R.V.R & J.

C COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, CHOWDAVARAM, GUNTUR-19

Solutions for Experiments & Matching with PEOs and Pos.

Experiment No. 8 " Monostable multivibrator"

Aim of the experiment:-

To design a collector coupled monostable multivibrator using n-p-n transistor for the
following specifications and to note down the pulse width, the waveforms at base and collectors.

Equipments & Components Required:-

1. Regulated power supply (0-15V) 1 No.

2. CRO Dual trace 1 No.
3. Bread board 1 No.
4. Function generator 1 No.
5. Transistor (2N2369) 2 Nos.
6. Resistors and Capacitors (designed values)
7. Diodes (1N4001) 1 No.

Circuit Diagram:-

Fig-1
Procedure:-

1. Select two transistors of nearly equal values of hfe and note down their hfe values.
2. Design the circuit values for the given specifications as in fig-1.
3. Apply VCCP from the source and measure the stable state values with the multimeter.
Then one transistor must be ON and other must be OFF.
4. Apply trigger using signal generator.
5. Note the waveforms at bases & collectors as in fig-2.
6. Calculate the overshoot (δ) in the base 2 waveform.

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7. Calculate VBEP (sat) & VCEP (sat).

8. Note the practical pulse width.

Model Waveforms:-

Fig-2

Result:-

The monostable multivibrator is designed and its operation is verified by comparing the
theoretical pulse width with that of practical value.

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Experiment No. 1 " Voltage Shunt Feedback Amplifier "

Aim of the experiment:-

To study the frequency response of voltage shunt feedback amplifier and find out voltage
gain and bandwidth (with and without feedback).

Equipment & Components Required:-

1. DC Power Supply (0-15V) 1 No.
2. CRO dual trace 1 No.
3. Bread board 1 No.
4. Transistor BC 107 1 No.
5. Resistors:
2MΩ 1 No.
3.3 KΩ 1 No.
2.2 KΩ 1 No.
1 KΩ 1 No.
33 Ω 1 No.
6. Capacitors:
10 Mfd 3 No’s
47 Mfd 1 No.
7. Signal Generator 1 No.

Circuit diagram:-

Note: - Feedback resistance R’ = 3.3 KΩ

Fig.2
Procedure:-
1. Connect the circuit diagram as shown in fig-1 without feedback resistance (3.3 KΩ)
and capacitor.

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2. Apply 50mV of 10 KHz input sinusoidal signal from signal generator, measure the
output voltage and calculate mid band gain.
3. Now reduce the frequency to 100 MHz, adjust the input voltage to 50mV. Vary the
frequency from 100Ha to 1 MHz and keep the input voltage 50mV constant, and note
down the results in given table-1.
4. Connect the feedback resistance to the circuit and repeat steps 2 & 3.
5. Plot on semi-log graph of frequency Vs gain for with and without feedback as in fig2.
Calculate and compare gain and bandwidth.

Tabular form:- Vi = 50mV

Vo (without Gain in dB Vof (with Gain in dB
Sl.No Frequency
feedback) =20log(Vo/Vi) feedback) =20log(Vo/Vi)

Calculations:-
Without feedback:-
Mid band gain = Ao
Bandwidth = (f2-f1) Hz
With feedback:-
Mid band gain = Aof
Bandwidth = (f2’-f1’) Hz

Model graph:-

Result:-
The frequency response curve of voltage shunt feedback amplifier is drawn.
Mid band Voltage gain Av =
Bandwidth without feedback =
Bandwidth with feedback =

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Experiment No. 2 " RC Phase Shift Oscillator"

Aim of the experiment:-

To Design, construct and verify the functioning of RC phase shift Oscillator.

Apparatus:-

1. Transistor BC 107 1 No.

2. Resistors:
33K Ω 1 No.
5.6K Ω 1 No.
2.2K Ω 1 No.
1KΩ 1 No.
3.3K Ω 1 No.
680 Ω 1 No.
3. Capacitors: 0.1µF 3 No.
22 µF/25V 1 No.
4. DC Power Supply 1 No.
5. Bread board 1 No.
6. CRO 1 No.

Design:-

Given frequency, f = 1/(2ΠRC√(6+4k)

Where k = (Rc/R)
Let C = --------------
R = --------------
Then k = -------------
Rc = ----------------
Circuit diagram:-

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Procedure:-

1. Connect the circuit as shown in the figure above.

2. By using the CRO, observe the signal generated by the circuit.
3. Now find the frequency of that signal.
4. Compare the practical value with theoretical value.

Result:-

The functioning of RC phase shift oscillator is verified.

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Experiment No. 3 " Colpitt's Oscillator"

Aim of the experiment:-

To Design and study the Colpitt’s oscillator circuit and to find out the frequency of oscillations.

Equipment & Components Required:-

1. DC Power Supply (0-15V) 1 No.

2. CRO dual trace 1 No.
3. Bread board 1 No.
4. Transistor BC 107 1 No.
5. Resistors:
100KΩ 1 No.
2.2 KΩ 1 No.
22 KΩ 1 No.
1 KΩ 1 No.
6. Decade Inductance Box 1 No.
7. Capacitors 10mfd 2 No’s
8. Decade Capacitance Box (Design values) 2 No’s

Circuit diagram:-

Design:-

Frequency of Oscillations = f = 1/(2Π√LC) where C = C1.C2/(C1+C2)

Assume L = 0.1mH
Calculate “C” from given frequency
And take C1 = C2 = 2C

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Procedure:-

1. Design the values of L & C according to the given frequency.

2. Connect the circuit as shown in fig-1.
3. Note down the output waveform on graph sheet and measure the frequency as in
fig-2.
4. Compare the frequency of oscillations with theoretical value.

Model graph:-

Result:-
Output waveform are drawn and compared with theoretical value.

Theoretical Signal Frequency =

Practical Signal Frequency =

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Experiment No. 4 " Voltage Regulator Using IC 723"

Aim of the experiment:-

To design a high and low voltage regulator using IC 723.

Apparatus:-

1. IC UA 723 CN (General purpose regulator) 1 No.

2. DC Power Supply (0-30V) 1 No.
3. IC Bread board 1 No.
4. Resistors:
1 MΩ 1 No.
1.2 KΩ 1 No.
2.2 KΩ 2 No.’s
1 KΩ 2 No.’s
560 Ω 1 No.
5. Capacitors:
100 pF 1 No
0.1 pF 1 No.

6. DRB (load) 1 No.

7. Digital Multimeter 1 No.

Pin diagram of IC 723:-

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Circuit diagrams:-

Low voltage regulation circuit:-

Fig-1

High voltage regulation circuit:-

Fig-2

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Formulae Required:-

Low voltage regulation:-

Vo = (7.15 V) R2/ (R1+R2)

R3 = R1//R2

High voltage regulation:-

Vo = (7.15 V) (1+R1/R2)

R3 = R1xR2

Procedure:-

1. Design the resistance value for required regulation voltages.

2. Connect the circuit as in fig-1 for the designed values.
3. Vary unregulated i/p voltage between 12V and 15V and note down the output voltages in
table-1.
4. Fix the input voltage to 15V and vary the load (DRB) from 100 Ω to 1 KΩ and note
down the load voltages in table-2.
5. Replace DRB with a multimeter and note down the Vdc no load voltage.
6. For different values of load, calculate the percentage of regulation, where
% REGULATION = (VNL-VL/VL) x 100
7. Repeat the same above procedure for the circuit as shown in fig-2 (i.e.) for high voltage
regulation. Observe the variation in outputs at high input voltages (i.e.) 20 to 30V.

Tabular form:-

Table-1 (Line Regulation)

S.No. Input Voltage Output voltage

Table-2 (Load Regulation)

S.No. Load in ohms Load Voltage in Volts (VL) % Regulation

Result:-
Both the line and load regulations are observed.

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Experiment No. 5 " Linear Wave Shaping "

Aim of the experiment:-

To study the outputs of RC high pass and low pass circuits for square wave input.

Equipments & Components Required:-

1. Signal generator 1 No.

2. CRO Dual channel 1 No.
3. Bread Board 1 No.
4. Design values of capacitors and resistors 1 No.

Circuit Diagram:-

HIGH PASS RC CIRCUIT LOW PASS RC CIRCUIT

Fig-1 Fig-2

Design:-

Design the values of R and C for 3 cases

Case (i) τ < T Assume τ = T/10

(ii) τ = T
(iii) τ > T Assume τ =10T
Where τ is the time constant given by τ = RC and T = time constant for one cycle i.e. time
period of the square wave.
Choose T = 1m sec, C=0.1μF.

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Procedure:-

1. Design the value of resistance “R” by choosing the practical value of C to be 0.1μF in the
above 3 cases.
2. Connect the circuit as shown in fig.1 for high pass network.
3. Apply square wave input of 1 KHz frequency.
4. Note down the output waveforms as in fig-3 and draw it on a graph sheet.
5. Calculate the percentage tilt using the formula percentage % of tilt = T/2RC x 100 %
6. Repeat steps 2 to 5 for other two cases (ii) and (iii) for high pass circuit.
7. Repeat all the above steps for low pass network shown in fig.2.
8. Calculate the rise time using the formula tr = 2.2RC

Observations:-

High Pass circuit Low pass Circuit

Result:-

Linear wave shaping circuits (LPF &UPF) are designed and verified.

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Experiment No. 6 " Non Linear Waver Shaping – Clipping & Clamping Circuits "

Aim of the experiment:-

To design and study the output waveforms of clipping and clamping circuits.

Equipments & Components Required:-

1. Signal generator 1 No.

2. CRO Dual channel 1 No.
3. D.C power supply (0-15V) 1 No.
4. Diode OA79 1 No.
5. Bread Board 1 No.
6. Design values of capacitors and resistors 1 No.

(A) CLIPPING CIRCUITS:-

Circuit Diagrams:-

Fig-1(a) Fig-1(b)

Design:-

Measure forward resistance (Rf) and reverse resistance (Rr) of the selected diode R=√ Rf. Rr

Procedure:-

1. Design the value of R from the selected diode and choose VR = 2V.
2. Connect the circuit as shown in fig-1(a)
3. Apply sinusoidal wave of 10V p-p, 1KHZ frequency at the input terminal and note down
the output waveform.
4. Choose VR=0 volts and -2 volts and repeat step- (3).
5. Connect the circuit as shown in fig-1(b) with VR=2V and repeat steps (3) and (4).
6. Draw all the waveforms on graph sheet as in Fig-2.

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Model graphs(Clipping Circuits):-

V = 10 volts, Vr = diode cut in voltage.

Fig-2
A) CLAMPING CIRCUITS:-
Circuit Diagrams:-

Fig-3(a) Fig-3(b)

Design:-

1. Measure Rf and Rr of the given diode. Then R= Rf. Rr

2. Take R .C>>T or R .C =10T where T=1/f , input frequency f is given.
Procedure:-

1. Design R and C values from the given specifications.

2. Connect the circuit as shown in fig-3(a) with VR=2V.
3. Apply sinusoidal wave of 10V p-p, 1KHZ frequency at the input terminal and note down
the output waveform as in fig-4.
4. Choose VR=0 volts and -2 volts and repeat step- (3).
5. Connect the circuit as shown in fig-1(b) with VR=2V and repeat steps (3) and (4).
6. Draw all the waveforms on graph sheet as in Fig-4.

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Model graphs(Clamping Circuits) :-

Fig-4

Result:-

Input and Output waveforms are drawn.

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Experiment No. 7 " Astable Multivibrator "

Aim of the experiment:-

To design a collector coupled astable multivibrator using n-p-n transistor for the following
specifications given and to note down the pulse width, the waveforms at base and collectors.
Equipments & Components Required:-

1. DC Regulated power supply (0-30V) 1 No.

2. CRO Dual trace 1 No.
3. Bread board 1 No.
4. Function generator 1 No.
5. Transistor (2N2369) 2 Nos.
6. Resistors and Capacitors (designed values)
Design:-
For symmetrical astable multi T1=T2=T ; R1=R2=R & C1=C2=C
Assume RC1 = RC2 = RC (since collector current is same for two transistors)
Assume VBE (sat) = 0V; VCE (sat)=0V
Output swing = VCC-VCE (sat) =10V; VCC=10V; ICC (sat) =10mA
RC = (VCC-VCE (sat))/IC = (10-0)/1.0x10-3 = 1 K ohm; hfe =45
IBmin = IC (sat)/hfe (or) IB(actual) = 1.5 IBmin
R = (VCC-VBE (sat))/IB actual & T=1.38RC
(i.e.) C=T/1.38R =1/1.38fR

Circuit Diagram:-

Fig -1
Procedure:-

1. Select two transistors of nearly equal hfe values and note down.
2. Design the circuit for the given specifications.
3. Connect the circuit as per the designed values as in fig-1.
4. Apply VCC=10V from the dc supply.
5. Note down the waveforms at base1, base2, collector1 and collector2 as in fig-2.
6. Calculate the overshoot in the base waveforms and frequency practically.

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Model waveforms:-

Fig-2

Result:-

The output waveforms are drawn.

Frequency = Overshoot = δ =

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Experiment No. 9 " Schmitt Trigger Using BJT"

Aim of the experiment:-

To design a Schmitt Trigger Circuit using n-p-n transistor for the following specifications.
Equipments & Components Required:-

1. DC Regulated power supply (0-15V) 1 No.

2. CRO Dual trace 1 No.
3. Bread board 1 No.
4. Function generator 1 No.
5. Transistor (BC 107) 2 Nos.
6. Resistors and Capacitors (designed values)
Design:-

Specifications:-
V1 = UTP, VCC =10V, R1=R2=10Kohms
V2 = LTP, IC (sat) = 10mA, choose hfe
Assume Q1 OFF & Q2 ON
1) V1 = VBE1+VEN » VEN = V1-VBE1 (where VBE1 =0.7V)
2) RC2 = (VCC-(VCE (sat) +VEN))/IC (sat) (where VCE (sat) =0.2V)
3) VEN = (VCCxRe)/ (Re+RC2) Find out Re value.
4) IB2 = IC2/hfe
5) I3-I4 =IB2 =(VCC –(VBE1+BEN))/(RC1+R1) – (VEN+VBE2)/R2
Find out RC1 value.
6) Q1 ON and Q2 OFF.
V2 =IB1.RB+VBE1+VEN
Calculate RB value.

Circuit Diagram:-

Fig -1

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Procedure:-

1. Select two transistors of nearly equal hfe values and note down.
2. Design the circuit for the given specifications.
3. Connect the circuit as per the designed values as in fig-1.
4. Apply VCC=10V from the dc supply.
5. Apply Sine wave (10V pp) 1 KHz at the input terminals.
6. Observe the output on the CRO screen as in fig-2.
7. Note down the values of UTP & LTP from the output and compare with the given values.

Model waveforms:-

Result:-

Output waveforms are drawn.

UTP = LTP =

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Experiment No. 10 " UJT Relaxation Oscillator "

Aim of the experiment:-

Design a UJT Relaxation Oscillator to produce a sawtooth waveform of frequency

1 KHz.
Apparatus:-

1. UJT (2N2646) 1 No.

2. CRO Dual trace 1 No.
3. Bread board 1 No.
4. Power Supply 1 No.
5. Resistors 200Ω 1 No.
47Ω 1 No.
6. Capacitor 0.1µF 1 No.
Circuit Diagram:-

Procedure:-

1. Made the connections as per the circuit diagram.

2. Observe the waveform across capacitor and note the peak point, valley point of the
waveform.
3. Also note down V & V waveforms.
4. Measure the variable pot resistance.

Design:-
Assume
η = 0.7
C = 0.1µF
T = 1msec
F = 1 KHz
T = RC ln (1/ (1- η))
R =?

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Model waveforms:-

Result:-

UJT Relaxation oscillator is designed and the output waveforms for 1 KHz frequency are
plotted.

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