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Lecture 16

This lecture discusses MIMO beamforming for diversity, the tradeoff between diversity and multiplexing in MIMO systems, and techniques for combating intersymbol interference (ISI) such as multicarrier modulation (MCM). MCM divides the channel into multiple narrowband flat-fading subchannels to mitigate ISI. While fading varies across subcarriers, its effects can be reduced through coding or adaptive loading of power and rate.

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Hussain Naushad
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54 views

Lecture 16

This lecture discusses MIMO beamforming for diversity, the tradeoff between diversity and multiplexing in MIMO systems, and techniques for combating intersymbol interference (ISI) such as multicarrier modulation (MCM). MCM divides the channel into multiple narrowband flat-fading subchannels to mitigate ISI. While fading varies across subcarriers, its effects can be reduced through coding or adaptive loading of power and rate.

Uploaded by

Hussain Naushad
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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EE359 – Lecture 16 Outline

 Announcements
 HW 7 due Friday 5pm
 Bonus lecture 11/30, 5:15 with pizza (send topics)
 MIMO Beamforming (Diversity)
 MIMO Diversity/Multiplexing Tradeoffs
 Introduction to ISI Countermeasures
 Multicarrier Modulation
 Overlapping Substreams
 Fading Across Subcarriers
Review of Last Lecture

 MIMO Systems

 With perfect channel estimates at TX and RX,


decomposes into r independent channels
 r-fold capacity increase over SISO system
 Demodulation complexity reduction
 Can also use antennas for diversity (beamforming)
 Leads to capacity versus diversity tradeoff in MIMO
Beamforming
 Scalar codes with transmit precoding
v1 x1 u1
v2 u2
x x2 y
vM t xM t uM r

y=uHHvx+uHn
• Transforms system into a SISO system with diversity.
•Array and diversity gain
•Greatly simplifies encoding and decoding.
•Channel indicates the best direction to beamform
•Need “sufficient” knowledge for optimality of beamforming
• Precoding transmits more than 1 and less than RH streams
•Transmits along some number of dominant singular values
Optimality of Beamforming

Mean Information Covariance Information


Diversity vs. Multiplexing
 Use antennas for multiplexing or diversity

Error Prone Low Pe

 Diversity/Multiplexing tradeoffs (Zheng/Tse)


log Pe ( SNR)
lim  d
SNR  log SNR
R(SNR)
lim r
SNR  log SNR

d (r)  (M t  r)(M r  r)
*
How should antennas be used?
 Use antennas for multiplexing:

High-Rate ST Code
Quantizer High Rate Decoder

Error Prone
 Use antennas for diversity

Low-Rate ST Code
Quantizer High Decoder
Diversity

Low Pe
Depends on end-to-end metric: Solve by optimizing app. metric
MIMO System Design Issues
 Low Complexity Receivers
 ML receivers exponentially complex # of
streams and constellation size
 Sphere decoding, only considers
possibilities within a sphere of received symbol.
 Space-time coding:
 Map symbols to both space and time via space-time block and
convolutional codes.
 For OFDM systems, codes are also mapped over
frequency tones.
 Adaptive techniques:
 MIMO systems adapt the use of transmit/receive antennas in
addition to adapting modulation and coding.
 Limited feedback: With limited capacity on the
feedback path, techniques rely on partial CSI
ISI Countermeasures
 Equalization
 Signal processing at receiver to eliminate ISI, must
balance ISI removal with noise enhancement
 Can be very complex at high data rates, and performs
poorly in fast-changing channels
 Not that common in state-of-the-art wireless systems

 Multicarrier Modulation
 Break data stream into lower-rate substreams
modulated onto narrowband flat-fading subchannels

 Spread spectrum
 Superimpose a fast (wideband) spreading sequence on
top of data sequence, allows resolution for combining
or attenuation of multipath components.
Multicarrier Modulation
R/N bps
R bps
QAM
Modulator
x
Serial
To
Parallel
cos(2f0t)

Converter
R/N bps QAM
Modulator x
cos(2fNt)

 Breaks data into N substreams


 Substream modulated onto separate carriers
 Substream bandwidth is B/N for B total bandwidth
 B/N<Bc implies flat fading on each subcarrier (no ISI)
Overlapping Substreams
 Can have completely separate subchannels
 Required passband bandwidth is B.
 OFDM overlaps substreams
 Substreams (symbol time TN) separated in RX
 Minimum substream separation is BN/(1+).
 Total required bandwidth is B/2 (for TN=1/BN)
B/N

f0 fN-1
Fading Across Subcarriers

 Leads to different BERS


 Compensation techniques
 Frequency equalization (noise enhancement)
 Precoding
 Coding across subcarriers
 Adaptive loading (power and rate)
Main Points
 Multiple antennas can also be used for diversity via
beamforming – this can be optimal
 MIMO introduces diversity/multiplexing tradeoff
 Many practical MIMO system design issues
 ISI can be mitigated through equalization,
multicarrier modulation (MCM) or spread spectrum
 Today, equalizers often too complex or can’t track channel.
 MCM splits channel into NB flat fading subchannels
 Fading across subcarriers degrades performance.
 Compensate through coding or adaptation

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