Periodic Signals:

1. For the following signals, (i) determine analytically which are periodic (if periodic, give the period)
and (ii) sketch the signals. (Scale your time axis so that a sufficient amount of the signal is being
plotted.).

a) x(t) = 4 cos(5πt)
b) x(t) = 4 cos(5πt-π/4)
c) x(t) = 4u(t) + 2sin(3t)
d) x(t) = u(t) - 1/2
e) x[n] = 4 cos(πn)
f) x[n] = 4cos(πn-2)
g) x[n] = 2sin(3n)
h) x[n] = u[n]+p4[n]

2. Determine if the following signals are periodic; if periodic, give the period.

a) x(t) = cos(4t) + 2sin(8t)

b) x(t) = 3cos(4t) + sin(πt)
c) x(t) = cos(3πt) + 2cos(4πt)

3. Give an expression for the signal:

-1
x(t)

-2

-3

-4

-5

-6
-2 -1 0 1 2 3 4
Time (sec)
4. 3

2.5

1.5
x(t)

0.5

-0.5

-1
-4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4
Time (sec)

a) Give an expression for x(t).

b) Plot dx/dt.

5. Are the following periodic? If so, give the period.

a) x(t) =4cos(3πt+π/4) + u(t)

b) x[n] = 4cos(0.5πn + π/4)
c) x(t) = 4cos(3πt+π/4) + 2cos(4πt)
d) x[n] = 12cos(20n)
e) x(t) = cos(2ω1t) + cos(3ω1t) where ω1 is a specific frequency
f) x(t) = 4cos(3πt+π/2) + 2cos(8πt+π/2)
g) x(t) = 2cos(3πt+π/2) + 4cos(10t-π/2)
h) x[n] = 10cos(2π(8)n)
i) x[n] = 10cos(8n)
3. Give an expression for x(t).

-1
x(t
-2
)
-3
T=2 sec
-4

-5

-6
-2 -1 0 1 2 3 4
Time

offset is -2
amplitude is 8/2 = 4
frequency is 2 π / 2 = πrad / sec
shift is 0.35 sec to the left

x(t) = -2 + 4cos(π(t+0.35)) = -2 + 4cos(πt+0.35π)

System Response:

1. Sketch the response of each of the systems below to a step input.

10
a) H (s) =
s+ 2
0.2
b) H (s) =
s + 0.2

2. Given, the two step responses shown below, the first one is a first order system and the second one is a
second order system. Determine the transfer functions for both systems.
Step Response

1.5
Amplitude

0.5

0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
Time (sec.)
Step Response

1.5
Amplitude

0.5

0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
Time (sec.)

3. Plot the pole positions for each of the following systems, determine the values for ζ and ωn for the
stable second order systems with complex poles.
1
e) H (s) =
1 s + 4s + 3
2
a) H (s) =
s+ 4 1
1 f) H (s) =
b) H (s) = s 2 + 4s + 2
s + 10 1
1 g) H (s) =
c) H (s) = s 2 − 4s + 16
s− 2
1
d) H (s) =
s + 4s + 16
2

4. Give the general form of the response of the systems in Problem 3 to a step input.

5. Determine the steady-state response of the systems in Problem 3 a), d), and f) to an input of
x(t) = 2cos(4t-20o)u(t).
6. Given the following system:

10
H (s) =
s + 10s + 100
2

a) Plot the poles. Identify the values of ωn and ζ.

b) Sketch the step response.
c) What is the steady-state response of the system to the following input?

x(t) = cos(10t)u(t)
2.
Step Response

1.5
Amplitude

0.5

0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
Time (sec.)
Step Response

1.5
Amplitude

0.5 envelope of decay

0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
Time (sec.)

k
First order system (top plot) has general form H (s) = . The time-constant is the time that the
s+a
response is equal to 2(1-e-1 ) = 63% of 2 = 1.26, so τ ≈ 2 sec. a=1/τ = 0.5. The steady-state value (due to
a unit step input) is H(0) = k/a = k/0.5. From the plot 2 = k/0.5 so k = 1.

1
Final answer: H (s) =
s + 0.5

k
Second order system (bottom plot) has general form H (s) = or
s + 2ζω n s + ω n 2
2

k
H (s) = where the real part of the pole is at -ζωn is the real part of the pole (it governs
(s + ζω n ) 2 + ω d 2
the envelope of decay) and ωd is the imaginary part of the pole (it governs the frequency of the
oscillations, ωd = 2π/T).

From the plot, T ≈ 12 sec, so ωd = 2π/13. The time constant of the envelope of decay is about τ ≈ 7 sec,
k
so ζωn=1/7. k is found from the steady-state value 1 = H (0) = . Solving fo k yields k ≈
(ζω n ) 2 + ω d 2
0.254.

0.254
Final answer: H (s) =
s + 0.286s + 0.254
2
Plotting Signals:

1. Sketch the following signals:

a)

 0 if t < −4

x( t ) = t + 2 if − 4 ≤ t < 3

t − 2 if
 3≤ t
b) y(t) = x(t-1) where x(t) is defined in part a)

c)
 0 if n<2

x[ n] = 2 n − 4 if 2≤n<4
 4 − n if 4≤n


d) y[n] = x[n+1] where x[n] is defined in part c)

2. Write MATLAB code to plot the signals in Problem 1. Scale your time axis so that a sufficient amount
of the signal is being plotted. Use subplot to give 4 plots per page; label your plots with ’Time (sec)’ on
the x-axis for the continuous time signals and ’n’ for discrete time signals. The y-axis should be labeled
’x(t)’ or ’x[n]’; the title should be the problem number, for example ’a)’.

3. Use MATLAB to plot the following signals. Use the same instructions on plotting as given in
Problem 2.

a) x(t) = 4 cos(5πt-π/4)
b) x[n] = 4 cos(πn) (Use the command stem to plot discrete-time signals.)
c) x[n] = 2sin(3n)
d) x(t) = cos(4t) + 2sin(8t)
e) x(t) = 3cos(4t) + sin(πt)
 a) b)
6 6
2.
4 4

x(t)

x(t)
2 2

0 0

-2 -2
-10 -5 0 5 10 -10 -5 0 5 10
Time (sec) Time (sec)
c) d)
2 2

0 0
x[n]

x[n]
-2 -2

-4 -4
-10 -5 0 5 10 -10 -5 0 5 10
n n

The following commands were saved in an M-file:

% a)
t1 = -8:-4; x1 = zeros(size(t1));
t2 = -4:3; x2 = t2+2;
t3 = 3:8; x3 = t3-2;
t = [t1 t2 t3];
x = [x1 x2 x3];
subplot(221),plot(t,x)
xlabel(’Time (sec)’)
ylabel(’x(t)’)
title(’a)’)

% b)
t = t+1;
subplot(222),plot(t,x)
xlabel(’Time (sec)’)
ylabel(’x(t)’)
title(’b)’)

% c)
n1 = -6:1; x1 = zeros(size(n1));
n2 = 2:3; x2 = 2*n2-4;
n3 = 4:8; x3 = 4-n3;
n = [n1 n2 n3];
x = [x1 x2 x3];
subplot(223),stem(n,x)
xlabel(’n’)
ylabel(’x[n]’)
title(’c)’)

% d)
n = n-1;
subplot(224),stem(n,x)
xlabel(’n’)
ylabel(’x[n]’)
title(’d)’),subplot(111)
3.

1 a) 1 b)
4 4

2 2

x[n]
x(t)
0 0

-2 -2

-4 -4
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 0 5 10
Time (sec) Time (sec)
1 c) 1 d)
2 4

1 2
x(t)

x(t)
0 0

-1 -2

-2 -4
0 20 40 60 -2 0 2 4 6
Time (sec) Time (sec)

1 e) 1 f)
4 6

2 4
x(t)

x(t)

0 2

-2 0

-4 -2
0 5 10 15 20 -10 -5 0 5 10
Time (sec) Time (sec)
Here is an M-file that contains the script to plot generate these plots:

% a)
% period is 2/5, so 2 sec is long enough for plot
t = 0:.4/100:2;
x = 4*cos(5*pi*t-pi/4);
subplot(2,2,1),plot(t,x)
xlabel(’Time (sec)’)
ylabel(’x(t)’)
title(’a)’)

% b)
% period is n=2, so plot for n=0 to 10
n=0:10;
x = 4*cos(pi*n);;
subplot(2,2,2),stem(n,x)
xlabel(’Time (sec)’)
ylabel(’x[n]’)
title(’ b)’)

% c)
% not periodic, try plotting for various lengths to see how it looks
n=0:60;
x = 2*sin(3*n);;
subplot(2,2,3),stem(n,x)
xlabel(’Time (sec)’)
ylabel(’x(t)’)
title(’c)’)

% d)
% period is 2pi/4, so plot for 4 cycles
T = 2*pi/4;
t = -T:T/50:3*T;
x = cos(4*t)+2*sin(8*t);
subplot(2,2,4),plot(t,x)
xlabel(’Time (sec)’)
ylabel(’x(t)’)
title(’d)’)

% e)
% not periodic, see how it looks for various lengths
t = 0:.02:20;
x = 3*cos(4*t)+sin(pi*t);
figure(2) % opens new window
subplot(2,2,1),plot(t,x)
xlabel(’Time (sec)’)
ylabel(’x(t)’)
title(’e)’)
subplot(1,1,1)
Fourier Series

1. For the following signal:

x(t)
2
-7 -6 -1 5 6
-4 -3 2 3 8 9 time
-2

a) Find the Fourier series

b) Plot the spectra versus frequency, ω = nω 0 .

2. Repeat problem 1 for the following signal:

x(t)

cos(t)

-10 10 time

3. Compute the Fourier series for the following signals:

a) x( t ) = 2 + 4 cos(50t + π / 2) + 12 cos(100t − π / 3)
b) x( t ) = 4 cos(2 π(1000) t ) cos(2 π750000t )
c)
2
1

1 2 4

d)
1

1 2 3
4. For the signals given in Problem 3c) and 3 d), use Matlab to plot the truncated Fourier series for N = 3,
N = 10 and N= 40. (Use subplot to save paper).

5. Find the Fourier series for the following signal. Also, sketch the approximation if a large number of
terms are kept in the series (say N=30).

x(t)

3
… 1 …

-6 -3 -2 0 3 4 6 9 t
Some of the work can be done using MATLAB:

» n=1:15;
» cn=-4*j./n/pi.*sin(pi*n/6).*sin(n*pi/2).*exp(-j*n*pi/3);
» n=-15:-1;
» c_n=-4*j./n/pi.*sin(pi*n/6).*sin(n*pi/2).*exp(-j*n*pi/3);
» cn=[c_n 0 cn];
» n=-15:15;
» subplot(221),stem(n,abs(cn))
» title('|c_n|')
» subplot(222),stem(n,angle(cn))
» title('angle(c_n) in rad')

To plot the Fourier series to check your answers:

T=6;
w0 = 2*pi/T;
t = -1.5*T:T/1000:1.5*T;
N = input(’Number of harmonics ’);
c0 = 0;
x = c0*ones(1,length(t)); % dc component
for n=1:N,
cn = -4*j/n/pi*sin(pi*n/6)*sin(n*pi/2)*exp(-j*n*pi/3);
c_n = conj(cn);
x = x + cn*exp(j*n*w0*t) + c_n*exp(-j*n*w0*t);
end
plot(t,x)
title([’ N = ’,num2str(N)])

|c n| angle(c n) in rad
0.8 4

0.6 2

0.4 0

0.2 -2

0 -4
-20 -10 0 10 20 -20 -10 0 10 20
N = 50
4

-2

-4
-10 -5 0 5 10
Some of the work can be done using MATLAB:

» n=-10:10;
» cn=cos(pi/2*n*w0)/5./(1-(n*w0).^2);
» subplot(221),stem(n,abs(cn))
» title('|c_n|')
» subplot(222),stem(n,angle(cn))
» title('angle(c_n) in rad')

will give first plots shown below. To check your answer, you can plot the truncated series and see if it
converges correctly.

T=10;
w0 = 2*pi/T;
t = -1.5:T/1000:1.5*T;
N = input(’Number of harmonics ’);
c0 = 1/5;
x = c0*ones(1,length(t)); % dc component
for n=1:N,
cn = cos(pi/2*n*w0)/5/(1-(n*w0)^2);
c_n = cn;
x = x + cn*exp(j*n*w0*t) + c_n*exp(-j*n*w0*t);
end
plot(t,x)
title([’ N = ’,num2str(N)])

|c n| angle(c n) in rad
0.2 4

0.15 3

0.1 2

0.05 1

0 0
-10 -5 0 5 10 -10 -5 0 5 10

N = 20
1

0.5

-0.5
-20 -10 0 10 20
Time (sec)
% trucated Fourier series for a staircase signal
T = 4;
w0 = 2*pi/T;
t = 0:T/1000:3*T;
N = input(’input N’)
nneg = -N:-1;
npos = 1:N;
c0 = 3/4;
cneg = 1/j/pi./nneg.*(1-.5*(-1).^nneg-.5*exp(-j*nneg*pi/2));
cpos = 1/j/pi./npos.*(1-.5*(-1).^npos-.5*exp(-j*npos*pi/2));
n = [nneg 0 npos];
c_n = [cneg c0 cpos];
x = c_n*exp(j*w0*n’*t);
x = real(x); % strips off negligible imaginary parts
plot(t,x)
xlabel(’Time (sec)’)
title([’x’,num2str(N),’(t)’])

The truncated series is plotted from top to bottom for N = 3, N = 10, and N = 40.

x 3(t)
4

-2
0 2 4 x 10(t)
6 8 10 12
4 Time (sec)

-2
0 2 4 x 40(t)
6 8 10 12
4 Time (sec)

-2
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
Time (sec)
This program uses a loop to compute the Fourier series rather than the large matrix multiplication.
One student had difficulty using the student version of Matlab with the other program (it took too
much memory). This one is less efficient because of the loop, but it uses less memory.

% computes exponential Fourier series for trapezoidal wave

T = 5;
w = 2*pi/5;
t = -T:T/1000:2*T;
N = input(’Number of harmonics ’);
c0 = 3/5;
w0 = pi;
xN = c0*ones(1,length(t)); % dc component
for n=1:N,
cn = 2/5./n.^2/w/w*(cos(n*w)-cos(2*n*w));
c_n = cn;
xN = xN + cn*exp(j*n*w*t) + c_n*exp(-j*n*w*t);
end
plot(t,xN)
title([’ N = ’,num2str(N)])

Running this program for N = 3, N= 10 and N= 40 gives:

N=3
2

-1
-5 0 N = 10 5 10
2

-1
-5 0 N = 40 5 10
2

0
-5 0 5 10
Time (sec)
Fourier Transform

For each signal, find the Fourier transform, X(ω), and then plot |X(ω)| (note, you may
want to use MATLAB for the plot in 3.)

1. x(t)
2

0 2 t

2. x(t)
3

-4 -2 0 2 4 t

3. x(t)
8

0 4 t

4. x(t) = cos(200t)p4(t)

5. x(t)=e-3tcos(10t)u(t)

6. Find the Fourier transform of the following signals. Sketch |X(ω)| in each case.

a) x(t)

0 2 4 t

b) x(t) = 2e-2tu(t)

c) x(t)=5e-5t u(t)

d) x(t) = e-2tcos(4t)u(t)
 7. Match the time responses with the corresponding frequency responses.

1. __________ 2. __________ 3. ___________ 4. __________ 5. __________

2 0.25

0.2
1.5
0.15
x 1(t)

|Xa|
1
0.1
0.5 0.05

0 0
-2 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 -40 -30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30 40
Time (sec) Frequency (rad/sec)

2 4

1.5 3
|Xb|
x 2(t)

1 2

0.5 1

0
0 -40 -30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30 40
-2 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2
Frequency (rad/sec)
Time (sec)

1 6

0.8
4
0.6
x 3(t)

|Xc|

0.4
2
0.2

0 0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5 -40 -30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30 40
Time (sec) Frequency (rad/sec)

4 4

2 3
|Xd|
x 4(t)

0 2

-2 1

0
-4 -40 -30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30 40
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5
Frequency (rad/sec)
Time (sec)

4 0.5

2 0.4

0.3
x5(t)

|Xe|

0
0.2
-2 0.1

-4 0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5 -40 -30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30 40
Time (sec) Frequency (rad/sec)
8. Compute the inverse Fourier transform of the following signal.
 7. Match the time responses with the corresponding frequency responses.

1. ____d___ 2. _____e_____ 3. _____a_____ 4. ____b_____ 5. ____c_____

2 0.25

0.2
1.5
0.15
x 1(t)

|Xa|
1
0.1
0.5 0.05

0 0
-2 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 -40 -30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30 40
Time (sec) Frequency (rad/sec)

2 4

1.5 3
|Xb|
x 2(t)

1 2

0.5 1

0
0 -40 -30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30 40
-2 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2
Frequency (rad/sec)
Time (sec)

1 6

0.8
4
0.6
x 3(t)

|Xc|

0.4
2
0.2

0 0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5 -40 -30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30 40
Time (sec) Frequency (rad/sec)

4 4

2 3
|Xd|
x 4(t)

0 2

-2 1

-4 0
-40 -30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30 40
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5
Frequency (rad/sec)
Time (sec)

4 0.5

2 0.4

0.3
x5(t)

|Xe|

0
0.2
-2 0.1

-4 0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5 -40 -30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30 40
Time (sec) Frequency (rad/sec)
Complex Exponentials:

1. Simplify the following expressions. Give your answers both in polar and in rectangular form.

a) c = 3e jπ / 4 + 4e − jπ / 2
b) c = ( −1 + 2 j) 5
c) c = 2e jπ / 2 − 3e jπ / 3

2. Use phasor addition to put the following into the form of x( t ) = A cos(ωt + θ)

a) x( t ) = sin(4 t ) + 0.5 cos(4 t )

b) x( t ) = 60 sin(120πt ) + 120 cos(120πt − 20 o )
System Properties:

1. Determine if the following systems are time-invariant, linear, causal, and/or memoryless?
dy
a) + 6y( t ) = 4 x ( t )
dt
dy
b) + 4 ty( t ) = 2 x( t )
dt

c) y[ n] + 2 y[ n − 1] = x[ n + 1]

d) y(t) = sin(x(t))

dy
e) + y 2 ( t ) = x( t )
dt
f) y[ n + 1] + 4 y[ n] = 3x[ n + 1] − x[ n]
dx
g) y( t ) = + x( t )
dt

h) y[ n] = x[2 n]

i) y[ n] = nx[2 n]
dy
j) + sin( t ) y( t ) = 4 x( t )
dt
d2y dy dx
k) + 10 + 4 y( t ) = + 4 x( t )
2 dt dt
dt

2. The response of an LTI system to a step input, x(t) = u(t) is y(t) = (1-e-2t)u(t). What is the response to
an input of x(t) = 4u(t)-4u(t-1)?
 dy
1. a) + 6y( t ) = 4 x ( t )
dt

This is an ordinary differential equation with constant coefficients, therefore, it is linear and time-
invariant. It contains memory and it is causal.

dy
b) + 4 ty( t ) = 2 x( t )
dt

This is an ordinary differential equation. The coefficients of 4t and 2 do not depend on y or x, so the
system is linear. However, the coefficient 4t is not constant, so it is time-varying. The system is also
causal and has memory

c)
y[ n] + 2 y[ n − 1] = x[ n + 1]

This is a difference equation with constant coefficients; therefore, it is linear and time-invariant. It is
noncausal since the output depends on future values of x. Specifically, let x[n] = u[n], then y[-1] = 1.

d) y(t) = sin(x(t))

check linearity:
y1 ( t ) = sin( x1 ( t ))
y 2 ( t ) = sin( x 2 ( t ))
Solution to an input of a 1 x1 ( t ) + a 2 x 2 ( t ) is sin(a 1x 1 ( t ) + a 2 x 2 ( t )) .
This is not equal to a1y1 ( t ) + a 2 y 2 ( t ) .
As a counter example, consider x1 ( t ) = π and x 2 ( t ) = π / 2 , a1 = a 2 = 1

the system is causal since the output does not depend on future values of time, and it is memoryless
the system is time-invariant

dy
e) + y 2 ( t ) = x( t )
dt

The coefficient of y means that this is nonlinear; however, it does not depend explicitly on t, so it is time-
invariant. It is causal and has memory.

f) y[ n + 1] + 4 y[ n] = 3x[ n + 1] − x[ n]

Rewrite the equation as y[ n] + 4 y[ n − 1] = 3x[ n] − x[ n − 1] by decreasing the index.

This is a difference equation with constant coefficients, so it is linear and time-invariant. The output does
not depend on future values of the input, so it is causal. It has memory.
h) y[ n] = x[2 n]

has memory since the output relies on values of the input at other the the current index n,

causal? Let x[n] = u[n-2], so x[1] = 0. Then y[1] = x[2] = 1, so not causal.

linear? Let y1 [n] = x1[2n] and y2 [n] = x2[2n]. The response to an input of x[n] = ax1[n]+bx2[n] is

y[n] = ax1[2n]+bx2[2n], which is ay1[2n]+by2[2n], so this is linear

time-invariant: Let y1[n] represent the response to an input of x[n-N], so y1[n] = x[2(n-N)]. This is also
equal to y[n-N], so the system is time-invariant.

i) y[ n] = nx[2 n]

This is similar to part h), except for the n coefficient. Similar to above, it is noncausal, has memory and is
linear. Check time-invariance:

Let y1[n] represent the response to an input of x[n-N], so y1[n] = nx[2(n-N)]. This is not
equal to y[n-N] = (n-N)x[2(n-N)], so the system is time-varying.

dy
j) + sin( t ) y( t ) = 4 x( t )
dt

This is an ordinary differential equation with coefficients sin(t) and 4. Neither depends on y or x, so it is
linear. However, the explicit dependence on t means that it is time-varying. It is causal and has memory.

d2y dy dx
k) + 10 + 4 y( t ) = + 4 x( t )
2 dt dt
dt

This is an ordinary differntial equation with constant coefficients, so it is linear and time-invariant. It is
also causal and has memory.

2. The response to 4u(t) is 4(1-e-2t)u(t). The response to 4u(t-1) is 4(1-e-2(t-1))u(t-1). So the response to
x(t) = 4u(t) - 4u(t-1) is y(t) = 4(1-e-2t)u(t) - 4(1-e-2(t-1))u(t-1).
Continuous Time Convolution:

1. Solve the following for y(t)=x(t)*h(t)

x(t) = u(t)-u(t-4); h(t) = r(t)

2. Convolve the following:

3. Find the response of a system to an input of x(t)=2u(t-10) if h(t)=sin(2t)u(t).

4. A linear time invariant system has the following impulse response:

h( t ) = 2e −at u( t )

Use convolution to find the response y(t) to the following input:

x ( t ) = u ( t ) − u ( t − 4)

Sketch y(t) for the case when a = 1.

5. Determine y(t) = x(t)*h(t) where x(t0 = u(t) and
h(t)
2

1 2 t
6. Compute x(t)*v(t)
Laplace Transforms

1. Compute the Laplace Transforms of the following functions:

a) x( t ) = 4 sin(100t ) u( t )
b) x( t ) = 4 sin(100t − 10) u( t − 01
.)
c) x( t ) = 2 u( t ) + δ( t − 4) − cos(5t ) u( t )
d) x( t ) = tu( t ) − 2( t − 2) u( t − 2) + ( t − 3) u( t − 3)
e) x( t ) = u( t ) − e −2 t cos(10t ) u(t)

2. Compute the inverse Laplace Transforms of the following functions:

10(s + 1)
a) X(s) =
s 2 + 4s + 3
10(s + 1)
b) X(s) =
s 2 + 4s + 8
2s + 100
c) X(s) =
(s + 1)(s + 8)(s + 10)
10(s + 1) − 2s
d) X(s) = 2 e
s + 4s + 3
20
e) X(s) = 2
s(s + 10s + 16)
10(s + 1)
f) X(s) = 2
(s + 4s + 8)s

3. Find the limit as t→∞ of x(t) (if the limit exists)

10(s + 1)
a) X(s) =
s(s 2 + 4s + 3)
10(s + 1)
b) X(s) =
s(s 2 + 4s + 8)
10(s + 1)
c) X(s) =
s(s 2 + 2s − 3)

4. Give the general form of x(t) (do not solve for the coefficients explicitly).

2s + 100 10(s + 1)
a) X(s) = e) X(s) =
(s + 2)(s + 6)(s + 10) s(s 2 + 4s + 8)
s+1
2s + 100 f) X(s) =
b) X(s) = s(s2 + 4)(s + 8)
s(s + 1)(s + 8)(s − 4)
20(s + 1)
s − 40 g) X(s) =
c) X(s) = (s2 + 16)((s + 4) 2 + 25)(s + 1)
(s + 1)(s + 8)(s + 10)
10(s + 1)
d) X(s) =
s(s 2 + 4s + 3)
Sampling and Reconstruction:

1. Draw |Xs(ω)| for the following cases if xs(t)=x(t)p(t) with sampling period T.
n =∞
p( t ) = ∑ δ(t − nT)
n =−∞

|X(ω)|
2

-2 -1 0 1 2 ω

a) T = π/4 sec
b) T = π/2 sec
c) T = 2π/3 sec

2. Repeat Problem 1 where x( t ) = e − t / 4 cos( t ) u( t )

(You can either sketch the plots by hand or use MATLAB for a more accurate plot.)

In order to examine the effects of aliasing in the time domain, plot x(t) for each of the sampling times for
t=0 to 15 sec. In MATLAB, this is done by defining your time vector with the time increment set to the
desired sampling period. MATLAB then "reconstructs" the signal by connecting the sampled points with
straight lines (this is known as a linear interpolation). Compare your sampled/reconstructed signals with
a signal that is more accurate, one that is created by using a very small sampling period (such as T = 0.05
sec) by plotting them on the same graph.

3. Consider the following sampling and reconstruction configuration:

x(t) sample at T x[n] ideal y(t)

reconstruction

The output y(t) of the ideal reconstruction can be found by sending the sampled signal xs(t) = x(t)p(t)
through an ideal lowpass filter:
T

-0.5ωs 0.5ωs
Let x(t) = 2 + cos(50πt) and T = 0.01 sec.

a) Draw |Xs(ω)| where xs(t) = x(t)p(t). Determine if aliasing occurs.

b) Determine the expression for y(t).
c) Determine an expression for x[n].

4. Repeat Problem 3 for x(t) = 2 + cos(50πt) and T = 0.025 sec.

5. Repeat Problem 3 for x(t) = 1 + cos(20πt) + cos(60πt) and T = 0.01 sec.

6. Consider the following sampling and reconstruction configuration:

x(t) sample at T x[n] ideal y(t)

reconstruction

The output y(t) of the ideal reconstruction can be found by sending the sampled signal xs(t) = x(t)p(t)
through an ideal lowpass filter:
T

-0.5ωs 0.5ωs
a) Let x(t) = 1 + cos(15πt) and T = 0.1 sec. Draw |Xs(ω)| where xs(t) = x(t)p(t). Determine the
expression for y(t).

b) Let X(ω) = 1/(jω+1) and T = 1 sec. Draw |Xs(ω)| where xs(t) = x(t)p(t). Does aliasing occur? (Justify
your answer.)
 Spectrum

1. Determine the fundamental frequency of the following signals, and plot their sinusoidal spectra (both magnitude and
phase) and their exponential spectra.

a) x(t) = 2+3cos(0.2t)+cos(0.25t+π/2)+4cos(0.3t-π)
b) x(t) = 1+10cos(2π(60)t+π/8) + 2cos(2π(300)t-π/4)

2. Find an expression for x(t) and plot the spectrum for each graph.

a b
8 4

6
3
4

2
2
0

x(t)
x(t)

-2 1

-4
0
-6

-8
-1
-10

-12 -2
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 0.45 0.5 0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.1
Time (sec) Time (sec)

3. Repeat Problem 2 for the following plot:

-1

-2
-0.02 -0.015 -0.01 -0.005 0 0.005 0.01 0.015 0.02
Time (sec)

4. Draw the spectrum for the following signal, and make a rough sketch of x(t).

x ( t ) = 10 cos(200πt ) cos(2000πt )
 5. Time signals and their corresponding spectra are shown below. However, they are in random order. Match them up.

1. ________ 2. _________ 3. ________ 4. ________ 5.________

5 4

magnitude, a
3
x 1(t)

0
2

-5 1

0
-1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4
Time (sec) frequency (Hertz)

5
5 4

magnitude, b
3
x 2(t)

0
2

-5 1

0
-1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4
Time (sec) frequency (Hertz)

5
5 4
magnitude, c

3
x3(t)

0
2
-5 1

-1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 0

-4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4
Time (sec)
frequency (Hertz)

5
5
4
magnitude, d
x4(t)

0 3

2
-5
1
-1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 0
Time (sec) -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4
frequency (Hertz)

5
5
4
magnitude, e
x 5(t)

0 3

2
-5
1
-1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4
0
Time (sec) -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4
frequency (Hertz)
 5. Time signals and their corresponding spectra are shown below. However, they are in random order. Match them up.

1. ____e___ 2. ____a___ 3. ___c____ 4. ____b___ 5.___d____

5 4

magnitude, a
3
x 1(t)

0
2

-5 1

0
-1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4
Time (sec) frequency (Hertz)

5
5 4

magnitude, b
3
x 2(t)

0
2

-5 1

0
-1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4
Time (sec) frequency (Hertz)

5
5 4
magnitude, c

3
x3(t)

0
2
-5 1

-1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 0

-4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4
Time (sec)
frequency (Hertz)

5
5
4
magnitude, d
x4(t)

0 3

2
-5
1
-1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 0
Time (sec) -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4
frequency (Hertz)

5
5
4
magnitude, e
x 5(t)

0 3

2
-5
1
-1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4
0
Time (sec) -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4
frequency (Hertz)
Stability:

1. Determine the stability of the following systems

s+ 2
a) H (s) =
(s + 3)(s − 2)
s+ 2
b) H (s) =
(s + 3)(s + 2)
s2 + 2
c) H (s) =
(s + 3)((s − 2) 2 + 9)
s−1
d) H ( s) = 4
s + 3s + s 2 + 2s + 4
3

8s 2 + 2s − 4
e) H ( s) = 5
s + 2s4 − 2s 3 + 3s2 + 2s

2. Find the range of K for stability:

10s + 2
a) H (s) =
s + 3s 2 + 4s + K
3

10
b) H (s) =
s + ( K + 2) s + 4
2

K(s − 1)
c) H (s) =
s + ( K + 2)s + 2 − K
2
Transfer Functions and System Response:

1. Find the transfer functions of the following discrete-time systems:

a) y[ n] + 0.5y[ n − 1] = 2 x[ n]

b) y[ n] + 2 y[ n − 1] − y[ n − 2] = 2 x[ n] − x[ n − 1] + 2 x[ n − 2]

c) y[ n] + y[ n − 2] = 2 x[ n] − x[ n − 1]

d) y[ n] = x[ n] − 2 x[ n − 1] + x[ n − 2]

e) y[n] + y[n-1] + 0.25y[n-2] = x[n] - x[n-1]

2. Plot the poles and zeros of the following transfer functions. Determine the stability.

( z − 0.5) z( z − 1)
a) H ( z) = e) H ( z) =
z + 0.75 z − 0.5z − 0.5
2

z2 + 1
( z − 0.5) f) H ( z) =
b) H ( z) = z 2 − 15
. z −1
z − 0.75
( z − 0.5)( z + 0.5)
g) H ( z) =
( z − 0.5) z 2 + z + 0.74
c) H ( z) =
z+2
( z − 0.5)( z + 0.5)
z2 + 1 h) H ( z) =
d) H ( z) = z 2 + z + 4.25
z 2 − 0.25

3. Give the general form of the transient response for each of the transfer functions given in Problem 2.

4. Give the general form of the transient response for each of the transfer functions given below.

( z − 0.5)( z − 0.1)
a) H ( z) =
( z + 0.75) 2

( z − 0.5)( z + 0.5)( z + 1)
b) H ( z) =
( z 2 + z + 0.74)( z − 0.75)

( z − 0.5) 2 ( z + 0.5)( z + 1) 2
c) H ( z) =
( z 2 + z + 0.74) 2 ( z − 0.75)

5. Determine the unit step response for each of the transfer functions given in Problem 2.
6. Given the following system:

y[n] = x[n] - x[n-1] + x[n-2]

a) Find the transfer function.

b) Give the impulse response.
c) Determine the stability.
d) Sketch the frequency response and determine the type of filter.
Z-Transforms:

1. Find the z transform of the following signals:

a) x[n] = u[n] - u[n-4]

b) x[n] = 0.5nu[n]

c) x[n] = [1 4 8 2]

d) x[n] = [0 1 2 3 4]

e) x[n] = 2(0.8)nu[n]

2. Find the inverse Z-transforms of the following signals:

( z − 1)( z + 0.8)
a) X( z) =
( z − 0.5)( z + 0.2)
( z + 0.8)
b) X( z) =
( z − 0.5)( z + 0.2)
z3 + z + 1
c) X( z) =
( z 2 − 0.5z + 0.25)( z − 1)
( z 2 − 1)( z + 0.8)
d) X( z) =
( z − 0.5) 2 ( z + 0.2)

3. Use the Final Value Theorem to determine the final value of x[n] for each of the signals defined in
Problem 2. Compare your answer obtained from the Final Value Theorem to the answer found by taking
lim x[ n]
n→∞

4. Solve the following difference equation using z-transforms:

a) y[n] +3y[n-1] + 2y[n-2] = 2x[n] - x[n-1]; y[-1]= 0; y[-2] = 1, x[n] = u[n]