CHAPTER-1

INTRODUCTION

I have undertaken my field training of 28 days in “Mangalmurti

Builders & Developers” .The project is ‘Residential building’ consisting of 4
similar G+4 buildings.

I was assigned as a field trainee at the site which had several ongoing
construction works. The buildings were RCC framed and earthquake resistant
structure. When I started my field training, at that time brickwork, internal &
external plastering, electrification, tiling and plumbing works are going on
simultaneously of the whole building. Lintels for doors and windows are also
being constructed using reinforcement like that of beams. On 1st June 2019, I
joined for field training. On the very 1st day, I was introduced with each and
every work that I am going to view in detail in the latter stage. After showing
the layout map and some of the architectural designs adapted in the site, I was
introduced with tiling, plumbing and electrification work, fitting of doors &
windows on the rooms in which up to the plastering work has seen already
completed. On the second half of the day, I was introduced about the casting
of lintels, their formwork, internal plastering very briefly. Concrete mixing is
being generally achieved by hand mixing i.e. Volume Batching.

In this period of field training, the site engineer Mr. Aniket Jadhav
gave lot of information about site. He gave us detailed information about
planning & construction of building.

I had seen there several things about construction methods, detail

working procedure; a brief of them are as follows:
1. Placing of formwork & reinforcement for lintels and chajjas.

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 2. Plastering work both inside & outside of building.
3. Tiling of floors & walls of kitchen and bathroom.
4. Electrification & plumbing.
5. Curing of different components of building.

About the construction management, I had seen their management was

very flexible, there were the proper coordination between all the people which
over there working. They had done better material management and proper
storage for materials especially for cement.

Project details:
Type of the project: 4 X G+4 Residential Buildings (Mangalmurti Skyline)
Contractor: Mr. Manohar Jadhav
Architect: Mr. Suhas Jadhav
Type of contract: Civil, Electrical, Plumbing, and Firefighting
Estimated Cost: 8 Crores
Duration of Project: 36 months
Project commencement Year: March-2018
Area of site: 70000 sq. ft.

General Description
It is near to Sai Garden, Vidyanagar. Site is situated in nature’s beauty
i.e. it has fresh air and is pollution free the project has various units concerns
to different department with separate entrances to maintain privacy. All the
units are intelligently conceived to maximize natural ventilation & sunlight.
Training Site Details: Behind Sai Garden, Vidyanagar.
Training In-charge/Site Engineer: Mr. Aniket Jadhav.

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 Organization
This is a main part of management in which systematic arrangement of
people with definite responsibilities, working together with subordinates to
execute the work.
Types of organization:
1. Line organization 2. Line & staff organization
In the project line organization is carried out. Line organization is the oldest
type of organization. It is also known as military type of organization. This is
based on the relativity authority and responsibility.

Merits
 Delay can be avoided.
 There is unity of control and authority.
 Easy to understand and strong in discipline.

Stage/Status of work at the time of visit:

The proposed work residential building has been successfully started.
The total estimated cost of the project was Rs. 8 Crore for the 4 buildings. The
proposed work was to be completed within thirty six months from the date of
commencement i.e. March 2018. I visited the site on 1st June 2019. The
structural work of 2 buildings regarding beams, columns & slabs has already
been completed. Building services works like plastering, tiling, coloring,
brickwork, plumbing, electrification were witnessed. New building materials
such as AAC blocks which are good alternative for traditional bricks were
being used. Shuttering work for only lintels & chajja were there.

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 About The Company

Having solid experience in the real estate market, Mangalmurti

Constructions in Vidyanagar Karad presents a wide choice of residential,
industrial, commercial, recreational and institutional properties to its clients.
Distinguished for their award-winning projects, this real estate group is truly
one of the most established and recognized ones in the housing and
construction sector. Creating unique and innovative spaces ever since 2007,
the company has been able to build a strong foundation over the passage of
time. The builder has constantly strived to exceed the expectations of its
clients through quality work, transparent work ethics and use of cutting-edge
technology. The organization is committed to provide an enhanced living
experience to the residents through constant innovation and creative delivery
of projects. The office is situated on Saidapur Road, Near Urban Bank, which
is easily accessible from any part of the city.

Mangalmurti Constructions in Karad has delivered a large number of

projects in the past that have received rave reviews and appreciation from
numerous prestigious builders and other organizations associated with the real
estate business. The team comprises of real estate professionals having vast
experience and knowledge about properties. Each of the projects of this
company exhibits avant-garde interior designs – absolutely lavish, ostentatious
and one of its kind. It has pioneered newer technologies and modern
engineering that has helped it to create landmark residential townships as well
as commercial establishments. Quality, on-time delivery and trust stand at the
core of the business of this real estate organization. By giving wings to the
dreams of millions of people, it is truly making a mark in the field.

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 CHAPTER-2
TECHNICAL AND PRACTICAL INFORMATION GAINED

Labor Rates:

Sr. No. Description Rates per unit

1 Labour Contractor RS-95 ( per Sq. Ft)

(Brickwork, Plastering )
2 Tile fitting RS-35 ( per Sq. Ft)
3 Electrification RS-85 ( per Sq. Ft)
4 Plumbing RS-120 ( per Sq. Ft)
5 Painter Work RS-45 ( per Sq. Ft)
7 *Fabricator RS-20 ( per Sq. Ft)
8 Carpenter/Fitter RS-68 ( per Sq. Ft)
9 Shuttering Contractor RS-25 ( per Built Up)
10 Watchman RS-150 (per Night)
‘*’ denotes subject to special requirements

Specifications of AAC Blocks:

Type: Aerated Autoclaved Concrete Block
Length: 625 mm
Height: 250 mm
Thickness: 300 mm

Property Value Unit:

 Density: 550-650 kg/cum.

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  Compressive Strength: 3.5 N/mm2
 Thermal Conductivity: 0.14 W/M deg.k
 Resistant to Fire: 2-6 hours
 Drying Shrinkage: 0.02%
 Sound Reduction: 37-42 dB

Properties of AAC Block:

• Light Weight
• Reduction in the Dead Load
• Environment Friendly
• Avoid Indoor Air Pollution
• Energy Efficient
• Thermal Insulation
• Fire Resistant
• Suitable for Fire Rated Application
• Low Maintenance
• Impervious to Insects and Pests

PROJECT MONITORING & DAILY OBSERVATIONS

Being a field trainee on the site, I got a very fine opportunity to witness
a lot of work mostly related with building services. However, as the structural
work was completely over when I visited the site, I only witnessed the
structural work of lintels and chajjas. So, in this chapter I would like to give
the details of my everyday observations on the site during my training.

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 1st Day on Site:
On the very 1st day, I was first introduced with the municipal drawings
of the project. The project comprised of construction of 4 similar buildings.
The Municipal drawings was having the section, elevation of each building,
block plan, ground floor plan which they proposed for the use of parking
purpose only and plan of 3 symmetrical floors. Then the site engineer showed
me the whole site. In the 1st instance, I observed that out of 4 buildings 2 were
having the 1st floor slabs and for the other 2 buildings the structural works
were completed and the building servicing works were being carried on. He
gave me the overview of various works that were being going on different
areas of the site.

2nd Day on Site:

The Site Engineer introduced me the various tools or equipment and
their uses that they were using on the site which includes:

1. Tools for Brickwork:

a) Trowel
b) Plumb Rule
c) Mason’s Square
d) Line & Pin
e) Bolster

2. Tools for Carpentry Work & Fitting of Appliances:

a) Marking Tools: Square, Marking Gauge, Bevel
b) Cutting Tools: Compass Saw, Cross Cut Saw, Firmer Chisel
c) Boring tools: Ratchet Brace, Auger, Power Drill
d) Planing Tools: Jack Plane, Rebate Plane

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 e) Hammers & Screw Drivers: Claw hammer, Ratchet Screw Driver
f) Miscellaneous Tools: Nail Punch, Pincer, Pliers

3. Tools for Plastering:

a) Gauging Trowel
b) Wooden Float
c) Plumb Bob
d) Set Square
e) Scratchers

4. Tools for Painting:

a) Wire Brush
b) Scrub Brush
c) Brush of Various Grades
d) Sand Paper
e) Roller Tray & Grid
f) Extension Ladder

5. Tools for Plumbing:

a) Pipe Wrench
b) Rib-Joint Plier
c) Hacksaw
d) Screw Driver
e) Measuring Tape

6. Tools for Electrification System:

a) Plier
b) Screwdriver & Nut driver
c) Wire Stripers

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 d) Measuring Devices: Multimeter
e) Power Tools: Power Saw & Power Drill
I have enquired that how much material they used for the daily
consumption for plastering and brick laying works as it is the most labor
intensive jobs and all the material carriage is achieved by the helpers only. So,
I assumed it would require a lot of time for the carriage of materials from
ground floor to the above floors. On the same, he answered that for both works
the total consumption of cement mix is almost ¾ brasses (not considering the
same cement mix ratio for both the works), for brickwork the number of bricks
they use daily is almost 800-900 in numbers. However, he further mentioned
that the total consumption depends also on the number of workers on the site
but they try to maintain this as minimum usage. Thus, it can be increased if the
numbers of workers are more.

3rd Day on Site:

In the beginning of this day, I was introduced with the concept of
lintels and arches. The site engineer mentioned that both lintels and arches
were structural members. However, lintels are horizontal members which acts
like a beam whereas arches are curved members which were maintained in
equilibrium by reactions from supports or abutments. Lintels are generally
constructed as they are simple and easy to construct provided there are no
special requirements like that of architectural appearance, heavy imposed
loads or larger span of opening.
Now, he took me to the place where a lintel was going to be casted. First, he
mentioned me the steps of construction:
 Installation of formwork.
 Laying and casting of the lintel.
 Removal of formwork, followed by curing.

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 They were going to cast a lintel over a beam. So, these are the steps
that were followed at the site:
 Installation of Formwork: This was being done by a skilled carpenter. The
carpenter installed the wooden formworks over a column on 1 side and a
brick wall on the other side, and on the middle it was being supported by a
prop. The thicknesses of the formworks were almost 5 cm. Like that of a
beam it is covered from 3 sides i.e. 2 sides and the bottom. Space for
concreting is left at the top. The width of opening i.e. door is 1.2 m. Thus,
the depth of the lintel was held at 15 cm & the bearing ends width or width
of supports on both sides of the opening was held at 18 cm. Now, they
placed the reinforcing steel of 6 mm 2 at the top and 4 at the bottom with
calculated cover of 10 mm. Then they placed the stirrups accordingly.

 Mixing and Pouring of Concrete: The mixing for such purposes was
generally being achieved as volume batching. Since, the grade of concrete
for lintel casting is M15 & the proportion is 1:2:4. The labors took a bag of
50 kg (considered as 35 liters) cement bag and added fine sand and coarse
aggregates in the requisite proportion using the gauge boxes of (27 cm X
27 cm X 48 cm). Then finally 30 liters of water is being added for this
whole mix. Then a mason mixes the components thoroughly for about 10
minutes. Then they pour a layer of mix into the formwork above the door
opening & compacted it. After this, they pour & compact it in 4 layers.
The whole process from centering to compacting took almost 1½ hours,
for just a single lintel.

In this way, they have done it for 1 more door and 3 windows. However, in
case of windows the bearing ends width was made at 20 cm as the width of
opening for window is 2 m and the depth was made same.

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 4th Day on Site:
At first the site engineer introduced me the essential components of
brick masonry i.e.:
a) Bricks – Main Component
b) Mortar – Supporting Cementing Material
Now coming to the steps that were being followed at the site:
1) Mortar is spread on the top of the area to be covered by the edges of the
wall. The depth of spread of mortar was about 10 cm.
2) The corner of the wall is constructed first. For that, one brick is laid first at
the corner and pressed with hand so that the thickness of bed-joint remains
only about 1 cm. The first closer is covered with mortar on its side and
then pressed the first corner brick, such that 1 cm thick vertical joint is
obtained. The excess mortar is being cleaned by using trowel.
3) The level and the alignment is checked.
4) Now, few headers and stretchers are then laid in the first course.
5) After having laid the first course at the corner, mortar is laid and spread
over the first course and then end stretcher is laid first by pressing it into
the mortar and then hammering it slightly so that thickness of vertical joint
is 1 cm.
6) Other courses are then laid at the corner. Since the corner construction at
each end works as a guide for filling in between bricks of various courses,
the corner construction should be done with great care. The plumb and
alignment should be thoroughly checked.
7) For building the in-between portion of the wall, a brick bat is attached at
either end of the cord so that it remains touting. The line or cord is then
shifted up, corresponding to the top level of the second course, and the
second course is also constructed. The corners of the wall are then raised
further and the above 2 steps are repeated.

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 It was being ensured that the height difference between 2 adjoining
walls is not more than 1m. The bond that is being made in all the corners is the
stretcher bond. Some small squared spaces of size 10 m X 10 m were left
below the beam of the upper storey slab for the ventilation purpose, which
were to be completed during the plastering purpose.

5th & 6th Days on Site:

Firstly the site engineer introduced me with the various door and
window sizes that they were installing in various rooms of a particular flat.
They were as follows:
1) External Doors: 1 m X 2.1 m (Width X Height)
2) Internal Doors: 0.9 m X 2 m
3) Doors for bathrooms and WCs: 0.9 m X 2 m
4) Sliding Doors for balconies: 1.5 m X 2 m (2 sets)
5) Sliding Windows for all the required placed except kitchen and bathrooms:
0.5 m X 1.1 m (containing 2 sets of panels of size 0.25 m X 1.1 m each)
6) Casement Windows: 0.5 m X 0.7 m (containing 2 shutters of 0.25 m X
0.7m, Partly Glazed)
7) Ventilators: 0.3 m X 0.55 m glazed

Then he mentioned the factors for selection of size, shape, location and
number of doors and windows in a room which were as follows:
1) Size of the room
2) Location of the room
3) Utility of the room
4) Direction of the wall
5) Direction of wind
6) Climatic conditions

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 7) Requirements of exterior views
8) Architectural treatment to the exterior of the building

Since the wooden frames for doors were already fitted, so they just
need to fit the doors at the required places by combining the panel with frame
using the butt hinge. The doors were already provided with the lever handle
lock for the main external door and for the internal doors handles were
provided along with the aldrop bolt. The same procedure is being performed
for the fitting of casement windows for the kitchen, which was already being
provided with the barrel bolt.

Now considering the fitting of sliding doors and windows and

ventilators for the bathroom, for which there was no need for the wooden
frames. So, they performed the following steps:
1) The prepared opening was cleared and exact positions of the frames were
being marked down.
2) Holes were cut in the brick masonry of diameter 1 cm and 4 to 5 cm in
depth, to accommodate the lugs which were further grouted with cement
mortar.
3) The frame along with opening panels is placed and its position is adjusted
in correct alignment by striking it in correct position. After adjusting the
frame in correct alignment and position, the lugs are screwed tight to the
frame.

On that very day complete fitting of doors and windows for 6 flats
were being achieved.

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 7th Day on Site:
In the beginning of this day, I was initially introduced with the
objectives of plastering and requirements of a good plaster. After that I was
introduced with the various mixes for plaster such as:
1) Below DPC: 1 cement 4 sand
2) Above DPC: 1 cement 9 sand
3) Internal Plaster: 1 cement 9 sand

Now, I was introduced with the no. of coats of plastering:

1) First Coat: Rendering Coat (12 mm)
2) Second Coat: Floating Coat (8 mm)
3) Third Coat: Finishing Coat ( 3 mm)

Now, the actual field process begins:

1) Preparation of Background: At first all the masonry joints were raked to a
depth of 8 mm. Then the surface was washed and kept damp to produce
optimum suction.
2) After a gap of 2 hours, the first coat is applied on a particular wall. In order
to maintain uniform thickness of plaster, screeds are formed of plaster on
wall surface by fixing dots of 15 cm X 15 cm size. It was mentioned that
further coating need be applied after at least 2 days. Rough Cast Finish is
being achieved in this plastering.

Now, the frame for doors and a kitchen window was getting placed in the
following steps:
1) The prepared opening in which frame is to be fixed was cleared and exact
position of the frame was marked by drawing chalk lines along the
verticals and head and sill of the respective frame.

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 2) The distances of fixing holes are measured on the frame, and these
positions were marked on the chalk lines drawn in the joints of the
opening.
3) Holes were cut in the masonry of size 5 cm X 5 cm and 8 cm in depth to
accommodate lugs.
4) The frame was placed in the opening and its position was adjusted in
correct alignment by striking it in correct position. After adjusting the
frame in correct alignment, the lugs were screwed tight to the frame.
5) The lugs were grouted into the holes with cement mortar.

In the whole day there is only the application of single coat of plaster
of 2 rooms in a single flat and only fitting of frames of all rooms in a single
flat.

8th Day on Site:

The Site Engineer introduced me the lift shaft which has a height of
almost 16 m and the cross-section of 1.6 m X 1.5 m. Now, the formwork from
the external side has already been removed. But from the internal side it was
covered with the formwork. On enquiry, the site engineer mentioned me that
from the internal side the concrete was not hard enough when they removed
the external side formwork due to dampness. However, it was nowhere
possible to setup a scaffold to remove the formwork. So, they built up a
vertical-trolley with a platform tied with rope in the 4 corners of the trolley,
which was gradually lowered in the shaft from the roof of the building in the
shaft. The other end of the rope was attached with the pulley which was
supported further in a masonry structure. Then, it was lowered in the shaft as
per the requirement of application using the pulley. The removal of formwork
from the lift-shaft required a complete day and most of the masons, labors as

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 well as helpers were engaged for the same. Thus, stopping the other activities
regarding plastering, brickwork etc. However, the carpentry and plumbing
work was going on.

For addition of safety features, they were blocking all the entrances of
the lift shafts from different floors using the waste wooden planks that had
already been utilized in the formwork purpose.

9th Day on Site:

At first the site engineer introduced me the stripping time for various
concrete structures. They are as follows:
1) Walls, Columns and Vertical Sides of beams: 24 to 48 hours
2) Slab soffits: 3 days
3) Beam soffits: 7 days
4) Removal of props to slabs: 14 days
5) Removal of props to beams & arches: 21 days

Now, for getting a rough idea the masons were striking the concrete of
lintels which were cast earlier with a light hammer. Much of them were giving
a metallic sound which means the concrete has hardened sufficiently and the
formwork can be safely removed. The concrete lintels which were not giving
the usual sound were left as to harden properly. First they remove the props
which were put under the lintels so as to support the lintels were removed. So,
they were removing the formwork gradually so as to prevent sudden
imposition of loads on the structure. After the complete removal of the
formwork from over the lintels, they placed the gunny bag over the lintels so
as for the purpose of clearing and also to prevent shrinkage of concrete.

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 10th & 11th Days on Site:
On that very day, there was a start of sudden rainfall. So, the site
engineer was more concerned about the swelling of concrete on the external
walls due to which it can expand and can cause deformation of the wall or
may start cracking especially the architectural structure that has been made.
So, he planned for the external plastering of the walls, so as to mitigate some
of the effects. Therefore at first they planned for the setting up of the scaffold.
So, they were building the single scaffolding or bricklayer’s scaffolding using
the bamboos.

For this purpose they took almost 13 bamboos of uniform height of

almost 8 m. Then, they used 5 bamboos longitudinally or used as standards
and 8 bamboos transversely or used as ledgers at every 0.7 m, and tie them
using ropes so as to form a grid like structures. Now, for lateral support of this
scaffolding as well as movement putlogs were placed mostly in the windows
or any holes present in the walls along with the planks as platforms. Guard
board were added gradually so as for the safety of workmen. A distance of 0.8
m was also maintained from the building wall to the nearer edge of the
platform so as for the efficient working.

Now, for the external plastering mortar is prepared consisting of 1 part

of cement and 9 parts of sand with adequate amount of water. Then, the
plastering starts first over the architectural feature. After an hour, there comes
the need for increasing the height of the scaffolding. For this they installed the
required number of bamboos from the upper direction along with the putlogs
accompanied with the platforms. The height increase procedure has been
repeated almost 3 times to cover the whole architectural feature.

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 This plastering took almost the 2 whole days and almost 6 brass of
mortar mix for the external plastering has been utilized, covering the entire
architectural feature as well some of the external wall plastering. Considering
the safety of the workmen, 2 safety ropes were tied with a column and which
is being attached with a safety belt via quick-draws in the workmen side.

12th & 13th Day on Site:

The important instrument that I witnessed in the 12th day is the wall
chaser. Wall Chaser is more precisely a specialized power tool used to cut
narrow grooves in walls for the purpose of laying of concealed wires as well
as pipes. The tool is powered by an electric motor which drives a pair of
abrasive discs.

At first channels were made using the wall chaser with depth of almost
40 mm and width of 44 mm at different places considering the diameter of
water main pipe of 35 mm and conduits for electric wiring of diameter 20 mm.
Also cuts were made at required places for the purpose of various switch
boards as well as distribution boxes. For the sewage purpose proper cuts were
made at the slab considering the thickness of the slab as well as the diameter
of the pipe. For plumbing purposes cuts are made to install the regulators at
the required places. For the electric switch board boxes, somewhat extra
depths are made to install the metallic switch boxes in the cut.

Now, in lieu of conduits for the purpose of laying electric wires, PVC
channeling is used. Now the cables were made to run through the pipes and on
the next part large head nails are used to fix the pipes in the chase. For
plumbing purposes, the pipes are simply placed leaving the opening for the
required purpose at the proper places.

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 Once the cables and pipes were laid, a coat of adhesive was applied at
the conduits in all over its cross-sectional surface. Now, fillers are put which
get adhered to the adhesive thus making it set in its proper place. For safety all
the separate wires at a particular opening that are being used were stacked to a
single place using tapes.

In both the days, the same cycle is being repeated and the plumbing
works as well as the electrification works for 2 flats were completed.
However, there was no setting up of electric switches, switch boxes as well as
other water and sanitary appliances had been achieved.

14th Day on Site:

This day was marked by the construction of the external walls of some
of the flats as well as some architectural design of the building. At first, for the
external walls they started the mixing of mortar for the brickwork. Then the
same procedure was adopted as that of internal brick masonry. For the external
walls, single Flemish bond were built. It took almost 6 hours to complete only
3 external walls.

The architectural feature was simply a vertical line of 2-bricks thick

lying parallel to the main entrance of the building up to the top of the building.
For that first scaffolds were built like that of 10th day & after that platforms
were placed along with the putlogs. The mortar mixes were prepared in the
floors of the unfinished flats and were supplied to the workmen through the
windows along with the required number of bricks needed. The mortar mix
was kept same as that of internal wall brick masonry for the architectural

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 feature. For the construction of a vertical line with bricks it took more than 4
hours to reach half the height of the building.

15th Day on Site:

In the beginning of the day, the Site Engineer introduced me with the
different types of works that can be done to decorate or protect the walls after
the plastering work is over. So, they are of following types:
1) Painting
2) Distempering
3) White Washing
4) Color Washing
5) Miscellaneous finishes

In the site, the owner of the project is basically interested in simply

preparing the wall surface for any of the above process. So that the client can
get the options for painting, distempering or white washing. They planned to
put their choice after the successful booking of the respective flat.

Thus, I observed only the preparation of the wall surface for any of the
above process of already plastered flat which consists of the following steps:
1) At first, the plastered walls were cleaned with a piece of cloth to remove
the dirt or other impurities.
2) Then the walls were rubbed as well as scraped to remove any form of
irregularities present.
3) Wherever minute cracks were present, mortar mixture were introduced to
fill the cracks.
4) The efflorescence patches were carefully cleaned out.

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 5) Then a layer of wall putty was applied over the walls to fill up all the holes
as well as the uneven surfaces.
6) After a period of 2 hours, a second layer was applied to smooth the walls
so that any form of paint of paint or distemper can be easily applied as per
the requirement.

Within the whole day, only a single flat was able to be completed by
the workforce. Since the most complicated part of the application was the
ceiling as well as the corners of the room.

16th Day on Site:

First the Site Engineer introduced me with the concept of the parapet
wall that it as a barrier which is an extension of the wall at the edge of a roof,
terrace or a balcony. He also mentioned me the types of parapet walls as:
1) Plain Parapet Walls
2) Perforated Parapet Walls
3) Embattled Parapet Walls
4) Paneled Parapet Walls

Then he mentioned me the importance of parapet wall design as:

1) Parapets may be purely aesthetic.
2) Fall Protection for men.
3) Fire Protection.

Like that of normal internal partition walls, mortar mixes were

prepared and 1 brick thick wall was made as per the same procedure as that of
internal brick wall masonry up to height of 80 cm. Within the whole day, 12
running meter of parapet wall was constructed.

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 Another team of workforce was constructing the external walls of the
flats.

17th Day on Site:

In the beginning of the day, the Site Engineer introduced me the
various materials used for the floor finishes such as: Mud, Bricks, Flag Stones,
Concrete, Terrazzo, Mosaic, Tiles, Marble, Granolithic Finish, Asphalt,
Rubber, Linoleum, Cork, Glass, & Plastic. But nowadays tiled flooring is
more preferred because it can be laid much quickly as compared to other
flooring processes. So, the entire procedure for laying the tiled is mentioned in
the following ways:
1) At first the floor was cleaned to remove all the dust and the debris so as to
ensure that the tiled surface was leveled.
2) A dry run is done i.e. tiles and spacers were laid out to determine where to
start the process and also the width of the grout lines.
3) A very thin set mortar is used for the tile installation. There is not a
definite ratio for the mix they have adapted for the installation; they just
provided enough water to keep the mixture creamy. Then the mixture is
spread as per the size of the tile using a notched trowel.
4) Odd tiles were cut to the required shapes and sizes.
5) It was mentioned further that when the tiles would get dried completely,
grouts would be provided between the gaps to give it a finish.

The same procedure is applied for the tiling of the walls. Only a single
whole flat was completed in the whole not considering its wall tiling for
the kitchen and the bathroom.

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 18th Day on Site:
At first the Site Engineer introduced me the color codes for the wiring,
which we need to place inside the pipes for the purpose of conceal wiring:
1) Live : Red
2) Neutral : Black
3) Earth : Green

First the MCB and the distribution boxes were installed, in which there
are 4 units i.e. 2 were for the purpose of the switch boards in the rooms of
ratings 800W while 2 were for control of Refrigerators, Air Conditioners,
Geysers etc. Then the wires of respective colors and of required lengths were
introduced into the PVC pipes after considering the connections for switch
boards, socket outlets for the required capacities, ceiling roses, lamp or
fluorescent tube holder etc. with minimum size of wiring as 1.5 sq. mm as per
General Specifications of Electrical Work (Internal) by Central Public Works
Department (2013) for the purpose of conceal piping. Metal conduits were
also placed at the points of the switch boxes for the purpose of earthing. The
PVC pipes carrying wires were placed into the channels which were carved
into the walls.

The height of the different sockets as well as the switch boards were
completely maintained as per the standard guidelines given by the CPWD. At
that day only the wires of required length from the main distribution box
through the various switch boards to the respective points were completed for
a particular flat.

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 19th Day on Site:
In that very day, the pipes carrying the wires which were placed in the
channels made in the walls were filled using the mix that were adapted in the
time of the internal plastering. Then, the required electrical accessories were
placed as per the schedule.

Then next I observed the conceal piping for which the Site Engineer
introduced me with the generalized size that is being adapted for the
residential plumbing is 1 inch pipe for that of the main supply line to each
building and the service piping for each flat is ½ inch. He also added further
for the purpose of 24 hours water supply they were going to construct a water
tank in the terrace of each of the building which would be supplied water
using the pumps installed in the ground floor of the building to maintain the
required pressure for the uplift. Now for the purpose of the sewage water they
were again installing the PVC pipes but of greater diameter i.e. 75 mm pipes
for that of the individual supply from each particular flat which was supplied
by the sewage pipes of the sink of 40 mm, basin of 32 mm, shower tray of 30
mm and water closet of 40 mm. The sewage pipes for that of the whole
building was of 100 mm. The sewage pipes were connected to the walls using
hooks. After the installation of the water pipes in the channels, the channels
were filled completely with the mortar mix.

20th Day on Site:

In the beginning of the day, the Site Engineer introduced me with the
various necessary water supply as well as sanitary appliances that need to be
compulsorily installed in each flat were:
1) Water Closet
2) Wash Basin

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 3) Sink
4) Shower
5) Urinal (if necessary)

For wash basins, pillar taps were utilized and for water closet as well
as the sink bib tabs were placed of standard available size. In bathroom also a
set of mix taps were provided if anyone had to use the warm water from the
geyser. For the wash basin full pedestal basins were used, for the kitchen half
pedestal basins were used and for the bathroom counter basins were utilized.
The water closet that is provided is of Orissa pattern Squatting Pan. There was
no provision of the flushing cistern as it is mentioned that it solely depends on
the occupants if they required it or not.

So, in the whole day only fixtures of various water supply and sanitary
appliances were completed for a particular flat.

21st Day on Site:

First the Site Engineer introduced me with the importance of Chajjas over
the windows:
1) Protects from Sunlight.
2) Protects from Rainwater.
3) Aesthetic Appearance to the Windows.
4) Recess Place for the Air Conditioners.

Then he introduced me with casting of the chajja at the site. Casting of

chajja was almost same as that of casting a slab. However the difference lies
that the chajjas were not able to carry loads as that of the slabs. So, the

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 reinforcement provided were comparatively less as well the grade of cement
used is M15 for casting the chajja at the site.

The steps were same as that of casting of an RCC structure such as

building the formwork, placing the formwork, pouring the concrete and finally
supporting it with the props.

5 chajjas were casted for a particular flat at different location of the flat
i.e., bathroom ventilation, windows.

22nd Day on Site:

This was the last day of my industrial training at the site. So, the site
Engineer simply shown me the various electronics appliances or smart devices
that they have adapted on the site. These were:
1) Automatic Lawn Watering System – For Watering the lawn present near
the main gate of the residential complex.
2) Solar Powered Street Lights with Day-Light Sensor – Street Lights present
inside the complex
3) Fire Alarms – 2 Alarms were placed at each floor of every building
4) CCTV Camera – For the purpose of security

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 CHAPTER-4
SAFETY MEASURES

Safety work around the site

Human life is irreplaceable, which is susceptible of minor infections.

Now days it has become common to hear accidents on the construction
industry. The more the accidents are becoming redundant the responsibility of
the contractors and the attention to give to safety of the workers is progressing
to be paramount. Therefore, it cannot be denied to work on increasing the
safety condition of the site. The most effective way of avoiding risks is the
preventive strategy. As the health professionals use to say ―prevention is
better than cure‖, it is more than reasonable to be abide by such motto. Less
concerned safety rule, regulation and training are among the problem in the
site.

Safety of all working staffs and visitors should be observed to a highest

care. Infliction of injury shall be minimized. For this prior readiness is very
important. The safety management will be carried out with a special
superintendent to be assigned on site. The superintendent will be assisted with
a dresser to be employed for the site. Safety of the workers and visitors will be
managed in the following strategies;

Preventive Strategy: Success would only be possible if there are workers,

who can give their potential output without fear of any unforeseen risks. While
they are striving to achieve the targeted result, they may not be focused on
their safety matters. This has to be taken care of by others, devoted for the
same purpose. The preventive strategy involves the following elements:

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 Orientation: - All working and visiting people must be oriented about safety
and the care they have to take once they are within the territory of
construction. Falls from scaffoldings, suspended slabs, roofs, ladders, lift
holes, stairs, pits and the like are the potential risks that the workers should be
aware of. Orientation must include on how to work with machines and
equipment, the possible accident they may inflict and what rules and
procedures they have to follow when working with.

Signage: - Important signs that could remind people who are moving within
the working location should be situated in a place where everybody can see or
look.

Firm Temporary Works: - All temporary works like scaffoldings and

ladders should be made strong, so that they are able to withstand the possible
load to come upon them.

Temporary guards: Temporary guard rails should be made in places where

there are open spaces where a person might fall down.

Lighting: - Appropriate lighting must be delivered, if there need to work on

the night times.

Helmets: - Wearing of helmets must be mandatory for some staffs,

supervisors and visitors as mentioned on the contract document. Such should

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 be made ready available on site, with the appropriate coloring.

Accident Administration
After involving the above stated methods of prevention of accident, there
could arise different disastrous calamities within the project, which necessitate
the application of most serious and acute acting administration.

First Aid: - A dresser, who has relevant professional background will be

assigned on site for any possible first aid.

Secondary Treatment: Some accidents may require secondary treatment as a

result of infliction serious injury.

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 CHAPTER-3
CONCLUSIONS

The internship is a bridge between the theoretical knowledge and the

practical or the reality work at the field of construction or civil engineering
work. We all who take the internship class go to companies that already
working either as a consultant or a contractor. The responsibilities of the
hosting company are to teach students and shape them in the six months as
real site workers. My hosting company was a consultant and construction
team and they helped me take the internship session in their company in
acquiring different knowledge in different positions. They collaborate with the
contractors to teach us in that section and they believe that the civil
engineering work is more important for us than the consulting office.

This program played an important role to break the conventional

thought that field works can be only implemented by students who hold a
degree or people who have an experience in building construction. We were
able to acquire a high level of confidence to deal with problems that arise in a
building construction. Some of the benefits that I gain due to internship
program are:
 Practical skills
 Upgrading of theoretical knowledge and able to use it for practical
work.
 Developing of communication skill.
 Developing skill of team work.
 Improving personal ethics and knowing work ethics.

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 CHAPTER-4
PHOTO GALLERY

Fig. The Structural Work Finished Building

Fig. The Unfinished Building

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Fig. Piling of Wasted Formwork

Fig. Removing the Formwork

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 Fig. Mixing of Concrete

Fig. Lift Shaft

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Fig. Safety Features for the Lift Shaft

Fig. Header Bond

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Fig. Sewage Pipe Connections

Fig. Sewage Systems

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Fig. Electrical Conduit Boxes

Fig. Plumbing Pipes

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Fig. Construction of Architectural Feature

Fig. Stocking of Cement Bags

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 Fig. Floor Tiles

Fig. Applying Wall Putty

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Government College of Engineering, Karad Page 40
 CHAPTER-5
REFERENCES

B.N. Dutta, “Estimating And Costing In Civil Engineering Theory And

Practice Including Specifications And Valuations”, Twenty-Sixth
Revised Edition, 2007.

Dr. B.C. Punmia, Er. Ashok Kumar Jain, Dr. Arun K. Jain, “R.C.C. Designs
(Reinforced Concrete Structures)”, Tenth Edition, 2006.

Dr. K.R. Arora, ―Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering‖,

Seventh Edition, 2015.

IS: 456-2000, ―Indian Standard Plain and Reinforced Concrete - Code

of practice (Fourth Revision)”, July 2000.

M. Chakraborti, “Estimating, Costing, Specification & Valuation In Civil

Engineering”, Fourteenth Edition, 2007.

P.N. Khanna, ―Indian Practical Civil Engineers’ Handbook”,

Engineers‘ Publishers, New Delhi, 2008.

S. Ramamrutham, R. Narayan, “Theory of Structures”, New Ninth

Revised and Enlarged Edition, 2014.

Shashi Bhushan Suman, “Design of Concrete Structures”, Third Edition, 2015.

Government College of Engineering, Karad Page 41