGIRE 22 4.1 Applicable Codes Tre devin scared cut according to each ofthe ot losin codes Further relrence's made to the Conmnt ‘ee Ropre T-3,where appropiate & 126-2009 (ac121820m) ECo{EN 1892-4 12008) 4.2 Cover to Rebar ndPrestresobg Strando Ninna evar cover = 20 mn op ra bottom Unbonded Sytem ‘The sla i assumed te be in 9 non-corrosive env ronment, Cover to is reinforcement Is based 0m 2 2-hour fre rating with-he exterior spans considered.Prsson i" Hl na , * ni soil shin a son_j on") em | nen cous ‘noi itive restrained, Tis requires a minimum cover of 20 tam, using 180-12. Hence, the COS (Center of Grav: ity of Sand) of 13 mm strand is 27 mm fom top ahd bottom fibers of concrete outline. The existing Concrete wall atone end ofthe design strip, andthe oven turned beam atthe other end of tare consi tered adequate to provide restraint agaist in plane ‘expansion ofthe sab fr re resistivity. Hence the ‘end spans are considered “estalned.” Mirnum stand cover = 20 mt 68 al epana = 27 mm Bonded System Mira op and voz rebar ever = 20 mm Fer post tensioning tendo: (Fig 421) Goer to aver =20 mm Distance to enrol of strand 20+10+3=38 nn her, tm shal ce damoter and 2-2 mm (665: allopane = 35 mm 4.3 Alowable Stresses ‘A.Basedon ACISI6-MVIBC 2009 Tia IBC? whee pan fos o expan planet ic cosieed nts abd eed have "lrgee cover fore ety than span that ise {octpand (estan) IBC Tale 720 WACUaIeH, Sections 183 Post-Tensioned Buildings, ‘Rowse otesses in concret are the oame for onde ‘nd wounded PT ystems For Sustained Load Condition Compression = 045" f= O.45°40 = 1 MPs Tension 0.5 VF, = 36 Ma © ‘For tora Load Coetion Compression = 060". ‘enon =O Vr © For nia Condon (at Taner of restreesing) Compression = 0.60", =06" 80 = 18 MPa ‘rion = 025" Ve, = 186 Me 1m ACL 318/18C 2012 the allowable stresses fr two- way stems and one-way systems are different. The ‘als stated ae for two-way systems These values may not be exceded. Using ACI-31B, two-way sys temsare deemed tbe essentially erack-free when i service, Cracking any isnot of desig sigaicance B.Based on C2” ECE doco rot opel "ning alone stresses inthe tice sence of the word. There are trea thesholis that trgger rack contre. These ae the sara for bot bonded and unbounded sytem 1 For"Froqert” Load Condition Concrete Corerebslon = 0.60" fa = 06" 40 = 24 Wa Tension concrete) F tae fae baer ine pha 2251 Mia (Fate 3 £62) Tension (on-prestroned sec) = OBO" fy = 08"460 360 We Tension (prostressing otal = O75". = 076" 1860 — 1898 Ma © For ‘uot permanent” Load Conition Compression = 048° fa = O48" 40 = 10 Ma Tension (concrete) = 31a same as frequent 38 combination Unlike Act 318,18, provisions in 8C2 permit over~ ding the allowable hypothetical tension stress in coneret, provided cracking is controled not toes (ceed the selected "design crack width” FER 9oR aM) Sexton 12 1 EN 19921-12004, Section 73.240) 5 EN 1902 1-amDa), Seton 7.3.28) post-Tensioned Floor Design (o)Srotindusaton it ‘ode po a : t ohn 058-3 (eTenenttighpore (2 Ten ow pot Postion of Cente of Gravity (os) of Stand at Extere Postons in Member FIGURE 421 {© For"wita” Load Condon (able 3EC2) Tesi (Ubon) = fen : ced ‘approach isan option for processing solutions ined fron Finite Element analyses. For practical are to Uhreshalda for typothetial tenon IF the hypothetical tension strecoas ae es FF EN 1992:1-1004, Section 102.25) 8 TR. Second Eton Tale Foc tone sa, ln witht ed enforement econ 69 low the fot threshold no bonded reformat ead bp added IF the fopotheticl tension stresses xed the fevt threshold, bu are laos than the second, a ‘pec amount of bonded renfowemeré must be ror ed. The Iypothetealstreosen are not permitted 9 laced the upper threshla™ Grovted tendons can be Goneiered aa bonded renforcerien, a is explained Ingrster detain Section 7, “enon who bnded eoreement) Forful pan 03 fans fens org" WAOO0 fam 0 fa larger (15-024 fam an lage of 26% Oe 0.30" 29) ibe BE C2) 030" 40 09) 351 Mia ‘Alona ver thshad = 02°26" 851 a3 a Tension (ch bonded enforcement) For fl one = 09 fang 097136" 351 = £50 Me Gompressin(ouport) = 03" ta» 0.40 = 12 a 440 =16 Me © For ina” load condition” TieMpa ‘Alonabe compression stress = O40 fax 12 Mpa 4 Crack Wek Lintation 1K Based on AGI 310-1186 2012 No expla imi is imposed bythe code for crack wath tculstion ard orto coral for tmormay floor ys om, sine the designs are deemed to be coserialy thin she pre-erachng range of coneret B.Baved on E62 In EC2, the alowable crack wdth depends on whether the port-tensonngaystor ose i bonded” or "uv bonded” and ne land comtnaton beng consdered™ & Frestreaned membre with bonded. tendons: 0.2 mine to be checked for frequent load caoe ‘7 The amount of toned reinfowement nb ale tex hint in Secon 74M Renfree” 16 EN 19821-12004) Bgn 3-28 5 TR Second Eaton Tale 5. 5 ENION2 1-200 (E) Tae 71N10 © ‘Freotresed members wich unbonded tendons: O3 rm: tobe chacted at qusslpeanent load cane C.BasedontR-43 Froth prestesoed systems 12m 4.5 Alowable Deflection ‘A.Based on ACISIB-IHIBC 2012 In all major codes, the allowable deflection is tied £0 (the impact ofthe vertieal displacement on oc- cupants: () the installed. non-structural objets such as partion, glass, er floor covering an (I) functional impairment, sucha proper drainage. De- tails ofthe allowable values thelr measuremet and evaluation are given In reference [ADAPT TH292) For perception of dsplacementby sensitive pens, consensus is limit of 1/250, where Lie the deletion span Itis important nate that this is thedislace- ‘ment that canbe observed bya viewer ‘Theallowable values ate: Since this dosign example cape secure tobe #aceddreciy on the fished forthe apple vert (al lplacenant isthe otal detection stove en 10 ieremova forms Total alowabe detection 240 ‘The second deflection checks for potentist damage to nonstructural brite construction, suchas part tions trom displacement subsequent to installation of such members. The value recommended hy ACI- ‘318i 1/480. This fs vertical displacement resulting from the fall application of design lve load together with the long-term deletion subsequent tothe in- stallaton of construction ikl tobe damaged by de ection. Such installations ae application of plaster ‘on concrete masonry unt pattons or instalation of dry wall (gypsum boards). Raw framing of ma sonry units that are not finished are not considered tobe subject the defection limitations, “otal deiction subsequent to Frish on partons to gcther ith appeation of nels AB. ‘Were sta length of delctin pan, For thls design parle, the partion are sobumed 20 have been Stalled fash 60 days afer the orca P.Dased on £62" ‘The Interpretation and the magnitude of allowable 1 TRA Second Eaton, Seton S83, 2 ACT3IEIT Secon 183, BEN 19921-1000, Section 741 ‘deflections in EC2 are essentially the same as that of ‘ACL 318, The impact of vertical displacement on the function ofthe installed members and the visual ime Pact on occupants determine the allowable values, ‘The following ate suggested values Delecton subsequent to rohing of floors fam Quasi- pemenertcambnation L250, Detection suboequert to insallaton of constniction ‘that can be damaged from lad combination uss! permanent: 600. C.Based on TRA” R43 refers 20 £2 for slowate deflections Jn summary the allowable deflection fom the two codes and the committee report are essentially the sine. Gonservatvely,iteanbe summarized a follows ua Famanent Load Cnination Total defection: 250 Deflection subsequert to stalin of construction that canbe damaged: EOD Dre partons sre assumed to have been installed 0 days subsenuent to date of casting the ola, '5- ACTIONS DUE TO DEAD AND LIVE LOADS. ‘evons due to desl and elds se calcd ry 8 gorerc ae rer, ng the aad fae mensions shan =F 51. The otfcss ofeach of te Spore ma sh onerc wnen ate 1-1 A cations of the coun drop arp pal te tancvrse barn the ouifess used relues He teal hekenng of he las In Fig $1 the column drop and drop panel are shown centered about the mid-depth of the sab, since Ie is assumed that most fame programs use by consultants. The shortcoming becomes rial when designing post-tnsioned members where the fecentriciy of tendons with respect to that of the section is of central importance ater in this design ‘example, iewilbeilustrated how to account for this shortcoming, and obtain corret values with due al Towance for eeenticties The computer programs ADAPEPT or ADAPT Builder, automatically account forthe shit in the centroid ofa column drop/ panel below that ofthe sia, These computer programs do not require an adjustment. TRA Succ Eon, Sacto $84 Post-Tensioned Floor Design Forhand calulationsasimpleframe analyssisused {Simple Frame Method—SFM), The simple frame Inethod of analysis acs the specific features of the Fuivaent Frame Method (EFI) as listed below. (i Increased stsines of slab over slab/support terface isnot accounted for. The stiffess of a slab ‘over its supports assumed to be the same as that at the fee of support (a) nereased stiiness ofthe column within the slab, ‘or within the column drop/pane! is not accounted for I other words, the stifaess ofa column is as- sumed constant over its entire analysis Tength. Note that the analysis length of a column extends tothe centroid of slabsand [) The analysis does not account forthe two-way faction ofthe slab, a5 i implemented In the Eula Tent Frame Method. The stiess ofthe structure i strictly based onthe crose-setional geometry ofthe design stp. ‘The SPM is adequate when hand calculation Is used for design, The EFM Is more acurate, but it too complex for hand calculation in the environment of 2 production oriented consulting office Its impor- tant to note that the SFM provides ase design ut notnecessarily the most economical alternative. The EFM generaly leads to smaller column moments, when compared to the SFM. Examples of the EFM in the literature are generally limited vo Mat plates mastly without eclumn drop ot {ro pane, and with uniform tributaries. The use bf computer programs with EFM formulation i the practical way for design of complex floor systems ‘uth column drop, and/or drop pane regular ti Uitaies an non-uniform loads The momento culated from te frame sli refer ‘ut ctor ine luen These ate reduce tthe face euppors using the stati equ ofeach span The compited moment fem se analyiousing Spe re Method (SFM) are shawnin Fg, 5-2 and Fg, The vals at each face oF support and at mspen are ‘The erltieal design moments are not generally at Imidspan. But for hand elculatin, the midspan is Selected. The approximation is. acceptable wher spans and loads ae relatively uniform, 6 POST-TENSIONNG 6.1 Selection of Design Parameters Unlike conventionally reinforced slabs, where given geometry, boundary conditions, material properties find Toads result in 4 unique design, for post-ten- Stoned members in addition tothe above a minim fof two other input assumptions are required, before 8 design can be concluded, A common practice 8 (0) to astme a level of precompresion and (i) target tobalance a percentage ofthe structure's dead Toad. Inthis example, based on experience the level of pre ‘compression suggested slarger than the mim required by ACI-S18 code (086 MPa}. Other major bang codes do not specify a minimum precam pression, Rather, they speify a minimum reinforce ment. Use the following assumprion to initiate the ‘aleulations |. Minium average precompresion = 100 Mt 2. Maninur average precomeression = 2.00 Wa 5 Target Galance Loading» 60% of total dead oad pte BO% where beetclal ‘Tho minimum precompression is used as the entry value (first teal) for design The stipulation for a ‘maximum precompression does not enter the hand ‘aleulation dive eis stated a 2 guide fora not tn-exceed upper value. In any instances, oor slabs thar require more than the maximum value stated ‘an be re-designed more economically For deflection control the selfweight ofthe critical span s recommended to he balanced toa minimum “ible 5-1 Moments at Face-oF Support and Mid Sa ae eT span et Rapa ge F085 | 38870 mae a sg F0s~ | “58680 [separ — [257.25 ge F08 | 372007 span 24 | aspen —| 235.88 Fee FOS | 6450 Cainer [Leer0e | m9 *F05 = face-oF support6-12 of 60%6, Non-ritcal spans need not be balanced to the same exten. Effective stra in postessing strand Fer unboned condone Fer bonded tendon ‘Moments Due to Dead Loading (Nm) eure 4 rsa -ats70) ser40 scattohne™e)o sn Des 7 ee an wane ee Moments Dus to Live Loading (kN) FiGURE 5 2 “Thedesign ofa post tensioned membercanbe based ‘either onthe “effective fore’ ar the “tendon Selec- rocedure Inthe effective force procedure, the estes in a tendon after all loses fs weed in sig. tn this case, the design concludes withthe {otal effective post tensioning force required at each location, The total force arived atthe concusion of desig i then used to determine the number of Strand required, with dueallowance for etlonand long-term losses. This provides an expeditious and simple design procedure for hand eaealations. I the tendon selection procedure, the designis based ‘nn the number ofstrands with dueallowance forthe Immediate and long torm losses inthe folowing, the "effective force” method s used to iltiate the design (Once the design force is determined, iis converted to the number of strands required. A graphical pre sentation ofthe preceeding assumptions is gven in Chapter 4,Fig4.87.1-2. Post-Tonsioned Buildings ‘Tho effective stress asumed ina strand is based on the statistical analysis of common floor sab dimen- ‘sions forthe flowing conditions (Fi, C6.1-1} (0 Members have dimensions commen in building (0) Tendons equal or les than 38m long stressed at ‘one end. Tendans longer than 38m, but nt exceeding 7m are stressed at both ends. Tendons longer than 7m are stexeed at intermediate points tit the unstressed lengths to 36m for one-end stressing or “em for twovend stressing whichever sapliable; (ii) Strands used are the commonly available 13 or 45 mm nominal diameter with industry common feeton ceticients as stated in material properties seition ofthis design example; and (i) Tendons are stressed 10 08h For other conditions, lower eflctive stress is as- sumed, or tendons are stressed at intermediate Points In the current design the foal length of the tendon i241 m It is stressed at both ends: Detailed stress loss alevlations, mot included herel,indeate that the effective tendon stress 1250 MPa for the lnhonded system and also larger than assumed for the grouted sytem, 6.2 Selection of Fost-Tersioning Tendon Force and Protie Tre prestcoping force each opan wil be chosen to ‘natch a he nurbr of postrovang strands Te Toning values ar ved 1. The effective force along the length of each tendon Io sasumed to be constant eo the average of force ioeenstion alg a ton, Ubon eandons eve par tendon = 200" 29 rme1000 B= OWN tendon Use mutes of EN when ececing the poster soning forces for design Bonded tendons Fore por tendons = "100" 99 mm000 108.9 = 1090 iA tendon Une multiples of 109 2 wen selecting the post-ten soning foes for desta. 2, Tendon pofies are chosen to be simple parabola Post-Tensioned Floor Design These pace a flor pra ore each pa For ease of calculation the tendon profile in each span is chosen tobe simple parabola fom support centerline to support centerine (Fig, 62-1}. The position ofthe low points selected such asto gener- ste a uniform upward force in each span. The rela Sionship given in Fi. C6.2-1 defines the profile. For exterior spans, where the tendon high points ae not generally atthe same level, the resulting ow point ‘will not be at midspan. For inerior spans, where fendon high points are the same, the low point wl cnide with midspan, Obvious), the chosen profile {San approximation ofthe actual tendon layout used “construction, Sharp changes in curvature assoc ated withthe simple parabola profile assumed are Inmpractical to achieve on ste. The tendon profile at construction slkey tobe closer to reversed parabo {a for which the distribution of lateral tendon forees willbe somewhat diferent as discussed henceforth Tendon profls in construction and the associated tendon forees are closer tothe diagrams shown in Fig,C62-2 fortwo common cases. Piswor LU 048 9 Geometry and Actions ofa Paraboic Tendon URE C6241 For the beam cantilever at the right end, the profile selected isa straight ine, due to short lengeh of the ‘overhang (Fig6.2-3). 6.5 Selection of Number of Strando Determine he sia selection of umber oF strands for ‘ach span booed on te assumed average prcempres pats saat (@) Revers prsblawih one incon pin FIGURE 6:2.2wo Examples of Cnn Tendon Profi Tendon Profle at Overhanhg FIGURE C628 Vow of Overnang at Right End of Desay Step lon and te absoclated cross-sectional area of each Spars erbutary. The aut the number of srardo tected, based onthe ult ty prove. Unonded Tendon Span Area = BD m* 1000" 240 mm = 12046 mn?oa Post-Tensioned Buildings TABLE 6351 Tendon Selection Based on MimuenFrecompresion (159) [ Teens | Saad { cpon | trosaryimy | mreocom | sero | fonecan | [| Seeee 7 0 2 Taioes | 7 % z 335 20 Pattee | eae EJ 3 woe 20 Zee | | zB 4 [036° 280, eabiee | Babe | ZB | os 20 co B Span 1Force = 10 Fs" 122e¥6N000=12201N shows two examples of balanced loading for mem Na of Tendons = 19200190 = 16 say 17 bers of uniform thickness. Caluated value fr other spans are shown table below Bonded Tendon ‘Span {Area ~ 6:0 m" 1000" 240 ms = 122246 mn? 0 MPa 1820x6000 = 1900 19200080 = 6, 9ay8 Is noted thatthe number of strands required to satisly the same criterion differs between the un- bonded and bonded systems. Due to higher etion losses, wien sng bonded systems, more strands are generally needed to satisty the in-service cond. tion of design. For brevity, without compromising the process of alnlation, in the flowing the same numberof stands selected fr both systems. ‘The numberof strands in Table 63-1 is based on a ‘minimum precompression of L.0 MPa atthe mdse: tion ofeach span. The added cross-sectional area of Column drops, drop panels and transverse beams tre disregarded inthe calculation ofthe force for ‘minimum precompeession. The selected number of tendons ls chosen to avoid an overly complicated tendon yout. Again, the precompression limit is disregarded for the cantilever, since the large vale obtained due tothe depth of the beam having been ‘sed in the calculations, as oppose to sla depth, “he teudon profile and force elect for unbonded te ono is shown i Fig. 621 6.4 Caledationaf Balanced Losds Balanced loads are the lores that a tendon exerts Its concrete container It is generally broken down, to forees normal tothe centerline of the member (causing bending) and axial toi (using uniform precompression) andadded moments at locations of [Change in location of centroidal axis igure C622 pont eter 0 Fg C62 and Fig, 641 «= (26nbo}% (OBnB6) 1) 900 = 373 m Wrtendon = 2 Pale? = 10 I (°83,1000y.73" 1190 eNleendon® O.018/m =L58 eNmvtendon Far 20 tendon Wi, = 1591 tendon” 20 tendons 218 tim “LoD. Balanced = 318/ 6.20 (less toa Got crac, bu conldered Balanced load reaction left = 213 eNInT 2.79 =nBGI Balanced oad reaction. ht saved BENIN" 827 ‘The profiles ofthe fist and lst spans are chosen such that the upward force onthe structure due tothe tendon is unflorm, This is dane by choosing the loca = raf z oe a {o) Assume onan ple (rn, UNO} i (0) Fre arm Post Tensionng role and Force FIOURE 6251 Tendon Fre and Selected Farce Post-Tensioned Floor Design — Lt ae =] Nes Tendon Elevation in First Span FOURE 64-4 tion ofthe tendon low point such tat In each span the profs continuous parabola (Fig C521) Both pans appear t be ertical and wil be designed for maximum drape, inorder to utiize the maximum mount of balanced loading If the low point of the tendon Is not selected atthe locaton determined by *¢, two distinct parabola result Figure 052.2 lus trates the condition, where the low point snotat cen terota tendon span ersi10 02 pan 2 hae 20 comnucus strande and thee chore Strands (added trons) St exten frm opan 3 9 sl pan 2 and terminate atta right ond. The Wad rom each is eles separately Concinune lender 3716 nim oom For a symmetrical parabola of span “b> drape “ and uniform force“ the force normal to Lis given bya Wy tendon = +P 2 = (B*NB-IB6ODO) Noe 1774Nim For 20 vendors My = UT 20 tendons » 26.41 Nm DL Balanced -S54V5=50 OK Balaced as reactor: 17105 #44 Fight = 26.4 BN Se = 17.05 ND Aided Tendon Increasein the number ofstrands from 20%0 23, from ‘the third span on, results in strani fom the thir span to terminate nthe second span, The terminat {eX thrve strands are dead-ended in the second span. ‘Thedead end isloated ata distance 0.20" from the right support athe centroid of he design trip (Fig (C61), The tendons are assumed horizontal over ‘thesupportand concave dovsmward toward the dead er0a; napa? Petendon fre Geometry and Actions of Tendons Terminated in Span FOURE C644 rsa Yes Neat Section at Change in Centroidal Axis FiouRE 064-2 end. Hence the vertical balanced laads ofthese ten Alone wilbe downward witha concentrated upward force at the dead end a=98mm (020"10 = 200m ("190° 2" BB/1000/20" 16.60 iN | rates ce at dead ord = 60" 20 S50 NT Prinducea Moments Due to Sh in Centre Because the centroid of the design strip section Is sifted atthe face of the column Urop, drop panet and the edge beam, there will be a moment due {vial force from prestressng at each of these loca- tions. These maments must be Included inthe bal- anced loading t0 obtain a complete and corrects Iution. The moments are simply the post-tensioning Torce nthe section multiple bythe shitin the sec- tion's contoid (see Fig. 64-2) Moment Face of Clu Drop MP hin contri 6) = (Yee Yen6-16 29° 190° (120-146)N000 = “7.16 km M=25" NBO" (M46-148)1000 = B2N-m Span 3 30186 mm tat060m Wi tendon = Bal L? = (S12 0"BEODOYO.GOE 218 in For 25 tendons Wy = 158" 23 tendons = 26.24 iN ‘LDL Balanced = 8638/0109- 45% 60% OK Balanced nad reacts Lele = 36.24 i 5.5m = 192.60 161 Right = 8625 Nin? 5. = 19260 14 Frinduced Moments Due to Shift in Centre Moment at face oe column dre MnP hfe contd 25" 1190 wN" (45-120)000 6295 Nin Moment at face of rit op panes M2 Pei Yern) = 23° 180" (807691000 = 84. Nh Moment at centerine of igh support: 28" 1180" (169-169) +N Span t RefertoFigure C6241 3120-27 88 rm 126 mn I (ARRAS 105 = 478m naw (2 BBNOOOVA SE 7 eNrenden Fer 25 zonder W, = 117 WMinftendon* 23 tendons 2690 "Nim DL Bolonced = (26.90/7918)"100 = 34% ‘The eu oad in the fourth span tends to produce ‘an upward “if” on adjacent spans. Since the fourth Span is nexttoasomewhatlarger more heavily load- 4 third span, tis advantageous to design the fourth Span withalower level ofbalanced loading and low {Rs non-prestressngload to counteract theactionsin ‘the adjoining longer span. Far this reason, the evel fof dead load balance in the fourth span (389) Is Acceptable, even though tis well below the target amount of 60% forthe eritical span. The above val- es wil e assumed fra first ur. Ifthe stress cece to follow wil not be satisfactory the prestressing force willbe adjusted Balanced Load Reaction Lefe= 26:90" 615 = 154448 L Post-Tensioned Buildings Rant = 269° 438 = 17.0204 Moment at arop pare face Left ot span = 25" 19." (069-120)1000 = a." HN Right of span i 25° 1910 ('20-220)R000 = 273.70 Nm Cantiener Tendon Is herlontal an stright. Hence no upwat orca fom tendon Moment due 9 dead ord anchored anny from centr Min 28" 19.0" (220 20/1000 = 27.70 er ‘Ther sno vertical fore aver the length of hecant- lever from the tendon prole of that span. However, the eccentriltyof the tendon a edge ofthe slab re- sults n'a constant momeat over the entire length of the cantilever ‘he complete balanced loading consisting of up and dnt ores pares” of the iis) and the associated ‘moments (part ofthe faire) are shown in Fig. 6 ‘hin adtion to the ores shown nthe Faure, there Io ‘a anal comrenbne force Uae is snown i Fig, 6.2 The actions shown in fig 64-3 represent the forces from te simplified tendon profit assumed for hand caleulation and shown in Fig C6422. In construc tion where unbonded system i uses, tendons in the design strip under consideration willbe banded over the suppor lie In the perpendielae direction. the tendons wil be distribited uniformly The profile used for construction together with the one selected {or hand calelation is shoven in Fg. 64-2, ‘The forces exerted by a tendon to its container (con ‘rete slab in this ese) ate alway in state equlibe ‘om, reardlesfthe geometry of tendon andthe co Fiuration ofthe member that contains the tndon. To _uarantce a correct solution, itis eral to perform 4h equlbrlum check forthe balanced lads ealult- ed (Fg. 64-3) before proceeding tothe next sep. Eur Check Sumer frcenin the erica dein Shore 1 NB. (98.0) 6759 {Tr.cBs(10"38.A-(216.60)-2520:7708 192160.(106°96.54 2260-65-46 (105°2690) 202-0061" ~00K Sumo moments hat Ue tid sport: Woes =TOS"I0= (erEaMFice)009820"20- 1890s BSAriOF2W6CODRNSOSMOEE + Post snsioned Floor Design a pa ise asin nag tnt “Teh (Actus pri sadn canton fm) Presentation of Sinplfed and ‘tual Tendon Profies, FIGURE 06.42 pm reste asa Lee i weal ww mT oh ce v8 fon | ton fom | tose |e (@) Loads normal to slab (28 AN) a Co Se regtiftP olf RY nS (b) Moran (bm) Balanced Loading FIOURE 64-8 269010516 85-192.60+ 166.44) "10.6-17 02°21 Tiwe0.2+184 452 95184. 9-278.70127270 = O46 = O8se OF 6.5Determinationof Actions duet Balanced (Post Tensions) Load ‘he dotetuons of post-tensioning moments due 20 balanced loading, and te comespondng reactions fae \V Vy =i ‘eas Petey an oun un (@)Petrsiorg moments) 4G ton far fan Yan (b) Reactions due to balanced loading (kN; kN) em [1a tases {Fp rants en) Post-Tensioning Actions on Design Stip FORE GS the slabfaugpert connections, ae shown in Fig. 5! “hese action are obtained by apping the balanced leads shown Fa, 64-2 zo che frame chown a ‘Actions ducto post tensioning ae calulaed using a Standard frame program. The Input geometry and ‘boundary conditions tothe standard frame program arethe same as used for the desd and live loads, ‘7 CODE CHECK FOR SERVICEABILITY ‘7ALoad Combinations The fellowing lots the recommended land cortinstions of the bulang codes cowed for servceabty lit sare (815) © AcLiec ‘otal load conden OL YUL Pr usteined oad condton "DL +O3'LL + WPT Splat te faction of ive loa ob conse "ss ted" set othe judgment design engine termine the ape rcon The faction etd vat {Seheracen)2and0. The mnt commonly aed tin SO. ar tis adopied inthis despa expe6-18 & eco. ea) Frequent lod condition "0. OS*LL PT (as permaner asd condion FOL + O3°LL «PPT For serviceability, the actions from the balanced Toads due post-tensioning (PT) are used. The back- ground for this is explained in detail in reference {Aalams, 1950), 7.2.5er0n0 Check For hand calculation the eltiallocatlons fr stress check are selected based on engineering judgment ‘The selected locations may or may net coincide with the locations of maim stress level. This wil n= ‘woducea certain degree of approximation in design, ‘hich reflects the common practice for hand eaeul ons. Computer solutions generally ealeultestress- sat multiple locations along span, thus providing freater accuracy. For brevity, only three locations Wl be selected for this design example Point is at the fce-of support Point Bis atthe face ofthe drop panel; and point Cis atthe midspan (Fig 721). Using the Moment diagrams of Fly 5-2 sad 5-3 25 ‘ude, several ental locations are denied for she Sere check. These ae shown 95 sections A, © and © inf. 7254 Sterseee pM MIS PIA Sain. Where, Mp Mf and Mprare the moments across the entre tributary ofthe design strip. Sis the section ‘modulus of the entire tributary isthe erosssec- tional area ofthe entire tributary, Fis the second ‘moment of area ofthe entire tributary, and Yi the distance ofthe centeod ofthe entire tibutary tthe farthest tension ber ofthe entire tributary ‘The parameters for otra check at pot Aare: Sup AIRMEN IONE » 28048 Ser = AtBMeNIO/27 182008 me 150335" '000" 240 + 8600" 200 = 3208046 rn PIA =-27B7MOOOI2. 204016 = -0.86 Ma ‘A.Based on ACI310-1V18C 2012 Stress checks are performed forthe two load condl- ‘ons of total load and sustained loads, Aeron Post Total Lasd Combination Stres init in compression 0.60" 40 «24 Mf Stree lini in tracon: OS°VA0 = 316 MPa Mp# Mc Mer = ('S01-34740 + 425.80) Te2260 Wem Botton her 19 -B22.60" 10002526618: 0.85 =-624 Ms Com pression «24 MPa OK “op Fier 0 B2260"0008I2.4460¥8-0.26 Mpa = 251 Ma Seneon «316 Pa OK & Sustained Load Combination Stress limi in compression 0.45" AO = 1B MPa Stree ints in sraon. OS°VA0 = B16 MPa Mp+ OSM, + Wer= (900334740 + 42560) 5792 am Bottom Poor 7.82" 100% S25eB-0.85 = 4.66 Wa Com Frovsionc IBM Of FloURE 724 Top Fee (0 57942" 1000%/2.446e\ 80.08 = 162s Tension < B16 MPaOK, 2. Based on £2 Stress checks ae performed fr the two load cond tions of frequent lad and quas-permanent loads. © Frequent La Corton (Mg #05, M5 + FIA Acfoine A Str060 Thresholds Compression 0.60" 40 =-24 Mpa Teron = fn = 351M Mp ODM Mer (B0-08°347.40 + 425.80)= 648.90 iNew ‘oper o 4 648,90°000"12,446e+6-0.5 Sion 20 oe Beton Pier oO 649 90" 100 nsAe+8-085 renton 24M OF 20 Ma ter 10 Ma Com © Guaipermanet asd condo 0= [Ma BBM, MiSs PA Acroine A ‘Streoe Tresolds Compression = 048 40 ‘Teron = fy =B-5 MP Mo 02M Mer QOLO5'S4740 + 42520) = 57942 Nem 18 Fa ‘op Fler 6 57842"1000%/2.44Ge18-088 = 152 Mf Tension 351 MPa OK Bottom Fer 1 = 879442" 10002N625e\8-085 = 465 MPs Com pression <0 Ma OF Based on 1-43 Frege load conten 8 (Mp 05 M+ Men'S + PIA Aeron Strene lime Compression (support) = 0.2 ty = 03°40 = 2 MPa Tension (ithout bonded rnorcement) 203 n=O3"26°3B1= 148 MP Tension oth bonded rnforcoment) =O. Fan "=OS'136"251= 420 MP Mo O5M, + Mer = (-90/05°S47.40 + 4250) “648.0 em Top er Be omer LUUErZANoenBLRD Mia = 10 Mia Tension» 142 MF but lo than 4:50 MPs hence bonded riforce ment reqived™ Bottom her 18 = -648:90" 10008/S25e48-0.85 = 510 MPa Com: Fression 12 MPa OS Other pints are cyluated na snr msn: The cut- came lliotedin the flowing tate (Tate 72} 2 The ried bdo nforoument is cleat in Sc on 7 Mim Reinforcement ‘The following illustrates the calculation of moments atinterior ofa span, suchas point 8 for span under ‘consideration. Centerline moments and shears for Dl, Lt and PT ‘obtained from frame analysis, along with the exter~ nally applied loads are shown below for the fourth span. The calculation ofthe values atthe fce-of up. pore follows simple statics ofthe free-body diagram ‘Shown below. In the fllowing the calculation af mo- ‘ment a the face of drop panel in the fourth span is ‘etailed. Other locations follow a similar procedure (722), Moment due to Lat the face af drop panel distance 180m fom the fourth support Mo, = 38816" 87:57616-48.72°03°8.55-7018" Bre = 210.70 een Moment ue to LL Moment aie to PT Mpr= 12620" 8,7 +459176 2690" B72 ZBTO+@AN = 234.45 Non 1.3 Crack Width Control A. Baoed on ACISIB-TVIBG 2012 ‘AGIBIB- BC 2012 do ot stipulate specie measures to folow for crack contel of slabs desianed ss omy eth bs tnpocod on tone Ceroeece oop the labo cooenaly rack ee, hen sevice. B.Based on £62 and TR-45° ‘The allowable crack width for members reinforced with unbonded tendons (Quast-permanent load combination) is 0.3 mm, and for bonded tendon (requent load combination) is 0:2 mm Since in this crample the maximum computed tensile stress is ‘thin te threshold imi crack width ealulation is not required, Irthe computed tensile stress exceeds the threshold, EC2 recommends to limit the bat dh ameter and bar spacing tothe values given in Table ‘T2N or 73N of £C2 to control the with of probable «racks. The following example illustrates the pont. EXAWPLE ‘Ta lustrate the procedure for crack control recom mended £2 asaneramplelet tie maximum tensile ‘res exceed the threshold vale by large margin 3 EN 19HE 1 TMD) Section 73.3 and TR 2nd20 ———y ewowfia| anno beats [—Sastinm 77 CI, Pe Bilan sani Free Body Diagram of Fourth Span FOURET22 Gem computed hypothaicl farthest fer tenle ‘tren in conrete f= SMa Ragured: eorcomert design for crac cortrl Jeeta stress in stel at locaton of maximum co crete oxrees 05 = (YEO hore fis the hypothetical tonal otro n concrete ‘nder sence condition 4 = (60136220)"200000 ‘theteal vai) Crack spacing can be ited by ether rstictng the bar dsmetr andlor bar paca. Use the manu bar spacing fom Table 73 forthe 0, of 70 MPa From Tate for 60 Ms 200 met "200 MPs 250 mm by merplation maimum spacing for 170 Mt 207 mie the spacing of reinforcement to 206 mim or less (2B0%nm) nonder 0 contol cracking Note that based fon the magnitude of the computed tense eso In Concrete he area ofthe rue roinforcement sce Cited separate, 70 Mi (hia hypo- 7.4 Minimum Reinforcement ‘There are several Teasons why the building codes Post-Tensioned Buildings speciy a minimum reinforcement for prestressed ‘members. These ste: & Crack control, where potential of cracking ‘exists: Bonded reinforcement contributes In mit {ating local cracks, The contribution of bonded re Inforcement to crack contol s gauged by the stress It develops under service load. Change of stress in bonded reinforcement from applied stra sa fune- tion ofits modulus of elasticity and its cross-section: larva, ence, the area of reinforcement considered 2uallable for crack control is (45+ Aps), where Aps isthe area of bonded tendons It is recognized that both bonded and unbonded presressing provide precompresion. While the psial presence of an Uinbonded tendon may not contribute to crack con trol, the contribution through the precompression Itprovides does. However for code compliance and wonformance with practice, the contribution of un bonded tendons is not included in the afaremen- Sioned sum, 4 Ductlty: One of reason ACISIB8 species @ ‘minimum bonded reinforcement over supports of ‘menbers reinforeed with unbonded tendons i 10 provide ductility at the location. Where unbonded fendons are used, the required minimum area is provided through As only. Current ACI318/1BC do ‘ot specify a minimum of non stressed bonded re Inforeement in posttensioned members reinforced ‘with bonded tendons Use 16 en bars (Area = 201 mm Diameter for top ana bottom, where requred 45 240-2016/2 212 16mm) ‘A. Based on ACISI6-IIBG 2012" © Unvonded Tendons Supporte ACI 318° /1BC require @ minimum area of passive (hion-stessed reinforcement tobe placed over the Sivwty where unbonded tendons are used. The ‘minimum area is expressed in terms of the coss- ectional geometry of the design strip, and the strip farthogonal toi. Ay isthe larger gross erosssee- tional are ofthe design strips inthe two orthogo- ‘nal directions forthe support under consideration. Figure 74-1 lustrates the applicable locations to 8 ACISIBTI Sexton 189 Post-Tensioned Floor Design determine the cross-sectional areas, Line PP refers to the section in the design stip deection and FF (0 the section orthogonal ti Ag= 000078 Act IN section A (Fg. 7.2.15 Ir drecton of doin ep '2.0007" 0 5'110600"240 +10500"240) 1809 me In the orthogoral rection to the design sep the Spans adjacent. the support une conolertion re "3160 and 1026 m, Hence, '00075" 0.510600"240 +10850"240) 186 mn? 1209 mn? apes Nomber of bare = 1899/201 se 10 1mm bars = 10" 201 werd = 2010 » 1809 ra roided top Spano ‘The minimum passive reinforcement a midspan for unbonded tendons depends onthe value of comput- {ed (hypothetical) tension a the bottom fiber. If the hypothetical tension stress is less than 0.166 J. ‘based on ACI 318," no midspan minimum bottom ‘rebar required, Itis reiterate thatthe computed tensile stress isnot permitted taexceed 057. AcPoinc Cin Span At midapan Ay sure > O166V?, ore Nels te total of tenoion Fceln the tense one fhe section Computed iypothetcal tonal tae: fg = 196M ‘Stns Lilt = 0166" VA0 = LOSMP 195MPa> 105 Ma = Minimum sed requred Compressive stress at topo 4385 Mia Therelstionshps ave m Fa 7.4 be used to deer rine the force f tenis zane (N) Depth of coolonze from pean [95° 240/(.964415) ~7 me N= Time 195 WF 10601(2"1000) y= 771.02"000 (05"460) = 3878 me Numer of bars = 2876/ 201-168 Use 716 mm bare = 17" 201 =B47 > 8578 mn? OK NULOS"E) I ryporhetiat tere © Bonded (Grouted) Tendon There tno requrenente for minum reinforcement ace on either gecmetry of the design stip ror te BF ACISIOT Sexton 189.32 t (e)SMPLEDESICNSTRIPS “ppecnoy a oe e , (©) EXAMPLE OF APRACTICAL DESIGN STRIP FIGURE C741 lutration of Sections for Minima Fata (53) [ te rom) | Goma FIGURE 74-1 Dstrbution of Strain Our Section of Member hypothetical tense stresses. The minimum requre= rant ls harled vhrough the relatiohip between the Caching momen of 2 section ants nominal serength Invenang, The handled ne serene eneck ore member. B.Based onEC2" C2 specifies the same requirement for minimum reinforcement at supports and spans, and also for both unbonded and bonded tendons Two checks ap- ply. One is based on the crass-sectional geometry of 37 EN oR aH, Seton 9.1 873.2oz TABLE72-1 Sunimaryof Senice Stross Checes 608) ipa [ssa [seen [sae serred [4 (a) [18 aw 335 ‘cra. | 465 254 a Fry [3 Ea EC) orn | a me aes [ad ox cao | ery [2a es 255 faontos [oe [we on 36 ‘wen | a 26 we row | = a or oe ca Loa cas 350 1s = or ca fale Fever ow [Coe [ow ae 336 tora) | 26 136 AT ED 2 6 orn |e a a3 ° = or Tose FFs ep on eee aol (an) ee the design strip and its material properties and the ‘other on computed stresses. Inthe former the min ‘mum reinforcement applies to the combined contr butions of stressed and non stressed reinforcement Hence, the participation of each is based according to the strength it provides, the prestressng sce! Is counted fr with higher Values. The reinforcement requirement for crack controls handled separately © Unbonded and Bonded Tendons Supporte ‘Aveection A (Fg. 7.2 Amin ® (026 fan''ify) = 0.0018" i'd Since in C2 the minimum reinforcement Is a func: tion of (bd) cross-sectional area, at the faceof- ‘sipport the cross-sectional area Inching the drop panel is used Cross-sectional Ara by = 10080 mm Drop panel ath = 3,600 mm (rep panel doth bw aa = 200 mm $3,600°200 = 320410" mn fey = 02°40(2/3)= 381 MPs (Awe = 0.26" Fan Ale ioxs0r240 + Post-Tensioned Floor Design 0.26" 351" 32041081460 - 6.356 mm W) Asn = 00018" Goon 8.208" 108 = 4108.2 mn? Treo, Magn = 6.286 mi? Contain & ranlorcement rom bonded Frasttese- po" ply = 28" ore601a60) Bet ne > 6356 ren? Here, ro addelorsl bonded reinforcement segue Span [Az section Cin span (Fig, 72) 5.10360 mm (Ann = 0.25" fant bale "8.26"3 01 ‘OBEO"O/46O = ABS mm (Aven = 00084 “Goowrias60" 22 = 2682 mn? Hence, Ayn = 4258 ri Contribution of enforcement fram bonded Prstrescing pe" pit) {22 29°1B60/460 -9207 mn? > ABE mn? Heree, no ational bonded reinforcements requ & ‘Msinum Relforement for Crack Contra In BC2necessiyof reinforcement fr crack controls triggered, where computed tensile stresses exceed 2 code'specited threshold ‘Atal the thre cations selected for cade comple, the hypothetical eral stress of carer is sow ne ‘hrestld for crack contr Hence, no erack canta e Inerconent i egured EXAMPLE = For demonstration of £C2* procedure for crack con trol let the maximum hypothetical tensile stress In concrete excoed the threshold set in the code (45IMPa} Determine the required rack control re- Injoreement fr the section reinforced with unbond ve tendons.” hen {= 3:7 Ms (tension) at bottom (2-52 Mia eompresion) at top Depth of section = 240 mm Wath of section = 10.360 mm SEN THT DUOHE), Secon 73209) 31 Formmbers afr wih ote dos, the cos secon se reds ca fe wa comme ‘othe isi ered en ocak so Depth of cansin zone at bottom, use Fig. 74-1 = 37°2401(87 +5.2)=100 mm 100°10880s10.368 nme ECe OM [M06 (00h) el] 0, = No Bh = 110 MPa average precompressor) Fons 280 mm 1215 [ance section isin comprecion) ten Foxton 0340) = 351 MPs Design kee 4" [11301115 (2401240) 35) om =e a Ale ‘Nom # 0.52" F351 10.5045 1460 » 2409 mm Based on TR-43 IE the hypothetical tensile stress caleulated for 3 panel (design srp as used in this example) exceeds the specified threshold given below, add non-pre- stressed rebar in addition tthe prestressingtore- site” (D where unbonded tendons are used and the hypo- tht fal ebay tense ses ced 03 on (iD where bonded tendons are used, and the hypo: ‘theical full erbutary tensile stress exceeds 0.9 fang ‘The amount of non-tensioned reinforcement de- pends on the tensile force (Ne) developed in theten- sile zone of the location being considered. The area ‘of (As Aps) shal be adequate to resst Ne, where ‘ApS s the area of avaliable "bonded" reinforcement. © Uno tendons “TRAD opecfes 2 minimum siount of non-postessed reinforcement over the eupprts The required mmr Is ased on both the cross-sectional geometry of the design trp an the compited tense sesses ‘AeSuppore ‘Saeed on Geometry ‘sna = 0.00078 fat ‘AE: crovo-sectloral area ofthe design stip in dec- ‘ton of aaiyie 3 TABI" Bain, Section S81; Tabled S/ TRA Sed Eton Seton 3836.24 'As = 0.00078" 0'5(10600"240 +10500"240) 1399 mn sed on Computes Sessa RetertoF a, 74-2 where oth concrete fer Stes In compresio: fis the excrme concrete fer ote In tenaion, Depth of teeion zone: x= fh fa) fic tele otros = 120 Ma {Eb compressive streze —510 MPa x= 180"440/(5106180) = 15 mit e= FIG) Where Fo the total tense force ove the tele zone ofthe rte section Feat (hoa ye VBo"ID26O"NS/(2"1000) = 107.23 ‘Ass 1OMZB"I000/(5°4C010) =5726 mn The appleabe bar for this condition she calculated ‘ale ldee are of unbonded tendons. Hence he = 8726-2809 » 44 Comparing () and (0, Ao = 1609 mit Use 0-16 bars = 10° 20" mn 2010 > 1899 rm? OF ‘pm Fe epabnde nico oi Conte tele gate tan OS ang = 4 MPa Palsemorpa eset 9 Sheetocsattatenaiostcnieetnan 03K Sibir rena ot oo 1% Grouted tendon ‘Ae support (Pont A) Based on Geometiy-the same 36 in urborded tendons, Hence, ‘ann = 1088 2 Honor he area of arouted tron counts toward the reqorerent ‘esble enforcement = 23° 09 = 2277 man 1899 mn O& Based on Computed Stresses RefertoF'g, 74-2 here fecle the corre fer stress Incompossion: fers the extreme concrete fer seo Intenaion, foe = tole stress = 120 Ma = compress otese 510 MPa = 1B0"440/(510+120) = 15 mom o= Fe Gre (3) ere, the total ten force ovr the tele zoe ofthe entire section ‘FRAT Fad on, Seton 58.7 Post-Tensioned Buildings (sin ‘komo FIGURE 7442 Stress Oagram Fee fe ( ha V2 = LBOMOSEO™NS/(2"1000) = tonzsin ‘As= 07.2B%000(5°46016) =5726 mt “he appleabe rebar fortis case ncudes the conbu ‘ton bonded tendons Hence ‘Apo 28°90 = 2.277 mn ‘i 3726-2271 1440 mn? Comparing () and (9), AS = 1449 rin, once (is ened sated Use 10-16 bars = B* 201 mn = 1600 > 1449 mn Of ‘Span Pare) Sic te cleat sree within the reshadval- veo rear eae ‘he minim rear eqied trom deren. odes is ‘TROLE 7.441 Sunmary of Mninum Rebar (om) (6) cow toon Sede Sapore | Spm | Sport| Sper Taree | eos [som [0 | 0 wz |o | o | o [o eas | wos | 0 | wwe | 0 17.3 Detection chock Recognizing that () the accurate determination of probable deflection i complex [TN292] and (i) once 2 values determined, the judgment on its adequacy at Aesign time i subjective, and depends on unknown, ‘yet important, parameters such as age of concrete at time of instalation of nonstructural members that a kel to be damaged from large displacement, ‘common construction, deflection checks are generally performed fllowing simplified procedure: Arigor- Post-Tensioned Floor Design ‘ous analysis is inated, only where the parameters ‘of design and applied loads are more relly known, In most cases, post tensioned members are sized a cording to recommended span/depth ratio proven to perform wellin deflection ‘The simplifed procedure includes: (0 For visual and functional effects, total long-term deflection from the day supporting shutters are removed not to exceed value that depending on the code used varies between (span/250 EC2) and {pan/240 USA) Camber ean be used to ost the Impact of displacement. (id) tmmediate defection under design live load ‘ot to exeed (span/500 for ECZ/TRES designs) or (pan/480 for USA)” Both ACE 318/C and EC2 (EN 1992-1-1:2004(5), Ue the deflection adequacy to displacement subse- ‘quent tothe installation of members that ae likely 2 ‘be damaged. This requires knowledge ofconstrucion schedule and release of strctae for service In the following te common design practices followed. For assessment of longterm displacement nthe contest of foregoing, ACI 318 recommends a mult- plier factor of 2” DeRecone are calculated using a frame analylopro- fram foreach of the lad canes dead, Ine and post ennening, Groom cmoe-secuoral area and near os Pe ester retonshp are used, Pot Cat the mde Of ep tis soletad for detection choc The vals for ‘hinge se ‘Span 4 Deacon Dead Lond 65mm Fostonsonig 21 mt DeadLoad=PT 3.4mm Ue Lad Detection 23mm © Long-term Detsction Mulipler factor annuned for effects of creep and shrinkage on ng-term defction » 2 Sore SRA ADAPETSD 96 Both ACL Sian EN 19521-12004) e te deacon te tare iy ob mage roa dt, S°AcHsIe- ROS 6 ACL3I6 nahi ator 6-25 Load combincin for long-term defector, using fac tar of 0. for sustained "qusst permatert” ve lad (ODL store = OSU T+ 2) Long-term delction (1+ 2)" + 03°21) =121 mm Ortecton ratio= 121(1051000) = VB6T < V250 OK ' snotantsneovs Deflection Duet Deyn Lie Load ela detection = 25 rn Defecton ratio= 2U105"1000) = ¥E000 ‘ng structures can be approximated by assuming 3 Post-Tensioned Buildings Piste QM yD yaar ahs a7 fue joe fam isa jae Yau “om Yar Yas Toor (a) Reaction duo batanood Toating (8m) eT" a eo (b) Hyperstate moments (8) Post-Tensioning Actions on Design Strip FIGURE B21 ‘conservative maximum stress for prestessing te dons For detaled pplication of the eode-proposed formulas refer to TNA79. Application of strain com- patibilty fr the calculation of section capacity is the ecurate option (see TN178 for details), butts appli- fation for hand cleuation Is not warranted in dally fesign work ofa consulting ofc, unless a software Isused ‘Tere are two justifations, why the simplified method for ULS design of post-tensloned sections in {ally design work are recommended. These are: (0 Unlike conventionally reinforced conerete, where teach section along a mentber non-prestressed re Inforeement must be provided to resist the design ‘oment, In prestressed members this may not be necessary, since prestressed members possess SABLE 83+ Design Momerts (nee er We ray [soi [sar | eae Te atm) [ATA [Beso | 6D or Gata] B28 | BHT — [BAT IoC TDE ADL oy cael reeset | SESS [W680] SOLAS Dp [eos [seas] eae | Post-Tensioned Floor Design base capacity along the entre length of prestressing tendons (Fig C 84-258), Non streseed renforce iment is needed at sections, where the moment de- mand exceeds the hase capacity ofthe section (4) tn conventionally reinforced concrete the stress ‘sed for rebar at ULS fsa well defined in th prin cipal building codes. For prestressed sections, how. fever, the stress In tendon at ULS fs oftentines ex pressed in terms ofan involved elationshiphence Ue tendency to use a simplified, but consevatve Scheme for everyday hand calculation. For reetitive work computer programs are recommended, Using ran compatiity proceduro™ the requed iloreersnt foreach of th vee codes ae aad. The outcome bs flows Cracking MomentLargerthan Moment Capac- ity: Where cracking moment ofa section is heey to ‘exceed its design capacity in flexure, reinforcement 'satlded to raise the moment capacity I sucheases, the contribution of each reinforcement is based on the strength it provides Ite minimum vale is ex pressed terms of ross sectional area of reiforce: ‘ment, the applicable value (8, Ay") 4 Bonded (Grated) Tendons ACL318/18C requires that for members rein- forced with bonded tendons the total amount of re stressed and nonprestressed shall be adequate Aevelop a factored load at least 12 times the crack. Ing load computed on the basis ofthe modulus of rupture of the section. Iv practice, this Is taken a cracking moment ofthe section Mer Trerecesity ad smount of rear define a af: Sion of eracting moment of a sect (Mer) Far Pre tooaed Weners Mer= (8 FAN'S hors the moduli of rupture dened Fra0625 vPe = 0625 vad =295 Mia IA the average precompession. and the section modulus. The fable summarizes the leading ates nd the otcome NDAFETNITS © ACISISI Sesion 1882 4) NCL 3IBAI Ssion 9533 (aseaen (0 Stas Disituon of Stan Over Secfon GURE CB 4-1 Detbuton of Strain ver Section Since at both the face oF support (section A) nd mi pan (section C) the design capacity of te section ‘th prestrossing alone exceeds 12°May, no ial rebar requ Rom thi provision. In design situations lke above, where the design is Initiated by determination of whether value is ess ‘ormorethana target itisadvisabletostartthe check ‘sing simplified, but conservative procedure the computed value is close tothe target, design check ‘ane followed with a more rigorous computation. “abe 8.41 Summary of Required Reinforcement for Strength Line State (mn?) (635) Cou |__Uionea ‘Support | Span [acres | si20 | 10 ecz_| «006 | 2590 | 8008 | 726: Tees | vous | 2500 | acc | 76 Assume the following Cover to stand C6S = 40 mm; hence d= (thickness)-40 Moment arm = 0.94 Design fore in strand = Aps* 1860 MPa; = 0.9 ‘At face-o-support, with 23 strands, 1860 MPa ‘strength O-Mn = 23+ 99°09" 1860" (440-40)" 09/108 = 1372.21 kNm ‘The capacity is less than 1.2Mer=1411 kNm for this section. Rebar hast beaded, Design moment a midspan Is calculated ina similar6.28 Post-Tensioned Bull TABLE 84-2 Craving Moment Values and Parameters noes) Bonet 4 | Sein | Seton remaes Brie [set5 sais FO? Soa (2) Posttensioned member Bo za |r 7a omy 988 | Lae amy] 8 | 88 f Fe aay —| era er os] fat or a ar wean | ome | 606 [Ron | 93 |e | ar died rebar| OK (b) Moment capacity from PT . | ca wd TABLE 84.2 Emeline cf Reorcomer for FIGURE C0%-2 Demand an Capcity Mer #50) _—E AGRE IO2 Layout ang ACB Soin Semcebiy (610) sa beth Cons |e {ULS) (mm?) cneeet) rss fore iy I [oR] ted nce cea [tie ni g bres Tensor oor 250 Ma apport | Span | Support [spn tre eee = Compress = 0.60" 20 = 1BMPa Tae sr) | inten | % eee [ee _| sete | me | zone |_ra6 me ‘Sastry Sats = « “Tenpion = O-feim = 116 MPa seas [ses | so | 200s | soe Satin poprtes LA‘Stap Start same Compson B40" 20 (ssn ous Seton opens LA Stop Skt are te same Compression B40" 9012 Ma ‘> uned for sence condtion ates check and Fare Farthest fier etressee ar calculated na smiar man Sowa be stvsees at top and bottom respecte ter With 0 sence contin ao outed earl Theo Come e summarized nthe foling taba 8.5 Punching Shese Check and Design For moment capacity, the values obtained fora gi Distbuton of Basic Fores on 3 fen section using diferent major building codes do Rectangular Secon rot vary substantial But for punching shear the ears treatment and outome differ significant: Due t the larger varlation the subject matter i treated it 9.tLoad Combinations ‘sreater detail separately (Chapter 4, Section 4.11.6). The codes covered are not specific on the applicable Toad combination at transfer of prestressing The fl- {9 CODE CHECK FOR NETIAL CONDITION lowringisthe combination generally assumed among practicing engineers; Fr PTIS#80 —10- DETALING SEE pan aa “he Mal tendon and reform yo fo he de on stp a ne Bio ohown nigra tO and or thtonde tendon. Unonded tendon oe fee a |] tr tenschos to erst om plants shown i the tare Donaed tendon reno a Rx They ge aly arena og ota smsang nt - stressing (i) concrete i at low strengt: (Hp Stressing force sat ts highest values apd (WINE L2gA case: so"DL OLS UBeT load generaly envisaged to be counteracted by Specifcaion of this desian example calla for tendons ‘prestresing i absent-Asresul the stresses expe- $f pevureanwith conseve nce reaches 30 Ma Flenced by a member ean fall ouside the envelope = Syne ‘oF ee lis envisaged for the in-service condo, Hence, posttensioned members are checked To 92 SeraeeChack both tension and compression stresses attranster of 22 ote teas « LEHPIA prestressing, Where computed compresionstess- 7 exceed the allowable values stressing ls delayed Unt ether coneete gains adequate strength or Ne plable Stresses member sloaded. Where computed tensionstreses “5 "Bareqor ng Se BC 2009 dreexcessive ACI/IBC"suggestadingnon-stessed alae reinforcement to conto racking. "5 Th al pci is on he igh sie Most bare sre degassed a 20M come ide Seng ores, REFERENCES Terese teint mar Alam, B. 0. (1990), “Load Balancing —A Compre- HRS EEE eee T——heive Selution to Post Pensioning” ACI Stra : ! 1 | Journal 87, No.6, November/December, 1990, pp toon 962-670. Profie for Banded Slab Tendons ‘Aslam B. 0. (1989). “Design of Past-Tensioned Floor Sey Slabs" Concrete International, AC, June 1988, Vo 11, No.6, pp 5967, “sion = 0.25" VB0 = 137 Ma ‘ACL 318-11, (2011), "ulin Code Requirement for Compression = 0.60" 30 = 18 MPa ‘Structural Conrete (ACI 38:11) and Commentary” REV SIBTT Sesion 18630 American Concrete Institute, Farmington HH, 468331, wwweonereteong, 2011 ADAPHETNI78, (2010}, Sern Compotbity for De sgn of Prestressed Sections” Redwood Cy, Calor ria, wawsadaptstcom, 6 pp (2010) ADAPTETN292 (2009), “Deflection of Concrete Floor ‘Systems for Serviceabiiy” Reéwood City, California vwowadaptsottcom, 28 pp. (2009), ADAPETNA79, (2005), “Design of Post-Tensioned Members in Bening Using ACI 318-2002 Simplified Procedure” Redwood City, California, wwwadape Post-Tensioned Buildings softeom, 12 pp. (2008) European Code FC2, (2004), "Eurocade 2: Design of Concrete Structures-Part 11 General rales and "ules for buildings" European Standard EN 1992-1 12008, 196 2009, “international Building Cade" Whiter, CA 90601, wr este ong 2008 "TR4S, 2005, “Post Tensioned Conerete Floors Design Handbook The Concrete Society. FOREWORD ‘The example selected represents a frame ofa one way slab and beam construction—typial of parking Structures, or floors, where spaa in one direction Is "hwo oF more times the span in the orthogonal direc tion, for hich beam and one-way’ sla wll be ap propriate The beam frame selected has three spans, each witha different length The third span is pur posely selected to be short compared tothe other fh. Also, the optimum posttesioning forthe de ‘gn sone with diferent amount of post-tensioning along the length of the stuctre, and variable profile from span to span The objective in selecting a somewhat complex structure isto expose you to the different design sce ‘aris that you generally encounter in reallife struc tures, but are not featured i ext books-—in partic lar here span lengths in # continuous member ae widely aiferen The example walks you through the 10 steps of de sign of port-tensioned structures. Aspects of design Post Tensioned Buildings CHAPTER 7 POST-TENSIONED BEAM DESIGN STEP-BY-STEP CALCULATION Post Tensioned Parking Structure Using Beam Frames and One-Way ‘Slabs (P46) conditions that are not covered in the design of the fxample selected, but are important to know, ae Inerouced and discussed comments or inserted cramples Design operations that are considered common knowledge, such as the calelation of moments and shears, once the geometry ofa structure, ts material and loading are Kiown, ae not detailed, You are re ferred to your in-house frame programs. The design example covers side by side both the wn bonded and bonded (grouted) post-ensioningsys- tems, thus providing a direct comparison between the design processes of the two options. In addition, in parallel the design uses the current American bulling codes (ACI-318" and TBC?) along withthe European Code (EC? ), Where pliable, reference Ismade tothe UX's committe report TR4S" Tanen or structarescom72 ‘The common method ofanalysisfr beam frames and onesway slabs isthe Simple Frame Method (SFM) Wil ts practical to use SEM in the environment of consulting firms for design of one-way sabe and beam frames, I becomes laborious if an optimum design forthe post-tensioning is sought The itera tive nature of optimization for post tensioning lends ‘self well to the appliation of eomputer programs, such as ADAPEPT for expediency in design. ‘The hand calculations are supplemented by a com- puter run from ADAPT-PT forverifcation. ‘Two text fonts are used inthe following. The numer teal work that forms part ofthe actual calelatons uses the font shown below: ‘This fort ls used for che nurarcal work of the design ‘The following text font is used, wherever comments aremade wad darifieation tothe calculations “Thisfontis used toad carfcation tothe calculations. DESIGN STEPS. |. GEOMETRY AND STRUCTURAL SYSTEM Dimensions ana Support Condon 12 EMectie Widen of Flanges 13 Section Proparios 2 MATERIAL PROPERTIES 21 Concrete 22 Nonprestessed Raiforcement 22 Pestrssing 32 Superimposed Dead Load 33 Lhe Load 4. DESIGN PARAMETERS 41. Applicat Code 42 Covecto Rebar and Pestescing Strand 43 Alowable Stesoce 44 Crack Woth imitation 45 Alonatle Defecton 5. ACTIONS DUE TO DEAD AND LIVE LOADS 6. POSTTENSIONNG G1. Sulectin of Design Farameters 6.2 Selection of ost Tension Tenn Force and Profle 63 Selection of Nurser of Strando 4 Calculation of Bisnced Loads 5 Ostermnation of Actions due to Balanced {ost tension) Loads 7. CODE CHECK FOR SERVICEABILSTY Post-Tensioned Buildings 74. Load Combinations 72 Serene Creck 72 Crack wien Corto 74 Minimum Reinforcement 75. Deletion heck CODE CHECK FOR STRENGTH 21 Load Combinations 22 etermnation of Hypersttic Actions {23 Calculation of Design Morera BA Sienath Design for Beng ad Ouctity 8.5 Ore Way Shear Design 2 CODE CHECK FOR MITIAL CONDITON 8! Load Compnatons 282 Strese Check 10. DETAILING 1 GEOMETRY AND STRUCTURAL SYSTEM The oor consist ofa one-way sab supported on par ale beam ao sown in Fig. ‘1 Dinersions and Support Conditions © Geomeeryis ss sho in Fig a) and (0) © Beam cross section ae showin Fae) & Total rbutary wath = Sm eypca Cols extend teow che deck ob rst ad oot ‘clump are ssoumed hinged at he boom f (€ ston ¢m) Beam Frame Geomety FIGURE M1 Post-Tensioned Beam Design 1 TABLE 1 Section operon (05) Sparse Sa ‘ia eects | Bending Recta | Reales | Banana cto Tea an es 32065 Dies abt Tins) BiBser0 (aires et) — 26 [30 Sti 32 eee Sin?) eed [tet [Bey E2te7 = 7 5 Second naman area (Warare oT rar ‘¥.=latance of contri to top fe of section ‘Y= itanceofcontrald to botzom fer of section [End columns are assumed hinged and detailed as hinged at the connection to the foting, in order to reduce stresses and potential of erackng due to ‘Shrinkage and creep of concrete for the ist elevated deck \2ettecivewthof Fanos {When hand aleulaton ruven anlsis of anged beams an fective wid selected f accoune for thebending ees of the structure ACESI611 ex ply states that te effective with sed for analy JiSereonrenionly renorced ange beams does not aply when the same ts post-tensoned, but does ot clay the alternate Secon 483 olin the fesson behing ACLa1@s sanding and explain the Spl pocedre. Bry forma ores (post tepslonng) te entre cos-aectonal are is efec- the Dutforeomputaton of fenialstessesin hand Calan aedoed ange with Is applicable 4 For aia eects (precompresson) use the entire tributary ofthe structure ‘For bending effects use the “elective width val- ‘ve associated with the bending ofthe flanged beam ‘Also, note thatthe effective with concept is asso ‘ted withthe distribution of elas stresses In the flange of a beam, Its applicable fr "serviceabilty Tint’ design (SLS) of a post tensioned member. For safety checks (ULS) the effective width doesnot apply. Other codes and TR43 covered heren areal muteon ‘the effective width ofa pos ensioned langed beam For conventionally einorced concrete, ACI 318-11° FRETS TT Seton 18.13, © ACEI Sesion #122 Bars weaion Modus for tap fb (Tara are eacton modo for btton ber (Yn). recommends the least ofthe following values fore fective width ofan interior span in bending (0 slg times the ange thickness on each side of thestem, {i} one quarter ofthe span oF (iyehe beam’ wabutary. Trttary width =6000 mm ()Siteen time Range thickness pl sem with 6125 » 460 = 2460 mem r1000)"4 = 600m (r000)'4 = 4260m For span = (5"000) (ip Teacy wie = 8000 ro ‘Assume the flaming Spans Tan 2: 2460 mm Span 3: 1250 rm 13 Section Properties “he section proprio for the sal eects ae the same forall opana For brag eects howe, ie to fer. font effected, tne section proprio afr. The Section properties caesar tai Table 13 {= Second moment of area (momentof inertia): {Ye distance of centroid to top fiber afsection: stance of centroid to bottom fbr of section; ection modulus fort Biber, (VY); and ection morals for hotom fb; 0/9) 2- MATERIAL FROFERTIES 2.1 Conerete (ines steenath Ff (28 day) = 28 MaMaduls of Elatcty = 4700 Ye = 24870 Mi [ACI 22°10 [a 48/10]? (EC RABY 32208 Ma Crop conten: t= 2 Mater factor ye =1~ AG 60 (EC, TR-&3) Strength at trast f= 20 MPa The creep coeicint Is used to estimate the long term deflection o the sla, 2.2Nowprestrosse j= 400 ura ste Modus = 200000 Me Material factor ye = (AO; 115 ~[EC2, TR-AB) Strength recuctonfator(heaing, @ = 02 (ACI, i ec2, 43} ive) Reaocament 23 Prevtressng (Figs 2.51 through 2.5-4) Maveral—tow elation, seve wire ASTM S16 strand Nominal stand ator = 15 mt Sear area = 99 mm East Mads = 200000 Wa Utemate strength of rand (fy) = 1260 MPa Material factor yo = (ACI 18 [ce 3} Syotern Untonded System Angular cooticent of ction (y) = O07 \obtecoefcient of ction) = 0.008 radi ‘Archer 2 (wedge drain) = © rm ‘Stressing force = 80% oF pec ubinateotrength Effective stress after al laos" = 1200 Ma Bonded System Use iat duzze 20s80mm O28 mm tick metal eet housing up to fhe strand ‘Angular cotion of ration () Wobble cooler f Friction (K) = 0.008 radim ‘cer set (Wedge Drawn) = @ rr Offset of rand to act contol (2) = 2 om Evlectve stoss aftr aliases «100 Ma 2 showin Fig 2254 and 22 : TENT Tale 31 * Forkad calculation, an festive ses of tendon ise Theeflective ses sta erage ses lng length of 2 arlene. Th le ‘When tac sr swede dig be seed Sees of enfos e he tt ed rin Post-Tensioned Buildings fomgenel 1 none ate/ Seah ceaetgn econ as meat tad i atc Section trough a Fat Duct at Low Point IOURE 23:1 Bended Tendon Section i prone ee Zt le cr tisecnacteeat peso oo fet Sh emer 086) (2) Tendon atom ptt (Tenn aah pit Psion of Centar of Gravity (gs) of Stand at Extteme Postons in Member FlGuRE 23.7 3-LoADS 3.1Settweghe ish = 0125 m"2400 kylm*6e' 9.806000 47 il Stem = 0.635°0460"2400"9, 2067000 "687 EN Total Slight = 14.714 6.87 = Nn Post-Tensioned Beam Design 3.2 Superimposed esd Load From mechaiesseaant ond overlay O5 kin? DB INinFS m= 25 16m Total Seed Lod » 2156 + 28+ 24.06 kn? 3.3 LneLond? 25 Nin Total ve lad = 25° 2.5 Nm Max. LIDL rato = 25/24.08 » 0 kp he loading < 076 3 Do not Steely speaking. ve loads must be skipped (pat- termed to maximize the design values. But, whe the fatio of veto dead lad i small les than 075), i is adequate to determine the design actions based ‘fl vale olive loads on al spans (ACI-31811"), ‘This is specified for slab contruction, but i I also used for beams 4 DESIGN PARAMETERS: ‘4 Appiable Codes The design scared aut accontng to each of he fo lowing codon Further referncels made Co the Comm te Repor TRAB, were appropiate, + AcleiB-20msIec-208 102 (EN 1992182004) (4.2 Cover Sordbar and prestrassng strands none ard bonded apstern Minimum rebar mer = A mm top and bottom “The cover selected is higher than the minimum code requirement to allow fr instalation of top sla bars ‘over the beam cage in the transverse direction tothe bean, Minium pretresing CO = 70 ram ‘The cover and hence distance to the C6S (Center ‘of Gravity of Strand) Is determined by the oquire ‘ments fr fire resistivity and positioning of tendons Within the beam cage. The distance 70mm selected ‘Slightly higher than the minimum requlred. Rs = lection is based on ease of placement. The ve lal sede mesa high. The oman ‘ale in tne US based on ASCEOT 2 KNina- Als, US {Snell etn of lve ad mde cera conditions, Te bisermle, th igh value omnnn a uber of ed elon wed ad the ves cece. Wo'xe SIE, Soto 13.78; 78 4.3 Alowable Stresseo ‘A.BasedonACISIB- IBC 2012" ‘Allowable stresses concrete are the same fo bonded ‘and unbonded PT ystems | For sustained land conion Compression = D4, = 12.60 MPs Fer totalload condition Compression = 60°F, = 13.60 MPa Tension: (Transition condtion of design is targeted) The range fr traton (madera eractng) 290 fo tows ‘O62°vF,« sess #100'VF. 3.28 Wf «otros 5:29 MP For top fibers the lower value wil be targeted in or- der to limit crack width and improve durablgy For ‘the bottom fiber the higher value will bused, allow Ing fora wider erack with Forti conaon Compression 929 MPa NS The stress chek is conadered accoptably ince fers 10 “tora conaton The member wll be con ‘dered n"eracke” regime, Deflection hav t be ca (alated dong cracked sections 156 = 698 Mra ter: ® Sustained load contination 8 (Mo #O2M, + MeiS PIA 743 Mo OM, + Myr>= (686403"53010- 424,60) 3002816 op = -S0023"1000IN 2Ate+8- 156 3.90 Mi Compression < 12.60 Ma O Botzom (9 = 30028 "1000216 2217-156 ‘B27 Pa Tension < 2.28 Wt OK Since the tense stress dove not exceed the tres Dido "ranstion” the section is treated ws urcracked Otherwise defections hie 10 be caleusted voi cracked sections Based onec2 Stress checks are performed forthe two load con: tions of frequent load and quast-permanent load. ‘The outcome will determine whether crack width neds to be controled or not See section on “Allow: abl tresses" rons A 4 "Frequent ond conden 2 (Mo 105M + MeV + FIA Stress threshold: Compression ="16.20 Mps Train =277 Ma No # O58, + Mer = (686 + 0.5°220.10- 454.00) 26625 Kim 36625 "10005/.2B4e+B ~156 = ~4.41 MP Com preesin<6.L0 MPa Ok Eom = 266.25 "100026221017 ~ 156 = 432 Mia Ten Sion > 277 MPa Control eacing ‘© ‘Guaoipemanen load condition Mo #3 My» Mio PIA eres thronhade Compression = 12.60 Mpa: Tension = 27 Wr Mp 02M, + Mer = (62610. 2°38010 - 434.80) = 300281001 tp = -200251000% 284046 - 156 Compression < 12.60 WPa OK. Bottom (9 = 20028 “000816 2217-156 "= 327MPa tension > 27 a Henze control racking” “990 Me C-Basedon TR-43 For stress limits see Secon 4:3(C) Design is based fn 0.2mm erack wide BEN IGE a004) Seton 7344 oo Seen baeeaen = om eare [nee | eee fines ree Lagan SR attest Compression = 16.80 Mpa; Tenoion = 3.74 MPa eee | an ae aoe fosa % (Pay Sa Oe B5I 180° 162 eee aes 1680 He eee ra toe pao |p peskoone ES eso ee exer ae een OK OK OK K OR Sime Fonts DES eC ull) = 9" 99°18601460 ene, no adios! bonded reinforcement requ 530 EN 192-11200KE) Sst 92.1 and732 fy) = 0.0018" 8748 Supports ‘Aran (0.26" fe "8 "Aly) = 0001S" be be Timesn with ofthe ens ne dapsn of terol one (ve) (ate Fig7 41) fe eampressiny i 4 (ensn) FIGURE 74-1 Distrbuton of Sree ove Section 917601 (2.914078) 162 mm (Consider pont 8) by = [o46 0" 460"(162-125)!162 = 2008 mm 4.2760. 40-2272 = 709 mm A= 026 fant (026°277 2008" 708/AGO » 222% mn? (A. 00018h¢ = 0.001 “2008"708, 1046 mm? Therefore, Ay = 2228 mn? Contribution of enforcement from bonded Prestresa Am yilg)= 12" 89°1B001460 a0 ran? > 2228 mr enon no addiral bonded eiforcomen i ered 4 Minimurreforcement for cack conte In BC2 necessity of teinforcemen for eackcontrolis ‘tigger, where computed trl stresses exceed codespeciied threshold. ‘Siece the hypothetical tonsil stese of concrete ek Cczedo the threshold fr crack ora at pat A, rack Ingreiforemen reed to be pred ‘A isthe area ofthe concrete setion in tension zone, fes-4ai Mpa (compression at tp) f=428 Ma (tension st bottom) Senta ACOra 126618 ene ortate0 wn) (he) = AZTEOI (4804.20) = 37 om Post-Tensioned Buildings 77460 175420 4 EH a1 (Fg) Noh = 156 a 160 mm 115 Ks 04" [156 (19 (760760") 277) ‘sen = 0.25" 0.678" 2.77 78420 1460 = 17 mn? rove one 22mm bar (Aga =" 387-287 nt) Rema = 287 mn At pone ena =Kok aa Ne ‘ATs the area a the concrete section in tension zone. 2951 ps (tansion at top refer to Fg. 741) fps A076 MPa (compression a bottom) Prsits fog (erson) FIGURE 74-2 Dltrbutin of Sree over Section = f= 460 MF Tena fam = 03 "(2B20) = 2:77 MPa 10.678 (mterolated for h=760 rr) Detance orate suis from top 1°7601 (29168070) = 162mm 52°2460 298500 mine 4° [0 WH fa Nap fot 150 Ms 760 m1 15 Ls 04" [186 (15 (160160") 27-025 ‘ewe = 0.25" O78" 277 2OB5Q0 NGO” AOT mm Provide 2-220 bat (Ary = 2° 387 =774 rn) Rent = 774 Based on TRA © Unbonded Tendon ()Flerurl untensioned reinforcement™ SUTRAS 2nd Eon, Sato 587 Post-Tensioned Beam Design TABLE 74-2 Summary of ine Rebar (re?) (84) Uibonded Bon Code [rant -Famt | Pont] Pont Pont] Pont] «| sac |p e | A | pac Acuwc | o42 | wer | on2 | 066 | 0 ° ece_ | w | 47 | o | o | wm | 407 teas_| wos | 207 | €08 | o | 0 ° ‘TRS stipulates that a minimum amount of non- prestressed bonded reinforcement be preset at ll Toestions for the fll tension fore generated by the compated tense stresses inthe concrete unde ser vice oad combination Arpt freuen ad combat) Depth of trsor one x= hata) fehertoFig 742 faie Be cncce fer sre incampeosin the extreme corre forsee fawn sro6s (1) = 49 MPa omprenve ssa = 4. Wa depth ofthe compression zone {430) TEOM A144) = B76 mm Aya Fe IG") Where Fi the tata ten ore oe the tense zone of the enti section Fon fart he)f2« (-A2BYAGO "576/(2"1000) S7AA6N ‘Ac = Bt4AG"IODOI(*460/0) 1508 mn Provide 4 22mm bar (Ary = 4° 2871048 ri) At ponte Band of tension zone: x= fh a) Refer toFig. 74-2 where othe concrete er stress in compression: 8 the ecrme concrete fer stress Intenson, foe = tena stess (ve) = 291 comprosohe stress 10.78 MPa Io depth of the section = 760 mem be deh of the section = 2460 mm X= depth ofthe compression zone. he 42.0) 1601(291910:78) = 162 mm A= Fe AS% 4/0) Were F's the total tense force over the rene zone OF the one ection Fe = tar Qral2 = (2912460 “621(2"000) = BI925N ‘A,=579.0511000(6'40010) =2017 mm rode 6 22mm bat (Ny = 6° B57 =2822 mm). ‘Aepoine fan tense otros (ve) 224)'760(2.24+282) = 286 rm Aen Su 8) Fee fee a2 = -224)°460 “3861(2"000) “rai ‘Ass 1731 "100016°46018) =608 mn? rode 2- 2mm ba (prov = 2" 387 774 rn) © Other minimum reinforcement for nbonded ten- dona. In addition to the proceding that was based on the: value of hypothetical tensile stress, TR-43 requires that the bonded reinforcement at exch setion not bbe loss that that specified in EC2". The computation ‘ofthe minimum rebar based on EC2 is earried out in theabove section under EC2. “he second check for minimum bonded reforcerent ‘the ware a6 carried ot or 2 code i the preceding section & Bonded Terdon ‘There are no minimum rebar requirements for one= way spanning members reinforced with bonded. tendons. Any additional SLS reinforcement wail be ‘lated tothe design crack width, and the potential ofthe cracks exceoding the design value. Tis chock ‘was performed in Section 738). “The minimum area of rebar required using the codes ‘covered is summarized in Table 741 5 TRAD a Eon, Secon 585,120 7.5 Delection Chace Recognizing that () the accurate determination of probable deflection i complex [see Chapter 4, Ser- tion 4.106]; and (i) once a value is determined the Judgment on its adequacy at design time is subjec tive, and depends on unknown, yet important ps rameters such a5 age of concrete at tae a instal ton of nonstructural members that ae likely tobe damaged fom large displacement. For hand eal lation deflection checks are generally based on sit plified procedures. A rigorous analysis is inate, ‘only where the parameters of design and applied Toads are more reliably known, in most cases, Pos tensioned members are slzed according to recom mended span/depth ratios proven to perform well indeflection.” ‘The simplified procedue includes: (0 For visual and funcional effects, otal longterm flection from the day the supports are removed ‘ot to exceetspan/250 for ECZ or span/240-ACI- 5318, Camber can be used to offs the impact of dis placement. (i) immediate defection under design lve load not oeceed span/500 for EC2 oF span/ 480 for AC-318. Both ACI 318/18C and EC2, Ue the deflection ad equacy to displacement subsequent tothe instal tion of members that are likely to be damaged. This requires knowledge of construction schedule and Felease of stuctire for service Inthe fllowing the common design practices followed For assessment of long-term displacement tn the context of foregoing, ACI-318 recommends a malt plier factor of ‘he deflections ate clelated using a fra analy 193 program far each of the lad cases ead, ear 00 ensorng, Gross crea secloal ae a near laste rastenshipssreused Sine the stress lv for hich the design as eared out Falls essential the “ranstion eine, the aastcaly elelated detections rust be adjusted to alloy for crackng a labors Where racing stresses ae exead the threshold of “uscracte? reine. Strictly apes ‘ton caclaton has tbe performed” where eteose ‘iced the “transton” regime. Honcve, for hand cl Clstor, recoanng that the locations of probable 5 aaa, Section 84D ° Conpler ost, sach s ADAPT Ford crack seston caution ‘ Post-Tensioned Bulldings cracke, a nth example ae on the option of ag ‘yr elastic deformation bya factor tat allows fr raking in ued ‘he critical location isn pa The values for spn 1 from te frame analysis ‘Span’ Oelecton Dead Load z1B mm Fost Tensoning “192 Dead Loads PT Gm Une oad defection — 445mm ‘The mainur tress under tara nang ae mide is G20 MPa She this is greater than O62 VP ado mort tothe caleated defect seed ‘There are several options avalabe to adjust east cally calculated detection values, if the eompited tensile stresses execed cracking, Among the most commonly used are: () substitution ofthe gross mo- ‘ment of inertia (by an equivalent moment of in- trtia (followed by the magnification of the elast- tally calculated defection bythe ratio af (/.) and (i) use ofa bilinear deflection calelaton,n which the amount of deflection prior to cracking i caleu- lated using land the ease solution, the defection after the nation of racks cleulated forthe over= {age ofload, using the cracked moment of inertia). For prestressed sections the equivalent moment of Inertia eleulated using the fllowing relationship [PT desiga manual, 1950), l= 1-020" fw Euiein a o5vrgy OVE Where Js the effective moment of inertia ys the ‘moment of inertia based onthe gross eross-setion- al area Initially the relationship was proposed for Jie tt exceeding Vf But iis now used for values above ve Tre caclated masini tena stress fea 698 UP Futon in moment of nertia du to cracks L811 0:30"Us OVE OSV, {- O30%G26-2.66)265) oar, Hence defen ue a dead load and PT = B80 = 1686 rm Live lad defection ith rac allowance = 145/051 = 20.48 rn Post-Tensioned Beam Design & Long term detection Multiper factor apoumed for effects of erp and hrakage on ng’term defection = 2 tor of. for sustared quan permanet” Ie lad (OL FT osUy +2) Leng-term deflection: (1+ 20686 + 03°2645) Terma Detection ratio= 76:17(20000) = W265 < V2E0 0% Irotartaneauo deflection due to design I asd (lad detection» 2283 mm, Detection ratio= 22.48/(20,000) = V708 OK Deflection does not generally govern the design for ‘members dimensioned within the limits ofthe rec- ‘ommended values in ACI 318 and balanced with post tensioning tendons within the recommended ange [Aslam etal 2003). and when subject o load ingeommon in building construction For such cases, deflections are almost always within the permissible ‘ode values, when design s performed within UorT tres values. Prskin 080 viet 8 ae mis 088 (2) Support reacons du to PT (KN) a re | (0) Hyperstate moment dstroution Xm) Hyperstatic (Secondary) Actions FoURE 824 2. CODE CHECK FOR STRENGTH B.1Losd Combinations acrsienec 5 ACL 8 wpe for 724 120 Leu + THF Tae DLs PHP eee TSODL ISL MHhp res, 15°01 + SLL LOStYe or strength combination, the hyperstate (Hyp) a tions (secondary) due to prestressing ae used The Iaclground fortis is explained in detain Chapter 4 Section 4.112 2.2 Determinatonot Myperotatic Actions ‘Trehyperstatc mowerta ae calculated rom the reac {ions othe frame araissurder bated load fom prestresing (Loads shown mF. 84-2). The reactions Gktaied rome etandard frame anaes are shown Fg. 82a), The reactions show produce hyperseate tomente the fame ae how ig, 82-10) ‘The hyperstatic (Secondary) reactions must be in selreqalibrium, since the applied loads (balanced Toads) are in selequiirium Check the vl of the soktion for atic ulm ofthe Iyporetatieactione using the reaction ehowt inFig B20, vertical Forces 1859 ~ 5019 +2015 - 0548 -0.005 0% BMlomerts about Support| 10050. MAD.Sea0 ~ 8.41 -(3810°70) « (20.887) ~(085"42)--000~0 Ok Suppor reactions due to posttensioning are applied to the beam in order to construct the hypersatie ‘moment diagram shaven 8.2. 1(6). The suppor reac ‘Hons are shown in part (a) ofthe gure. Reduce Wyperststic moments to fce-o suppers sing Inebenterplation Fordght face of sugyort (FS) of span Mr = 47280 ~[(47230 ~100.50V20)'0.45/2 S460 1218 Amumber of engineers use the expression given be- low to compute hyperstate (secondary) moments dduetoprestressing This expression gives acceptable result for articulated members only ithe balanced loads used inthe determination of posttensioning moments (fp) satistyequllvium, Myy=My=Pe722 Post-Tensioned Buildings TABLE 821 Ultimate Design Moments (26) Fane A | Fort 8 Fore Fao Fame ER (68600 —| ~-900800_| —~-a020 | —zoza0 Er) em) 2010 [#8070 | 41650 | 15620 2875 [ere] —| 25640 —| —aeB10 —| —s8610 19830 al cz; 12601161041 eee eo ems R43 :135DL+15U1+0.91yp ‘AGI318-OB7IBC2009 s:2DL OB = 608mm Conservaiely assumed 608m vine" O1GENZB = OBB MP Ving = 0420028 = 222 MPa WET Zo a5 « 4BY.4 My Te term (i Ma) mast be ees than or use ozrt600,41222"1000) 22 «106 ost2e +4Br022 = 1S2MPA> Yams = O38 MP 2eMra ara gover te design For this example the ultimate moment was taken at the fce-oF suppor for brevity while the shear check Isdoneata distance h/2 away from the support. This ‘ssumption is conservative and doesnot have a ig- rfient Impact on the outcome ofthe caleulaton. the general case, the value of ¥"d/ M, varies along thelength ofthe member But itis assuined constant for this expeditious hand eaeulation. w= (I0.Z"I000}/(460"60) = 1.22 We 3 @y, = 0.75122 = 0.98 Mra Hence shear renforcrent is rqured by alain ‘Aes 12mm stipe wn tw lege = z%29 = 258 me ‘he spacing between the stereo aen by OA, yl Hy ~ OH)) = O,75"28"A6OINGO (122 -029)) =288 min 0 se= O70 = O.75°760 = 570 mm ‘rd 9 <= 600ne 6 ACSIE I Sston LAS725 Sect © = 220mm forthe entire reson where strips by calculation gover. airy sis tangle, the tne regan for thecal late of shar ranforement are worked ot and Shown grapealy mF 85-2 Fortte test reaion Z60B iN Use otieups at 280mm spacing Forthe second region, >= O5-DY, (05*460"606"0. 99/1000 - 130.44 EN Use the nim vale spected by code, Forthe thd region, < O50", = 156.44 2N No web shear rerforcoment requ by code. Consen ‘ely use the aame straps at 970 mm spacing (9 <= Oh = 570 rm). For th region avers by che minimum rebar the spac Ing call be the emalest ofthe followin \6"y, = 460°608"029/1000 In the following the three applicable code relation ships are rearranged to express them in terms of °S" spacing, Te fermat of the relationships in the code isin terms of “Amy * In this ae, since we have already selected a twoogged 12mm bar, we work but the spacing thats appropriate for our selection, Hence, Ana () s=A f026 6) 95°400/(038"460) oda) 07250 “| 4e0nB60) 608" 4601608)99rI88 72 oaterArty(n25) 1e"208°460/(460°2005 [Ne the same tire, spac "3" shal no be more than {001mm or .75°570 me Use 2 mim woegged stupa S70 mon spacing {or ths eon ae 8. Based on EC Yeo =120%9 + 15% One Spat by 460 mm 4°. 760 4022/2 -709 men Petar shear = 4158"20(46155 + S08.62) Design a stance» cn wen +d Foret suppor: 50/2 + 709 = B64 rm For rat suppor: 48012 + 709-4 mm For the ett support: Yep =-A4156"(0.010.894)B.61- 59622 04 For he rahe support ACSI stone 11533 and 1.554 Kt (20014 PI=AsY (bed) = 913871460" 708) = 0.01068 Post-Tensioned Bulldings sam vw =sm21 ‘Shear Force and Reinforcement for Right Sie of Span 1 (KN; mm UNO) FiouRE 85-2 Distribution of Shear kN) FIGURE 85% Vip = 568 62"(20-861-0994)/20-861) 525766 Hence, hea suppor acorn, Vege = [Gat GOOD He kt hy“ Butt es than gn +f i) bd (2007709)? = 158 < 20 0.086" Ke fy = O86" 155%" 2682 0.35 Wa Voag {012 155"(100°0 01068" 28)! (i 186 1460 “70871000 = 26218 14 TENTH TT006 Seton 6:22 Post-Tensioned Beam Design = (036 + 016" 156) 460 “708N000 ia047 Vous = 262.18 1N Veo> Vee, Shear rnrcemar is equted by calvin ‘Aceure 18mm strupe with wolegs oes 2128 = 288 mi ‘he pacing “a. between the stiups is en by. 2 hoe Meaa) hg C8 her ‘soir 8 = 40? cot 8 = 120 Van Veo Vea = 89576-26218 = 272.58 1 7b94~09%09- 686mm = [255 (27858"1000))" 688"4605)"120 289 mim Veann® = orb 2° wed cot star8) 058 since > OBR y= (+ ill) for Oe = ISOM < 0.2 = 035" =8.75 Mra y= (1 18608 28 a emustion 638 per 6g 720 Vein =108 460" 688" 0589 (1:20 +0.84) Tis6A59 WN > 27358 IN OK Selecr 8 = 280 mm 8 ce O75 d (Tecota)= 0.75" 709 = 582 mm forthe rte region whee strap by caevaton goers ven «Veale the minim rebar spect code™. For the region gewerrad by te mitra eb Se pc ng shal othe olen In the flowing the applicable code relationship is re-atranged to express it in terms ofS" spacing. The format ofthe relationships inthe code in terms of “Ay In this ease, since we have already selected 4 Swosleged 12mm bar stirrups, we work out the pacing that is appropriate for our selection. Hence, Aa 24232 258 me Aal(O08V“bv) 8" 460 008428 °460) = 609 mm ‘As the same tine, opacing "6 shall rot be more than 582 nm mm Jae ae th | — suman Beam Elevation 2 F196 2008) Exp 6 51 EN 19521-12008 (E)ENp-6.118N ZOO E Exp AN) 2008 E ENP 948 50)128 Post-Tensioned Buildings TABLE 94 Stesses a Irarafer of ost ensoing (1395) ote: eto proprio LAS Sa at a Pawee | roe rand rarest tease ap aan resect ae (a Aragorn unde es (Tors spats Placement of Tendon in Baa FIGURE 102 se 12mm oped sip at 50 mm on pacing fortis elon m 6.Based on 12-435 °° ‘TRA48 refers to EC2 for one-nay shear design But TR- 49 ines the safety factor Yin the calculation oF ‘3 THa5 Second Eon, Section $9.1 and 5.9.2. Cr ip Where equals 0.9 the prestreos eect fair ile and 1 when ici untavorbe. Precompression (a) enhances the shear capacity. Hence, musing the EC2 as outlined nthe preceding, reduce the value of precompressionby factor 09) '9.CODE CHECK FOR INTIAL CONDON ‘Atstressing (concrete generally has not reached its design strength; (1) prestressing force i ts high fest value; and (i) liv load generally envisaged wo be ounteracted by prestressing Is abet. A's result, the stresses experienced ty amembe can fll outside the envelope ofthe Units envisaged for the inser vice condition. Hence, posttensioned members are checked for both tension and compression stresses at transfer of prestesing, Where computed compres son stresses enced the allowable vas, stressing is Aelayed unt ether concrete gains adequate strength for the member Is loaded, Where computed tension stresses are excessive, ACI/IBC™ suggest adling non Drestrassed reinforcement to control cracking. 8.1Load Combinations ‘The codes covered are not specific onthe applicable Toad combination at transfer of prestessing. The fl: Towing is the combination generally sssumed among practicing engineers. 5 ACL SIRT Sesion 84 Post-Tensioned Beam Design Load Case 10°DL « PT Speclication ofthe design exanye cals for tendons ove stressed with concrete ender strech Ot lose tnan 20 WF fon 20 Mra 2.2 Streoe check allo NEMS + LEIA 52% 9.3 Alowable Stresses ‘A.Based on ACI i Tension » 0.2520. Compression = 0.60°20 = 12 Mpa G.Basedon R43 Torsion = O72 = 159 MP Compression = 050"20 = 10 Mpa arches ber stresses ate calculated asian man- rer 20 erveecondion as outed eae The oteame Ie bummarand in Table 9 ‘Winany ofthe above locations the stresses exceeded the allowable values the following would have been done compression stresses exceed the allowable value, the design parameters must be modified to bring the stresses within the code lint IFtensle stresses exceed the allowable value, bonded addtional rein forcement (nonprestressed, or prestressed) shall be provided in the tensile zone to resist the toal ten Sion fore in conerete computed with the assump tion ofan ncracked section. 729 10,0ETALNG The fn tendon and eenforcemant ay fer the de signed beam rae ae sho i Fig. 1 Hough OS forumbonded tandons REFERENCES ‘alam, B. 0, and Jurgens, J . (2003), “Guidelines {for the Design of Post Tensioned Floors” American Concrete insti, Concrete International Jour, March 2003, pp.77-83, (2003), Aalami, B. 0(1998), “Hyperstate (Secondary) Ac- tons in Prestesing and Their Computation: Post ‘ensioning Insitute, Phoenke PTUTNS, pp0, De comber 1998, Aalami, 8, (1993), “One-Way and Two Woy Post- Tensioned Flor Systems" PostTensioning Institute, Phoenix, PTI Technical Note 3, pp10, October 198. (1989), ‘Design of Pas Tensioned Floor ‘Concrete international, ACI June. 1909, Vol11, No 6, pp 59-67 ACL $18 (2011), “Bullng Code Requirements for Structural Coneete, American Concrete Tnsttite, Farmington, ML pp 503, EN 1992-1-12004, “Burocode 2: Design of Cnerete ‘Structures; European Committee fr Standardization. ‘TRe43, "Past Tensioned Concrete Floors Design Hand- ‘bok Second Edition; The Concrete Society 2005, ADAPEPT (2012), “Software for Design of Floor )s- tems and Beam Frames”, ADAPT Corporation, Red- ‘wood City, CA, mweradaptsof.com, 2012,7330 Post-Tensioned Buildings FIGURE 7.2 Beam and Slab Construction; Monolithic Bean-Columnn Conection: ‘Anumber of tendons ae crossed over within the beam stem and raised to anchor at slab ede Calor oat DESand AGP 722 CHAPTER 8 COMPUTER APPLICATION TO DESIGN OF CONVENTIONALLY REINFORCED, OR POST-TENSIONED BUILDINGS. Post‘Tensione Building in San Francisco (Found eorey Nee Menninger P52) 8.1 OVERVIEW ‘The development and accelerated adoption of Bld Ing Information Technology BIM targets a seamless flow of information frm the inception ofa project, to the completion of ts construction. Aertel link Along the flow of information ad inter-operaily mong the professionals the structural engineers’ work=a link that so far has not lent itself to be & {rouble free par ofthe seamless chain Meoting the ‘Challenge, new work has re-definedthe way conerete bikngs can be designed, however Novel concepts for modeling, analysis and design of concrete bil sings within the realm of lM environment have now paved the way fora smoath flow of information from {he architectural three dimensional building models, and the generation of construction documents PostTensioned Buildings This Chapter explains the challenges ithe integra tion of structural engineers work inthe otherwise Integrated flow of BIM, and outlines the procedures developed to overcome the flings. The Chapter concludes with an example, {8.2 11M; BUILDING MODELING AND STRUCTUR- AL DESIGN PROCESS ‘The practice In BIM-based construction has been for the structural engineer to recelve 2 three di ‘mensional mode that includes the physieal features ofthe bulding, The structural engineer concludes Avith the definition of the material properties ext ‘al tthe inservice performance and safety ofthe Structure, such as conerete strength, amount, pos! tion, and configuration of rlnforcement 2nd datas bf posttensoning tendons if applicable. The work wrrstructurescom= a2 ‘ofthe structural engineer supplements the informa- tion ofthe bullding mode structural nd fabrication drawings are then expected to be extracted from the eneral package. Fgure 8.21 illustrates the view of 8 bullding model. Figure 82-2 shows a structural analysis outcome extracted from ane ofthe floors of ‘general model. Details of the process, highlighting ‘the diiculties and the solutions are explained next FIGURE 82-1 View ofa Building Generated {in SD for BIM (tas). FIGURE 8.2.2 Floor System Extracted from 3D Model for Detailed Analysis (ee) Post-Tensioned Bulldings 82.1 Physical and Analytical Models; Migration to Analytical space ‘The traditional process of structural engineering de- sign consists ofthe flowing tes: (_) star fromaset of architectural drawings; (i Wealze the geometry siven in the architectural drawings to one that lends [tselftostractral analyst; il) envisage a load path ‘hat embraces the designated forceresisting mem: bers ofthe bulding—inctuding member dimensions and connectivity thatare intended for stuctiral ana ysis, bat may difr from the architectural drawings (i) perform structural analysis using the geometry Aefined for analysis (V) map the outcome of struct analysis to architectural drawings for detain and ‘onstruction. Figure 821-1 states the proces. Figure 82.1-1a lustrates the “physical” model of @ simple frame, It reflects the shape and dimensional features of the real structure. This information is reflected inthe architect's drawings and the three= dimensional BIM model ofthe frame, if avaiable, I Is relerred toas the "physical" model ofthe swe ture. The “physiea!” mode contains the details othe actual costruction—as we see it fa the traditional approach using the physial model, the design eng heer creates an “analytical” alternative, such is the ‘one illustrated in parts (b) and (2) ofthe figure for structural analysis. The analyeal model i gener- ally based on the centroidal axes of the members that the design engineer designates to resist ores Note that inthe analytes moll (part ) the physi cal length ofthe column (Hs converted to the aa Iya length (3). The structural analysis generates design actions (moments, shears) forthe analytical lengths: But the design engieer must deliver rel foreement drawings, and deal, tht ae based on the plysical model shown in part (a) Obviously, {te formation generated from the analysis having been based on dimensions that df from the archi tecturl drawings, snot compatible with the general BIM models, The analysis results have to be mapped ‘onto the dimensions of the physical model. Ideally a design engineer would prefer to have the analysis and design based onthe “physica” model, the Backbone ofthe BIM part (and forego the pro- ess of switching between the two models, Develop ments in the analytical formulation of structural en Aineering have new made i possible to do without the “analytical” model, and perform an analysts and design based on the "physical altemative, thereby ‘enabling a seamles integration of structural eng neers work to BIM The process is explained nets ‘Computer Application to Design of RC or PT Buildings Er iy FIGURE 2.1-1 Physical and Analytical Models (rant) A.Node-tased Analytical Models: Figures 82.181 (Gand ()tustrae two common scenarios in bull {ng construction Using ite element method (FEM), the slab/beam an colurmn are represented by FEM ‘ements. Each element enters the assemblage ofthe structural system matvixby way ts "nodes” at which the handshake for force transfer from one element to the next takes place, As iustrated in parts (b) and (e) ofthe igre the node ofa column coincides ‘with that ofthe slab for transfer af force from one to the other The figures show overlap ofthe adjoining members In part () the column length is extended intn the slab and fn par (e) the column and slab are ‘modeled asin their physical prototype. “The nade-based modeling scheme forms the basis af practically ll FEM analysis tools curenty available ‘The modeling scheme stars by defining a number of {a Conatton Dt F107) rt FIGURE 82.1841 Physical: Node and Member-Based Models 600) ‘nodes’ that are typically along the centroidal axes afthe physical members. lite elements ar created loining adjacent nodes. This requires intersection of the controidal aves of the members that meet and share force, In practic, and in articular in concrete construc tion, rarlya physical structure is conceived on the premise of the intersection ofthe centroidal axes of IRs members. Consider the typical conerete construe tion details shown nig, 8214-2 Evidently the cen tool axes ofthe column and the multiple members ‘demtified nthe figure donot converge, as required by the "nodal" based modeling. Using node-based ‘modeling the analysis requires special handling of the joint to capture and design the transfer of force from one member to an adjoining one, thus creating ananalyss model, [o) Contraction Dea (308) FIGURE 8.2.14-2 Construction Detalls with Non-Intersecting Centroidal Axes of Members atthe Joint84 B. Member-Based Analytical Model—Virtwal Anal ysis Space: In this process, the physieal mods Is sed ints ass geometry to analyze and deta the structure. This eliminates the generation ofan ana lytical” model that generally affers fom the plys- cal dimensions of the construction, The prexess becomes an integral part of BIM, enabling & scam less low of information between the structural and other trades ofthe project, Consider Fig, 82:14 parts (and (9). each ease, ‘the column terminates att terface with the sla. In part 0) the slab extends tothe outer face ofthe ol lun, In both cases atthe janetion between the two ‘members slab" andcolums the sab i ven “pri. ly" to continue through the joint and the colt s ‘terminated at ts interface with the sla, Thi bared ‘on the assumpaion that the design would fvor the Sab reinforcement to continue a shown bu thecal lun tes terminate at the interface withthe laa restart above the slab, column scontinuous a ee Vitus! node A ie = En 7 a teenies erga FIGURE 8.2.1B-1 Virtual Nodes and Analysis Space (0202) ‘The proces is achleved by departing from the a tional requirement of force transfer between one flement and the next at the centroidal axes of the adjoining members—rther, the force transfer il, bbe based on the intersection of member bourds. Tm ths process, the inte element relationships or each structural member are formulated in ata Iytical space instead of the traditional centro Snls/plne of the members. The force transfer af members that intersect takes place ata virtual nae that represents their common soli! parts, Fig ‘8.2.1-1b symbolically shows the analytical space by a broken line The structural response ofeach ele ‘ment s expressed inthe analytial space, as opposed to the centrodal location ofthe physical members. The analysis takes place in the “analytes” space. Isthen followed by transfer of deformations andac Post-Tensioned Buildings 1 Metered cated © Psat, A tgesrscdrentacorere re Presentation of Physical Member Objacts ‘and Mapping to Analysis Space FIGURE& 218-2 tons back othe physical entitles for section design, detaling and preparation of structural documents A side benefit of the pyc based formulation Is {ati enables the ineasion of rebar, a well spre tensioned and post tensioned reinforcement in the arabs raiding 821-2 Aha 48s node, each segment of rebar or pos tension Sel eontiutes to the structure bse one ps Gal properties and at it physi locaton nthe Structural member View of Sab Outine with Openings and Steps FIGURE S218-3 1 Prosismplemected in ADAPTABI and ADAPT crac son Computer Application to Design of RC or PT Buildings as Automata Goneratet Design ‘Ships and Sostons Design Model Expoted rom Revit Rev Sete Model o> ee Wray Estado 004 Bae08 ‘Stet Deawings Created in evi or Exported as DW FIGURE 83-1 Example of Information Flow from a 3D Model Structural ‘Analysis and Return of Constraction Information to 3D Medel (103) ‘The transformation of the structure to an analy- sis space enables the structural desig of complex flor systems, such isthe partial view shown in Fig. 182.18-3 tobe followed sth the same ease as slabs fof uniform thickness. Beams, steps, openings. and omplex physical details ean all be modeled as they sppear in the prototype {83 INTEGRATION OF STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS IN iM Introduction of analysis space provides the miss: ing ink for the seamless flow of information inthe BIM process rom thearehitecural conception tothe ‘onstruction documents A bref practical example of the proces is iven nex “The floor level shown in Fig. 83-1 with color con- tour is extracted from a thre dimensional model of ‘he structure Using the true geometry of the sruc- ture the modelis analyzed: Posttensioning and base reinforcement, such ae mesh is added, where appl ‘able, Going through the structural dsign process, ‘hed reinforcement is determined, nd fabrication Mad gene sing Reve Stace; srt anlyss and pncatin of comaraction ene peer WI8k ADAPT Buiter rawings generated. The entre reinforcement is then passed on to the 3D model for further process: Ingand tobe shared among the various trades, 1.4 APPROXIMATION IN ANALYSIS For many engineers a finite element method (FEM) based strutaral aaljsls software acts asa "black tox that delivers the design values they need, once the program fed with the information it requires. Often, repeated unquestioned use o software creates the pereption of Ks validity, or accuracy of is out ‘ome, thus enforcing reliance on its use FEM based programs donot all share the same formulation, oe ‘they deliver the same accuracy. There are dier~ ‘noes inthe simplifying assumptions made in mod ling of 3 lor system, ferences in internal formu- Toon of software and the manner each extracts and reporesthe information required fr desig. This ec- tion highlghts several of the underying diferences among the commercially avaiable software {A Approximation in Mdeling the PhysiealStrue- ture and Connectivity: Apart from the nodo-base for member-baved modeling techniques that ae ds ‘cussed inthe preceding, mast software go through “addtional srplifeatons for analysts. The simplias (2) Seton; rttype ember ant a me (2) Node based modi arate (©) Membe-bsed messing Node and Member Modeling Presentations of Steps FlOURE@ 4821 (2) Flanged beam under bendit (b) Flanged beam with no interaction between stem and flange FIGURE 8.44.2 Beam Modelirg Options (ets) Post-Tensioned Buildings cations generally take place i the background—not always apparent when viewing the model The sim piiieations are mostly necessitated due tothe applic ‘ton of"node-based” formulations. ‘Themastcommon simplifications modeling of chang. «in thickness or change in elevation of a oor sah ‘Such a change, as itstrated in Fg, 84-1 I mostly modeled as shown in part () ofthe figure, where the ‘centroid axes of the two prt are ined up to satisfy "he prerequisite of intersection of entrolds for force transfer om one lab region tothe next This approx. Imation isnot followed when using member based ‘modeling coupled with “analysis space” As iustrate ‘n part) ofthe figure, cach lab region positioned, ‘where itoccurs inthe physical space. Using node-based modeling, the stem of flanged ‘beam must be rset alignits centroid with that of ‘he adjoining lab. Alternatively the beat stem mast be considered disjointed from the flange a5 shown In Fig, 848-20, With member-hased modeling beam. and siab construction enter the analysis as they ot. cur In the physical state of the stature, and thus enabling correct Interaction among the structural constituents of floor Inthe node-based modeling the ve obtained from theanalsisortheisolsted beam sreportedas-benm vl. Indhe member-based modeling since the bea and sab act together to resist the applied forces, the beam stem generally includes axial force that i the ‘uteome ofthe ston interaction with the sla. 'B. Approximations in Tendon and Rebar Model- Ing: Almost all commercial software used for design offlor systems, model pre oF posttensioning ten- dons through forces that each exerts tothe struc ture as shown in Fig. 4B-la, A prerequisite to this ‘modeling i that the force in tendon must be known and spectied prior to “analyse” Once a tendon Is Considered removed from the structs, stillness ‘an no longer participate In the deformation of the structure, nor can the flexing ofthe structure be ae ‘counted for in changes of tendon sre, Improved analysis procedure considers tendons as ‘members resisting the applied frees, along with the conerete that contains them (Pat 6), The same stieme apples to the renforcement that may be pre-defined! by designers before an analysis Model {ng reinforcement in addition to prestressing sce! Iseritial or reliable estimate ofa Noor’ cracking, ‘computer Application to Design of RC or PT Bulldings LECTION PSK TENDON wt (4) Titan eresematon fan Through outa ace (Pes). Representation fears a css of re (ON ooned econ sua te seen (805) FIGURE 8.48-1 Options in Representation of Prestressing Tendons| crack width estimate and cracked slab defection, Since the posteracking response depends on the presence nation and amount of rlnforeement. . FEM meshing: Meshing isthe subdivision of @ Sucture int finite elements for analysis. Most soft ‘wareusetriangular, rectangular or quadrilateral ele- tents A quadrilateral element generally provides a ‘more accurate solution tha the tangular option. A Central requirement in the node-based subavision ‘fr member into finite elements is thatthe nodes ‘oF adjoining elements coincide with one another, in ‘order to establish eqllbrium ofthe externally ap- plied forces with those generated in the structure ‘The equlibrium of forces is established atthe nodes Figure @4C-1 shows pata plan of two meshing op- tons. Note that in part (a), at several instances the node of one cell falls onthe edge of an adjoining call (6) Meshing whe ot ann st commen nodes (PI5) rather than coinciding with anode of the nelghbor- ing ell, Such conditions lead ta an implicit gap be tween the aflecte cells. To close the gap, extern forces in addition to chose defined by the designer are required to be added at the ecation. The forces Introduced to close the gxps evidently impact the analysis results and consequently the design values, Itisnotalways apparent whetherthe impact willre- salina conservative” or "un-conservative” design, _. Creation of Design Strips: Following the proce re outlined in Chapter 3, a design stage 3 oor is subalvided into design strips. The design strips represent the deslgner’sesignated load paths. A prerequisite ofthis process is thet each location on 4 floor system be assigned to 2 design strip (load ath), and he designed for the fores determined for that locaton (4) oo wh clsoningst common sade (P3118) FIGURE 848-1 Options in Representation of Prestessing TendonsFIGURES.51-3 Analytical Mode ofthe Foor System ‘ruis) E. Extraction of Design Values: There are several ‘options to determine the “design values” suchas de sign moment and shear, from the outcome of a FEM analysis. The extracted values can be based on the (© Integration ofthe stress values within the finite flement calls, referred to a8 "stress integration (i) summation of forces atthe nodes, refered to a8 nodal integration oF (i “extended nodal inter tion that fs based on the nodal values and enables computation of design values of arbitrary lengths ‘ation and orlentation, From the same FEM analysis results the design values extracted using the met ‘ods enumerated canbe widely diffrent Description Got the methods and thelr comparison I refered Jn Chapter # and detailed in reference [ADAPTETN Post-Tensioned Buildings FIGURE 8 5.12 Reinforcement Layout fa Typical Floor 114) y KT FIGURE 85.1-4 Arrangement of Tendon in the Floor Sytem (Slab thickness is exaggerated for Increased dary) (F116) 302, 2009}. The extended nodal integration results in vlues that are in equilibrium with the externally applied loads 85 COMPUTER-BASED DESIGN EXAMPLE This section presents the design of a simple post- tensioned floor system, using FEM-hased sofware’ ‘The objective isto tlustrate the steps in modeling and design 85:1 Structure ‘The building shown in Fig. 1.31 located in San Francisco Day Area—one of the highest seismic "isk areas. The floor system ofthe bung was de ¥ ADAPTBeidler Hoor Pro, wuseadepso ——=— ||ne and its assoclated concentrated loads are collective Iy referred o as the balanced loading, The balanced loading is ndependent of the support conditions of the structaral member Adaltional information on Toad balancing is provided in lama 1990) In pratee tendons cannot be placed with sharp a lesovertte supports asllustratedn Fig 11.2.14-1 4A gradul curve at reversal in tendon curvatre is the actual -ondition, Tendon low polnts are at pre determined lotions (mid-span in most building ‘onstructin) and theres gradual reversed curva {ure over the Supports. The fore imparted by a te don tothe concrete thus becomes more complex and less amenable to hand calculation. This refinement Insimple ead balancing suse primarily in associa ‘on with tomated (computer) analysis Reverse parabola profiles made up ofbasie simple parabola segments, with the forces associated with ‘each segment Figure 12.18. Ilustrates the prac tal shape ofa tendon with low points postoned ate centr of each span and the assodated lateral forces. ‘The principal shortcoming ofthe simple load bal- ancing is tat it doesnot apply to members whose ‘entroldal axis changes along tht length, such a= ‘members with differences in thickness or step The other shoroming is thatthe immediate and long- term stes losses in prestressing must be appro ‘mate and accounted for separately. B. Extended Load Balancing: Consider the two: ‘span beam shown in Fig, 11,218-1, Because the wo Pr ‘orden bale 7 inteson pit S—- eta va wo) ws ws Reversed Parabola Tendon and its Balanced Loading FIGURE 112.1A.2 Reversed Parabola Tendon and "ts Balanced Loading spans ae of different depths, the tendon ends on ther end ofthe beam are not aligned, In order to de= couple the aval and flexural ations, in accordance With the load balancing concept, iis necessary to auld 8 moment atthe point at which the centoldal 2s shifts Le over the central support This is shown in Figit.2.18-1b and is described in more detall in Section 48.16 Since this approach assumes a con stant elective force the added manent is simply the product of the posttensioing force andthe shift in the controida axis: 1200x115 = 280KNIm (1328 et) where 0.15m (72 in) isthe distance between the centroid of the wo spans. ‘The principal advantage ofthe extended oad balane: ingapproach s its ability to account for nonprsmat femembers.t does not include a calculation of the restressng loses -Tendon Modeling Through Primary Moments; The primary moment, fp, due tothe presresing force, Batany locaton alonga member s defined as ‘the prestressng fore times ts eccentricity. My=Pe (exp 1iz1¢1) ‘The eccentrityof the force isthe distance between the resultant ofthe tendon force andthe centro of the member: For the example shown In FigI L210, ‘the moment atthe ight end of the first spans -My=1200(400-100)/1000=260 kN (265.3) 20m am ‘Tparasouc texoon | "RR 100 ne Orta {TTT 10 238 bre (b) BALANCED LOADING (kN, kNim) 11.2.18-1 Extonded Load Balancing 615) ‘rs0oue Tm | 99 : 00) Nal Fs * oo 603280 () PRIMARY MOMENTS (kN) 11.2.16-1 Modeting Through Primary Moments (rene) ‘The primary moment can be used as an applied loading ine ofthe balanced loading fr steuetural analysis. This modeling technique s more common: Iy used by bridge designers than building designers thas the advantage of impliily accounting for now prismati sections a condition which is common In bridge construction, An added advantage is that by considering the primary moment at each section tobe the daly adjusted force at that section ties the teccentilty atthe section, prestress losses along the tendon canbe incided, Note that this options ad- ‘opted the axa component ofthe presress lading rust be represented In its variable orm to maintain, ‘equlibrum a frees. ‘The primary moment, whether or nats adjusted for prestess loses depends only onthe force In the Endo, the tendon praia the erose sectional geometry of members ndependent ofthe un SePind btn of member apport nthe suppor conditions In practice, the primary moment diagram is dis: ‘lized into a mimber of steps as lustrated sche matically in Fig 112.102. Each discrete moment ‘shown n part (6) ofthe igure sequal tothe change inthe value of moment between two adjacent steps In the primary moment diagram. Note that the ‘hange of moment die to te shiftin the centroid xis (Ms automatically accounted for. Forthe example shown ns % {b) APPLICATION OF PRIMARY MOMENTS. ‘AS APPLIED LOADING 11.2162 Diseretraton and Application of Primary Moments 612) lent Force through Diseretization of inthis modeling scheme, the tendon force isdiseretized slong length to achieve the follow Ing improvements in accuracy: | The method accounts for the variation of free along the tendon length caused by the friction fad Seating the tendon at stressing, ‘© The method accounts for losses in prestressing ‘ue to creep and shritkage using an approx! rate procedure Consider a span of a continuous member and its prestressing a shown In Fig 11.2.1D-1, The tendon Fength idealized asa series of straight line seg sens aly 20 segments per spn 112.10 2 shows & portion of te diseretized tendon. The 3e- tual distribution of prestressing free is the smooth furve marked “stun” in part (B) ofthe figure. For ‘tendon Wealzed as a series of straight segments thor ea gradual ses loss alongeach segment due tovwobble fiction. The component of ition due > ‘curvature (angle change), owever, i concentrated St the intersection ofthe segments (marked as node {ed ence the force distbution would be rep Fesented by a series ofslping lines with steps a the ‘isretiztion points as shown in par (b) The Force tistribution ean be farther simplified by considering the force im each tendon segment tobe equa tothe force atthe mid-point ofthe sepments as shown in par (016 Fora representative tendon node, the tendon forces ofthe adjacent segments are Fand Fy as shown in Fig. 11.2.10-3. The two segment forees can he re solved into equivalent forces Fy. and, parallel and perpendicular to the centroidal ans of the hosting ‘ember: These cwo force components canbe trans ferredto the centroid ofthesection withthe addition ofa moment, M, equi to Fe, where es the eccen: teicity ofthe tendon at tendon node i Fig. 11.2. 4 illustrates a seres of equivalent tendon actions placed a the member centroid using this method This scheme, when coupled with an erative solu- ton strategy which involves the coupling af the ten tion force and its equivalent losding results in an analysis in which immediate prestrens losses ca be "Hgotously accounted for and long term lasses ean be approximated At each iteration the prestress losses are computed onthe basis. of the eurentprestess ing free The curren forces then used o compute ‘he equivalent forces, which wl in tara, change the fongterm losses. The iteration is continued until ‘convergence is achieved 11.2.2 Modeling of Tendon as a Load Resisting Element Unlike the modeling schemes deseribed inthe previ- ‘ous sections, in this scheme the tendon Is modeled as load-resistng element the tendon isnot consi ‘ered as removed frm the concrete member. thet, (@) ACTUAL GEOMETRY PBST Tact Tee ory (©) IDEALIZED TENDON FIGURE 11.2.10-1 Tendon Presentation by Diseretzation (p39) Post-Tensioned Buldings aa (a) IDEALIZED TENDON PROFILE (b) DISCRETIZED TENDON FORCE (c) TENDON SEGMENT FORCES FIGURE 11.2.10-2 dealzation of Tendon Force teeta) ie \ Fy FIGURE 11.2.10-3 Resolution of Tendon Actions at Disretization Points (P62), ACTIONS ar CeNTROID ‘Tenoow wove ‘CENTROIDAL AXIS ae aie uppession oF REMOVED TENDON FIGURE 11.2.10-4 Equivalent Tendon Actions at Centroidat Aves (#21), ‘Structural Modeling of Post-Tensioned Tendons. the tendon is modeled asa distinct element linked to the concrete member. One other characteristic ofthis approach s that the allowance for longerm Stow loss becomes an implicit feature of the com Dtations Separate stres Toss computations are not Fequied Fig, 12.241, shows a partial elevation ofa postten stoned member The figure is used to ilustrate the ‘modeling For simplicity, only one prestessing ten dons shown, Before describing the diserote tendon ‘modeling option however, the equivalent load ten don modeling is reviewed arts (b), (and (€ oftheigue illustrat the repre sentation ofa tendon by means of equvalet loading [Note thatthe tendon is considered removed from housing, Te inital forces imparted by the tendon to the segment are transferred to the centroid of the segment (part d). These forces are considered faz. constant applied loading whichis not afeted by creep, shrinkage, norte deformation of the se sent. Longe term los effets are accounted for at Inter stage In contrast. inthe discrete tendon modeling scheme, (©) TENQQH AS EXTERNAL (€TENOON RETA FIGURE 11.22-1 Discrete Tendon Modeling and ‘Equlvalent Load Modeling Options (022) rapou muss Hae" “f f= 7% ae * 3° NODE (a) TENDON ELEMENT GEOMETRY (©) TENDON ELEMENT DEGREES OF FREEDOM FIGURE 11.22-2 Prestressing Tendon Segment dealezation P20) FIGURE 11.22-3 Representation of Segment ofa Prestessing Tendon through a FEM shell Element (03) the tendon is retained in position (Fig 1122-1 -c) ach tendon inthe segment is viewed sn indepen dent element, subject to displacement and change In stress based on the deformation of the segment ‘within whieh ts housed, or to which itis locked (ex- ternal tendons). Each tendon element is assumed to have an inital force whichis determined fom frie Alon Toss calsltions. Any subsequent deformation fof the eonerete segment, such as shown in (2), ll bbeaccompaniedby' compatible displacement of the tendon element, using the requirement of plane see: tions remaining plane (Fg, 1122-2) The displace8 ‘ment of the tendon ends at the faces of he hosting conerete segment resus ina change intexdon force. ‘Observe that in this modeling scheme there is an Implietinteraction between the deformation of the hosting concrete segment and the fore in tenon, lnnespective of the ause of the deformation. As 3 result its not necessary to calcalate the deforma ‘Sons du to creep and shrinkage separately inorder {fo modify the tendon force. Likewise, the change ia Drestessng orc de to relaxation is automaticaly secounted for inthe equim equation se up oF the analysis othe segment ‘This modeling schome isthe core of analysis software suchas ADAPPBUILDER" AB Thiemodeling scheme is applicable to both beam shell and plate problems suchas Hoor slabs and bedge decks where the con stitent elements ofthe slab ean be vewedas consist: Ingof concrete shall or stick elements withembedded prestressing tendon element (Fig 11.223) 111.2: Tendon Modeling Features and Comparison “Table 11.23-1 provides an overview ofthe features ofeach of the modeling schemes, Improvements in ‘computational techniques and computing power are now allowing the waditional, approximate, log term loss calculations to be repiaced by tehniques such a dserete tendon modeling which incu im plicit calculation of long-term losses, AlSough this Chapter has discussed discrete tendon modeling in conjunction with posttenstoned members, similar benefits are obtained when the techalgue s applied to pretensioned members, Post-Tensioned Bulldings era wom yp sowawar “oragama, (@)USE OF acruaL [USE OF TRANSFORMED ‘work ‘wore Ms A (USE oF acTuAL ig use oF TRANSFORMED FIGURE 11.23-1 Comparison Between Features of Classial and “Implicit Tendon Modeling” (26) As an example, when using disrete tendon mod: ling it no longer Becomes necessary to define a “cansformed with” inthe analysts of precist pre sressed girders provided with esti place topping (Pg. 1.2.3-1a and b). Or iis no longer necestary to represent embedded reinforcement a¢ 3 trans formed equivalent concrete area (parts © and 4) since in the analysis, the reinforcement is retained within tshost concrete member. 1124 bxample TABLE 123-1 Tedon Madling Shoes and etre 7) Tendonmeasing | see) | saan | anerat | awe | tong | tedon | member Tied"™ | menor “mote | tng | ‘awe’ | SOME | acy | atten Sree SSE | sae | te niet “es | aaa a = ea err Eateind eae Bc |e] Yar sa Pan ne me est eh —] Di |e | He] Fea} Wa} aa | ns tems ce | Snes cea wipe | Fee] te | aed] side hat oe ine Deere nas —|- ep vee [ver Yer | Ya] ig | Yar ‘dealation fore cenent_| TSewaloticom ‘Structural Modeling of Post-Tensioned Tendons “This example is intended to illustrate the applic tion of discrete modeling of tendons to the post-ten ‘Soned member iistrated in Fig, 11.2142 concrete strength somPa Concrete longterm mode ‘ACL 209-78 Ukimate eeep coetetent 25 19 Tendon area (10 strands) 988 mm2 CGoefilent of angular fiction 025 radian Coefiient of wabblefeton 1.000066 fen Jacking force (eftend) 14701e Applied sustained Toading: r2kN/m sing a aserete tendon modeling software [ADAPT- UUkimate shrinkage cctficent 0.000400 ABI. a solution for the deformation and stresses . ater 20 years was obtained, Each span was mod- at +750 ewoou 0 ff Sa" x0 20 04.0 (2) POST-TENSIONING MOMENTS 5 3 ° i i (b) HYPERSTATIC MOMENTS, i 3 e = ue ‘37.0 ar SAN : (- MOMENTS DUE TO LONG-TERMLOSS: (b) STRESS ALONG BEAM @ FIGURE 11.24-2PosTensining Actions and FIGURE 11.2:4-1 Structure and Stress Loss ‘Losses UsingDiscrete Tendon Modeling in Tendon After 20 Years (27) {ate ak) (02) ‘TABLE 1124-11 Tendon Model Schemes nd estes (177) Tendon al Pon | Staion | Lseat | atoms | tone | tendon | tonter ‘Shene |main| iodo" | seeming | ‘nore | tenn | nosing | detrmaien eae Toute | yeoman | ee inde a a wef P| ae ni on a ‘ane comes Toa ‘adage “Be Re] ee ae [mse on coed vee a aa Ye] Ye] eet] Fer . | element Bonded Tendon weep com11-10 led a5 10 sogments. The posttensioning moments hyperstatic moments and the moments due to creep and shrinkage of the beam are shown in Fig 11-2: 2:T changein post-tensioning moment inthe second Span duet creep and shrinkage san increase fom, 514.20 564.00 Nm. The hyperstatiemament aver the interior support (162 kNm) Is about 30% of the post-tensioning moment (564 kim), ‘The drop in tendon force after twenty years relative to the jacking forces lastrated in Fig. 11224416. 11.3 REFERENCES alam, B, 0. (2000),Strucural Modeling of Pose Tensioned Mombers” American Society of Cl Eng neers Structural Journal, February, pp. 157-162 Post-Tensioned Buildings ‘alam, B.0.(1990) “Load Batancing—A Comprehen: sive Solution to Pose Tensioning” AC Structural Jour nal 1B7 No.6, Nov/Dec, pp. 862570. Ketchum, M.A, Seordels, A.C, (1986), “Redstrbn tion of Stresses in Segmentally Erected Prestresed Concrete Bridges” University of California, Berkley, Report No. UCB,/SESM.86-07 Li, (1963), "Load-Bolancing Method for Design and Analysis of Prestressed Concrete Sructres” ACL Journal Proceedings, une. 60, No.6 Sconieis A €.(1984), “Computer Medes fr Nonlin fear Analysis of Reinforced and Prestreseed Concrete Structures” PCL Journal V. 29 No.6, November: Det pp. 116-135, CHAPTER 12 SECTION DESIGN FOR BENDING Bangkok Government Center Post Tensioned with Flat Duct Bonded Tendons (ours 8 90) 12.1 BENDING DESIGN OVERVIEW “The last, but a crcl stage indesign ofa postten SHoned member is to determine whether the aval able post-tensioning provides adequate capacity to reset the design moment at uimate limit state (1S).Anafitdaes not hove mach non-prestessed Steel should be added 0 the section to met the de- ‘mand. In addition, che section must be checked to have adequate ductility fora pronounced post-elas tledeformation. nthe general ive atypeal design section ofa floor systems subject osx eomponents fof actions, namely thee frees and three moments Ss coulined In Section 49.5 Ac akimate limit tate {ULS), however, the design for “bending” accounts forthe combined effect ofthe moment sbout ah axis parallel tothe plane ofthe slab and the axial force fon the section. The foregoing moment and the axial force are handled together, separate from shear and ‘other actions. Further, for floor system desig, itis ‘assumed thal the displacement ofthe section s nor ‘mal tothe axis nfthe moment ~ normal wo the plane tf slab Since “design Sections” in Noor systems are fenerally contained by adjoining part ofthe floor, the assumption of displacement normal tthe axis of ‘moment i justified. Tere sul be no "unsymmet cal bending There 4s a fundamental difference in approach for strength design between conventionally rein forced and postensioned members, In practice, Post Tensioned Buildings the strength design of a member follows its satis factory desig for in-service condition (S15), when the location and amount of prestressing i decided Other requirements of SLS, such as eck contol, or minimum reinforcement can result adition of nom-prestressed reinforcement to pos tensioning tendons, Figure 121-18 illustrates a pos-tensioned member with continuous tendon, aleng with the Positive and negative design moment capacity that the tendon provides. Parte) a he figure Hustrates the additional capacity that willbe salable from non- prestressed top reinforcement that may be re ‘quired to complete the serviceability requlrements ‘When designing according to ACL 318, due to srct- er requirements on crack control for 80-8 595. ems, the posttensioning required for service cor dition, generally provides adequate capacity forthe strength requirements of the same member Most, ro added non-prestessed steel wil be required at ULS Consequently the process starts by fst ding the design capacity ofa section. And, the capacity isnot adequate, compute the amount o"supplemen: al non-prestressd reinforcement. ‘This Section reviews the procedures for expacty check, and design of sections under the combined Actions of bending and axa forces. Following brief introduction of the bases forthe enenl procedure, the Chapter details the ACI 31B and EC? recommen dations for design of sections in bending. Each code based procedure followed by anumeical eample |122 Figure 12.1-1a Is a member post-tensioned with 2 continuous tendon. The tendon provides a base ‘moment capacity as shown in part (b) of he figure ‘Where added relnforcement over the supports, and possibly bottom rebar inthe eld are required to meet the serviceability requirements, the base ci Paty ofthe member will be enhanced as shown in parte) forthe condition of added op reba ‘Another aspect of design in practice i thatthe de LPT __- mina REBAR (2) POST-TENSIONED (c) MOMENT CAPACITY OF PT AND MINIMUM TOP REBAR FIGURE 121-1 Base Moment Capacity ofa Post- “Tensioned Member (218) sign sections are not always rectangular o in shape ofa simple reitorced with only ene layer of pre sessing tendons and anather layer of rebar In the general ase the geometry ofa design section can be non-standard du to steps na floor or other ire lantes Further for design sections that extend over the entie design stip there are generally multiple tendons crossing the section at diferent locations and atiffeent anges. Similary the nonprestrested Steal is likely tobe mult-layered and not neces ‘iy normal to the seetion. Tis i paticulary tre, where the design engineer specifies # mesh a8 base Feinforcement throughout floor sytem, and wishes to account for the avallabilty af the base reinforce: Post-Tensioned Buildings ment in the strength design of the section fefollows that fr practical design ofa floor system, the section desig for strength shouldbe general and capable to account forthe complexity in geometry and layout of Feinforcement This fs particulary true, where sot Ware is used to process the design automatically. In such a case, the ideaizations or simplifeations that ae generally followed in hand caleuations are ot avilable 12.2 DESIGN BASED ON STRAIN COMPATH my The basic promise of strength design of a section subject Bending and axial londisthat the deforma tion follows the premise of “plane sections remain plane” In addition, when dealing with design sec: tions cut from the continuum af a Mor system, itis assumed thatthe section undergoes uniasal bend ingand deflects normal to the slab surface, rrespec tive of whether the section andor reinforcement issymmetrical about an axis normal ta the sla sut= face or not. The argument is supported by the fact that, when in place, each design section i bound by ‘the constraint agains lateral displacement and ota tion by the adjoining parts of the constriction, The strain compatiblity and setion design concept are outlined by way of an example ofa simple ret Angle described net: Figure 12.21 shows the geometry, strain and force distribution for a rectangular section reinforced ‘with prestressing and non-prestressed steel. Ty T, and G, represent forees from prestressing, on prestressed steel, compression steel and compres ‘Sion of concrete respectively. At strength Kimi state, ‘those forces combine to provide the design capacity ofthe section. The combined effects ofthe forces fl low the relationships given below ce oN (@sp 122-1) Where, = Total compression onthe section: ‘T= otal tension on the section: and = externally applied axa force. ‘The force in each component ofthe section is based ‘nits computed strain from the linea istrbution of strain onthe section, and component's strese-train ‘elationship Figure 122-2 shows the simplified ver- sions of the stress-strain relationships commonly Section Design for Bending (e)Goonery Fes (Stans : ow fl \ A cad a (4) Concrot sain at height of proseessing FIGURE 12.2-1 Forces and Strains assumed, A number of commercially avallable soft ‘rare alow for strain hardening inthe stress-stain Felationship of the steel. The stress-strain rolation- $hip shown ia par) ofthe igre appllesto bonded tendons Unbonded tendons do not follow the local Strain in concrete at ultimate state ofa section, the force developed ih an usbonded tendon is based on empirical values, or relationships recoramended in the building code use, This is further discussed in Section 1233 ‘Wherea base reinforcementor tendon snot normal to ‘hesecton,tsforceeomponentnormalto the section's onsdered in the precoding equrium relationships. When calculating the capacity based on bulking code requirements, ditional conditions are im- posed, ‘The general procedure followed is: (i) as- j Pin % (e)Concte (0) Rebar (c)Prestessing Material Stess-Strain Relationships FIGURE 12.2-2 Material Stress Strain Relationship, 23 sume a strain distribution over the section: (i) Caleulate the associated stresses in each ofthe con- Stituent parts (i) calculate the foree contribution ‘ofeach component i) check the outcome agalnst the two equilibrium equations If the equations are not satise, the strain distribution fs adjusted for 3 new til In the process, the assumed distribution of ‘ruin at each eration i checked tobe les than the ‘maximum values permitted inthe respective code, ‘ACL S10 ses the maximum conerete strain incom pression a¢ 0003, £C2 recommends 00035 for the Same stain, Further each code reduces the force ‘alues calculated foreach component by a certain fraction deemed to account forthe uncertainties in ‘material properties andthe reliability of computa Sonal process. In adition to the limitations noted inthe foregoing. the codes impose another restriction in design o en- Sure that at liste limit state, the faire sil be {uctile The ductity of section deemed adequate, ifiureis ntated by yielding of reinforcement pri ‘orto collapse. This is achieved by the restriction on the maximum compressive stain in conrete (Ey) And the maximum allowable depth of compression 200 (Gp) This shown in Fig 122-3 or ACL code y — f Se erect 520305 Lint Maximum Depth Cangreson Zane FIGURE 122-3, In regards tothe maximum depth of neutral axl, the codex coveredherein have thefollowing suggestions ‘A, ACI 318 Duetility Requirement: ACI 319 sets ‘he maximum depth of compresion zone at 0.3754, ‘where dts the distance from extrome compression fiber to the farthest reinforcement inthe section. ‘The restriction ean be relaxed, the strength reduce T RCTS Seton R322124 tion factor (2) is reduced. The strength reduction factors a coefficient that controls the safety factor ‘ofa design For the condition under discussion the following governs (xp 12204) design moment capacity, hominal capacity obtained from the linear strain distribution; and ® = strength reduction factor, recommended as 0.90 for bending but adjustable based on Fig 122A1 ACI permits exceding na by lowering the strength reduction factor @ as shown in Fig, 122A 1, hus et bling @ continuous transition in design from pare bending to pure axial loads. However, this provision does not pertain to design of slabs in common bull ing structure, since the floor slabs are primarily acted upon In bending JE i ' FIGURE 1224-1 '. EC2 Duetilty Requirements: The maximum allowable value for the depth of compression zone (} is determined based on conerete strength of the section f+ [fa] Code provides two values based on Stressstraln diagram used whether parabola rec angle or btinear For parabola rectangle sres-srain dagram © Forfey = 50MPa (7252 ps, =043h © Forfig> S0MPa (7252 psi, = (sfaf faadh (xp 1228-0) (exp 12282) 2 ECXEN 193-11 20040), Secon 6. Forbilinear stress diagram © Forfa £50MPa (7252 ps), x=-0Sh (emp 1228-3) 4 Forfeg> 5OMPa (7252 ps #=(Faf fall (exp 1228-4) The values of és fea and fg are according to Table 31 of Bc © Design Conditions Accounting for Duct: Since in prestressed members, thre exists a ven amount of prestessing, and possibly additonal not Dresirssed reinforcement in regards to complence withthe ducttty requirements, si design conions asoullned in Fg. 1222C-1 rie, Depending onthe de slgncondition.none,tenion, compression orbath te ‘sion and compression reinforcement may be reged Prssre To Has (1) Prestessing ee (8) Prestessing adequale—flustension and toni rebar ‘ohar———notadequate rete “i alll zeal (4) Overeinrced, (5) Prestessing (6 Presessing esanbaseson and ad Compression compression compression rebar zone rebar not adequate FIGURE 12.2C-1 Design Conditions ‘The conditions are outlined below bref, Condition 1: This is the case where the capacty provide by the avalabe prestressing is in excess of that required to resist the design moment. Fur ther the associated depth of the neural ais floss than the allowable limit ( Cy andthe capacity based fn the compression 2one with 52 at coy is ot a> faate to provide adequate resistance, compression Febar i added. The design capacity is based on the ‘Combined contribution of the force provided by con trate in the compression zone and the added ren forcement placed inthe compression zone, using the dlstanceto the tendons’ centroid astever arm forthe ‘compression rebat Note that fr tis condition, the tesquilitiriam in the format stated in Secuon 122 for the resisting and demand moments will neither be ‘tisted nor iit necessary to complete the design Condition 6: In this case, the demand moment isin excess ofthe resistance that canbe provided by a Sumning the manu allowable depth of the com pression zone and the maximum compression rebar hat wll bein equilibrium with the tens fore pro vided by posttensioning, The overage of demand ‘roment will then be resisted by a couple that willbe {generated through addition of both tension and com pression rebar. The location of added rebar along {with the maximum depth of compression zone wil boused to determine the force in the components of ‘the shortfall couple D. strains in PostTensioned Tendons and Strain Compatibility: Using a linear distribution of stain lover design section, the stain in each of the sec- ‘on's relafrcement is defined by the ordinate ofthe ‘train diagram assolated with the position a there Inforcement For example, in ig, 1220-1 the stain 5s forthe non-presressed reinforcement A, The ‘Same is not true for prestressed steel, be It re- oF posttensioned. In adaition tothe stain shown by the diagram in Fig, 1220-1, there are strain com wy V i > ee saree, sean abe FIGURE 1220-1 Distribution of Sai a imate imi State126 ponent fom prestresing The following describes the parts that contribute to the total strain in pre resting steel and how to determine then Iti im porcantt note that pre-tensioned stel and grouted tendons are somevehat similar, since they bond ¢o ‘concrete that contains them Once the bond i esta lished, there is compatibility of stain between the Drestessng ste! and the conerete that encases it Unbonded tendons, on the other hand, donot flow the strain compatibility associated with grovtd ten dons. Their strain at ULS fs based on experimetal data using empirial relationships gven in respect tive building codes. The following explains the strain 2° ULS for grouted tendons ‘Refer to Fig, 1220-1, The strain in prestresing ten ddonsis given by (Exp 1220-1) Wher, ye = strain in prestressing soe a strength init Stat, thats when section develops 01% inal moment capacity, strain in prestressingstel due to effective tess in tendon ate al losses have taken place (ero dead and lve lad assumption) Sain in concrete aleve of prestresting steel centroid when section develops its ‘ominal strength: and a= concrete strat at level of tendon centro ater alltendon losses have taken place and ho loa on the structure. This stra also Feforred tas decompression strain ‘The determination of the location ofthe neutral axis “€ forthe general case~where the section has mul- tiple layers of reinforcement is done by tial and error using the following procedure, |. Assume concrete strain atthe compression fiber tobe the ode specified value of 0.003 or 0.0035; pending onthe code used; | Selecta tal vae forte depth of the neutral 1, Using the value fe construc linear distribu tion of strain through the depth ofthe section passing through the previous two points; Iu sing the assumed sain dstbution, determine thestress of each rebar or the prestressing sce using the procedure described below ‘% caleulate the fore in te compression zone and the tensile reinforcement Post sioned Buildings apply the material factor teach ofthe calculated forcesif so requized by the respective bulding code; and vik. check the equilibrium of section (T=). the equilibrium ot stsiesk modify’e and repeat {he above steps unt the correct vale of" Is determined ‘The following numerical example helps to explain the significance of each strain component. AMPLE 1: ACI318-Strain Compatibility Design ample for Bending Prsar7 2 2 lop jt e FIGUREEXI-1. Geometry of Section ‘sing strain compatibility determine the moment Aesign capacity (tf) ofthe section shown: biven Geometry: Depth (0) =27 in (696 mmm) ster wth (2) = 13 in (330 on) Distance to tendon (4,)= 22 in (586 mm) Distance to rebar (4, Concrete f= 4000 psi (2758 MPa) Grouted system fyr= 270 ksi (1860 MPa) ££, = 28000 ks (193,050 MPa) Hectve stress, fj 175 ksietective stress afterall losses) (1,206 MP) Fear {f= 60 st (413.69 MPa) 4 29000 ksi (199,945 mPa) Te 6;Ag= 044 in! (284 mm?) Sirongth rection factor ® = 0.90 ‘Section Design for Bending prss7e pres ar FIGURE EX1-2 Distribution of tran at Strength Lit tate Required Design moment capacity OM, 1 ~Determine the depth of neutral axis Using tal and error the depth of neutral axis“ ‘hat satisfies the equilibrium of frees (T=c) Isdetor ‘mine o bein (102 mm) Te distribution of strain ‘over the section, based on maximum canerete strain (0.003) and 4 in (102 mm) depth of te neuteal axis Ss shown in Fg. BX1-2 2 Determine the strains 2.1 Rebar (20/4) x 0003 = 0.015 > 5/6) = 60/29000 = 0207 Hence rebar yields 22 Prestrssing 705s area of cross section; fecentrily of tendon with respect to the cen leoidof gross cross section; and moment of ietia of section Aaa 27 = 351 in? (226451 me?) 000 en FIGURE EX2-1. Geometry of Section (18/4)x0.003~ 00135 100625 + 0.0135 + 0000139 = 0.0199 I= sux B= 0.0199 28000 > 270i se 270k (1860 MPa) 3 Determine the forces = fe = 085 x4» 34 in (96 mM) 2085 4% 133.4 = 150.28 k (66848 KN) 0.4460 » 264 (11743 kN) 0.153 x270 = 12393 k(SS1.27 kN) 4-Check equilibrium =.= 150.28 (668.48 1N) T= Te T= 264 + 12393 = 150.33 k (66870 KN) c=T OK '5~Caleulate design capacty c/de= 4/24 =01167 < 0.35, hence ® = 09 ‘Take moments about the centroid of compression bloc om, (49x [12893(22~3.4/2)+26.40(24-3.4/2)]= 279405 kein (315.68 KN) (OM, =279405/12 = 23284 ket (315.68 kN) EXAMPLE 2: EC? Strain Compatibility Design Ex- ample for Bending Using stain compatibility determine the design ca pacity (OM) ofthe secon shown using EC2": The ection represents one meter stip af a floor slab construction (Fig, EX2-1). Given: Geometry: Depth (4) = 280 mm (11) TREN 1901-2004, Secon 6128 Wide (6) = 1000 mm (39:37) Distance to tendon (,) = 242 mm (93 in) Distance to rebar (d= d,) = 249 mm (9.80 in) Distance to compression rebar (d)=33 mm (1.30 in) Concrete: Fe (28 day cylinder) = 30 MPa (4,351 ps) fos (concrete design stess)= 30/15 = 20 MPa @901psi) Modulus of east £,= 32835 MPa (4,762 ksi) Prestressng 3 13mmstrand; Ay: routed system v= 1.860 MP (270 ksi) y= 200,000 MPa (29,008 ks) fective stress, fg = 1,200 MPa (174 ksi (after all losses) Material fetor, Yq = 1.15 Rebar fy =460 MPa (66.72 ks) = 200,000 MPa (29,008 si) A (bottom) = 412 mm bars = 4x 113 = 452 mm? (070182) 98 = 294 mm? (0.46 in) A(t) «201 = 42 mi? (0.62 in) Ya= 115 Requiee ‘Moment capacty M, Prsseo 005 86.58 mn Jj | os slnen : 244mm — PIGURE X22 Distribution of Strain at Strength Limit tate (ULS) Using the procedure described earlier, the depth of the neutral ais “that satisies the equilibrium of forces (T= €)is determine tbe 3656 mm (1.4 in), ‘The distribution of strain over the section based on maximum conerete strain (0.0035) and 3656 mm Post-Tensioned & ings depth ofthe neutral axis shown in Fig, EX2-2 2- Check ehar stresses 5 (ee omss-0 P2658) oops.000 = M8 - 0.0023 200000 Hence, rebar yield = (2 x00 408 x10" i ence compression rebar does not yield Js 3.408 E-4 200000 = 68.16 MPa (989 ksi) 3- Check prestressing values '200/200000 » 0.006 wry A= gross area of cross section; eccentricity of tendon with respect to the com: trod of grass crss-setion; and 1 =second moment of are of section, ‘A= 1000 x 280 = 280000 mi? (438 in?) 1 1000 x 2802/12 = 18.2932 + 08 mm? (2.835 x.10°int) fe 12087 trod 6538 ¢Cauraa cso mn re seta glist ans ; (sais) 25 (22285) oonssooin 10060 + 00197 + 0.0000998 = 0.026 4 * fx Bg = 0026 x 200000 = 5200 MPa > 09 1960 MP; Section Design for Bending use 1,674 MPa (242800 ksi) 4 Determine force values {a= 080 x3656 = 2925 mm (115 in) C= (1x 20 x 2925 x 1000)/1000, 3150K) Gy [402 x (68.16/1.15))/1000 1, = (452 x (460/1.19)/1000 180.80 kN (4065 k) Tyo= [3 98 (1674/1.15)}/1000= 427.96 EN (62119) 84.96 XN 383 kN (5.36 4) 5~ Check equilibrium C=. +,= 58496 +2383 = 60879 kN (136.86) T= Ty4 Typ = 10080 + 42796 = 608.76 4N (236861) cer OK 6 Caleulate design apacty o/h = 3656/280 = 0.130 <043 Take moments abou the centroid of compression rebar My= [427.96 (242-29) + 18030 (249-33) + 584.96 (33.2925/2)) -My= 139.25 kNm (102.70 ef) 122 BENDING DESIGN BASED ON SIMPLIFIED CODE FORMULAS For recangular and sections with simple arrange ‘ment of reinforcement, pre-tensioned, or past-tn ‘loned with either donded or unbonded tendons (Fig 123-1),majorbulldingcodes suggest implied formulas to calculate the design capacty in bending ‘The simpifeation presented inthe code applies to the determination of stress in prestressing see at ultimate limit state. The tress non prestressed re Inforcement and in amerete as wel as distribution ‘of linea strata over the section, maximum concrete “rain (£,) and the maximum depth of compression ‘one (Gyr) a the sume as discussed i the preced- ing forthe ase of strain compatibility. 12.3.1 ACL318 Simplified Bending Design ‘Asan alternative to more accurate determination TRAIT Sestin 187 Ha ia FIGURE 12.3-1 Geometry and Reinforcement of stress in prestressngstel at ultimate limit state Ga) based on strain compatibility, the following Approximate values for shall be permitted to be ‘used the effective stress in presressingstel (3) Isnotless than O5 fy (where isthe specified ten- silestrength of prestresing ste). ‘A mumerical example forthe application of the ACL 5318 simplified relationship is given in Chapter 6. |A-ForMembers with Bonded (Grouted) Tendons: (Exp 1231441; Sand st) I any compression reinforcement is taken into ac- count wher calculating fy the erm in square brack- ft [] shall not be taken ess than 0.17 ané the dis- fance from the extreme compression fiber tothe centold of compression reinforcement shall not be freater than 0.154, 2-For Members with Unbonded Tendons: {0 or spanrto-doph rato of 25 ores. a ‘ = f.210,000% F< (yp 123.1841 Us) Sut he ogee ) Inthe above relaonshin shallot be greter than Io 207 se * 60,000), {Rt ystem of unt the associated relationships a f4704 Jan hot Wags ‘here shall ate pester han fo OF re + 420). {i Formenbers reinforced with unboed tendons nd span-to-depth rao greater than 35 (xp 123:18-25)1240 sm = f,,+10,000+ Sam he 0p, Where, shall neither be taken greater tha fy nor areater than fp # 30,000) Tn St systam of units the associated el +704 Le Ian Sut Mase Wheres shall ne taken geste than fy nO sreater than + 210) lonshipis (Exp 123.1848) 123.2 C2 Simplified Bending Design Im addition to imitations on x that are repeated be Tow the following approximations are suggested, Re fer to Figure 1232-1 For parabola-rectangle stress-strain diagram 2" fare satmrs ase po) woah 3 tarfa ssonazasebeh, ro(lnea/eus)h Forbliner sess lara 2 ferme T2S2 ps), =O 3 fare Ssouna(ras2 a r-(I-65/e,3)h ‘The strain parameters ¢are as defined in Section 3.1.3 of C2 For 26-day concrete cylinder strength between 12 and 50 MPa the following values may be used forfasSOMPa——(Exp12324) A= 08-(/,, ~50)/400 for $0

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