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Oracle Scalar Functions

This document describes scalar functions in Oracle that operate on single values. It provides examples of mathematical functions like ABS, POWER, ROUND, and SQRT. It also covers string functions such as LENGTH, LOWER, UPPER, and SUBSTR. Scalar functions allow users to manipulate single values through functions that perform operations like extracting parts of dates, calculating greatest/least values, and converting between cases.

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100 views

Oracle Scalar Functions

This document describes scalar functions in Oracle that operate on single values. It provides examples of mathematical functions like ABS, POWER, ROUND, and SQRT. It also covers string functions such as LENGTH, LOWER, UPPER, and SUBSTR. Scalar functions allow users to manipulate single values through functions that perform operations like extracting parts of dates, calculating greatest/least values, and converting between cases.

Uploaded by

ananya
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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ORACLE SCALAR FUNCTIONS

Scalar Functions (Single row functions): These are the functions which act on only one value
at a time.
Mathematical functions:
1. ABS (n): Returns the absolute value of ‘n’.
Example: SELECT ABS(-15) “Absolute Value” FROM dual;
Note: (i) SELECT requires a table name in it’s FROM clause, oracle provides a dummy table
called dual for this purpose.
(ii) DUAL is a special one-row, one-column table present by default in Oracle. It has a
single VARCHAR2(1) column called DUMMY that has a value 'X'.

2. POWER (m, n): Returns mn.


Example: SELECT POWER (3, 2) “M to the power N” FROM dual;
3. ROUND (n, m): Return n, rounded to m places to the right of a decimal point.
Example: SELECT ROUND (15.19, 1) “Round of N” FROM dual;
4. SQRT(n): Returns square root of n.
Example: SELECT SQRT (25) “Square root of N” FROM dual;
5. EXTRACT: Returns a value extracted from a date.
Example: SELECT EXTRACT (YEAR FROM DATE ‘2004-07-02’) “Year”, EXTRACT
(MONTH FROM SYSDATE) “Month” FROM dual;
6. GREATEST: Returns the greatest value in a list of expressions.
Example: SELECT GREATEST (4, 5, 17) “Number”, GREATEST (‘4’, ‘5’, ‘17’) “Text”
FROM dual;
7. LEAST: Returns the least value in a list of expressions.
Example: SELECT LEAST (4, 5, 17) “Number”, LEAST (‘4’, ‘5’, ‘17’) “Text” FROM dual;
8. MOD (m, n): Returns the remainder of first number divided by second number.
Example: SELECT MOD (15, 7) “Mod of the number” FROM dual;
9. TRUNC: Returns a number truncated to a certain decimal places.
Example: SELECT TRUNC (125.879, 2) “Truncated Value” FROM dual;
10. FLOOR (n): Returns the largest value that is equal to or less than a number. eg. 24.8=24
Example: SELECT FLOOR (24.8) “Floor value of n” FROM dual;
11. CEIL (n): Returns the smallest integer greater than or equal to a number. eg. 13.15=14
Example: SELECT CEIL (13.15) “Ceil value of n” FROM dual;
String functions:
1. LENGTH (word): Returns length of a word.
Example: SELECT LENGTH (‘Bayross’) “Length” FROM dual;
2. LOWER (char): Returns char, with all letters in lowercase.
Example: SELECT LOWER (‘IVAN BAYROSS’) “Lower case” FROM dual;
3. INITCAP (char): Returns a string with the first letter of each word in upper case.
Example: SELECT INITCAP (‘IVAN BAYROSS’) “Title case” FROM dual;
4. UPPER (char): Returns char, with all letters in uppercase.
Example: SELECT UPPER (‘Ivan Bayross’) “Upper case” FROM dual;
5. SUBSTR: Returns a portion of characters beginning at character m, and going up to n.
Syntax: SUBSTR (<string>, <start position>, <length>)
Example: SELECT SUBSTR (‘SECURE’, 3, 4) “Substring” FROM dual;
6. ASCII: Returns the ASCII code of the character specified.
Example: SELECT ASCII (‘a’) “ASCII value” FROM dual;

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