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Validation Protocol by Type of Method

The information on experimental procedure and acceptance criteria discussed it
previous section is presented in a tabular summary format for each of the type
methods referred to in the guidelines. Please note that the experimental details
- typical acceptance criteria are suggestions provided for the purposes of orienta
Therefore they should be used with caution and may not be appropriate f
particular method. An example of a validation protocol is provided in the case ~
at the end of this chapter (starting on page 93).

Identification
A generic summary validation protocol is g1ven for identification methods in Tabl.

Table 15 Suggestions for inclusion in a validation protocol for an identification method

Validation Experimental details Typical acceptance criteria

characteristic

Specificity Analyse samples which contain the analyte Method must be able to distinguish a
and samples which do not contain the from materials which are structurally
analyte (including samples containing similar or closely related. Positive re:
materials which are structurally similar or obtained for samples containing the
closely related to the analyte) as per analyre and negative results for those
method. containing the analyte.
I
~'
Compare the result obtained by , Spectrum/ chromatogram/ measurerr
performing the method on the analyte etc. must be the same as that due to :
with that obtained for a certified reference certified reference standard.
standard.

Assay
A generic summary validation protocol is g1ven for assay methods in Table 16.

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T ~f E V A LID A T ION 0 FAN A L Y TIC A L MET HODS

Table 16 Suggestions for inclusion in a validation protocol for an assay method

Validation Experimental details Typical acceptance criteria

characteristic

Specificity Analyse sgmples containing potential No interference observed for analyte

interferences, e.g. impurities, excipienrs. response.

Prepare samples by: Chromatographic:

Spiking drug substance/ drug product No peaks interfering with analyte peak
with the potentially interfering observed.
material.
Minimum resolution between analyte
Prepare samples of the potentially peak and neighbouring peaks = 1.5.
interfering materials.
No co-elution detected from peak
Perform stress studies on drug purity investigation.
substance/ drug product.

Chroma tographic:

Investigate peak purity of analyte peak.

Linearity A least 5 concentrations over the range Calibration model valid.

80-120% of the nominal concentration.
Residual plot shows random scatter and
An additional solution at 40% is
no systematic trends.
recommended for single point calibration
methods. 95% confidence interval of intercept
includes zero, or intercept is less than 2%
e.g. 40, 80, 90, 100, 110 and 120% nominal
of nominal response.
/'

The range is defl!ied by the results Linearity, accuracy and precision

Range
obtained for linearity, accuracy and demonstrated over the range.
preclslon.

At least 9 determinations over 3 Mean recovery within 98-102%.

Accuracy
concentration levels Individual recoveries within 97-103%.
e.g. 3 at 80% nominal, 3 at 100%, and 3 at Regression analysis of known vs.
120%. estimated:

Slope within 0.98-1.02

95% confidence interval of intercept

includes zero

System precision assessed by 6 replicate %RSD ~ 1%

Precision
measurements/injections
-.'.

Analysis of 6 preparations from a %RSD ~ 2%

Repeatability
homogeneous sample at 100% nominal

or

3 concentrations/3 levels (use accuracy

samples).

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 THE VALIDATION PROTOCOL

Table 16 Suggestions for inclusion in a validation protocol for an assay method

Validation Experimental details Typical acceptance criteria

characteristic

Intermediate Repeatability samples analysed on %RSD :oS3%

precision different days, instruments, and by
different analysts, etc.

Use an experimental design.

Reproducibility Repeatability samples analysed in a %RSD:oS 3%

different laboratory using design used for
intermediate precision.

Robustness Investigation using an experimental design No factor has a significant effect on the
based on the .critical factors identified assay results, or is controlled by an
during method development. appropriate system suitability test.

Stability Test solution stability evaluated by Results for original analysis and reanalysis
comparing stored solutions against results within 2%.
from original analysis. Typical storage
.
'". •. .~
f:".
.~_ r" conditions include room temperature and
refrigerated.

Drug products may be developed in a series of fcSrmulation strengths to provide

.~".

;
>
.
•.
different dosing options during clinical trials and post approval. The series are usually
analysed using the same assay method, the sample preparation is altered to account for
the differing amounts of active pharmaceutical ingredient present. During method
validation the design of the study needs to ensure that the application of the method
to all relevant dosage strengths is covered.

Other types of methods may be validated using a similar approach as for assay
methods. Examples are methods for the analysis component of dissolution testing,
and methods for testing uniformity of dosage units. Validation of the sample
preparation component of dissolution testing involves consideration of the method in
question, e.g. the withdrawal and filtration of samples. This topic is discussed by C. C.
Chan et al. in 'Analytical Method Validation and Instrument Performance'."

Impurities
A generic summary validation protocol is given for quantitative impurity methods in
Table 17.

,
0'

•..
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'THE VALIDATION OF ANALYTICAL METHODS

Table 17 Suggestions for inclusion in a validation protocol for a quantitative impurities method

Validation Experimental details Acceptance criteria

characteristic

Specificity Analyse samples containing potential No interference observed for response

interferences, e.g. impurities, excipients. due to analyte or impurities of interest.

Prepare samples by: Chromatographic:

Spiking drug substance/ dmg product No peaks interfering with the analyte
with the potentially interfering peak or the peaks due to the
material. impurities of interest observed.

Prepare samples of the potentially Minimum resolution between peaks of

interfering materials: interest and neighbouring peaks = 1.5.
Perform stress studies on drug No co-elution detected from peak
substance/ drug product. purity investigation.

Chromatographic:

Investigate peak purity of analyte peak.

Linearity A least 5 concentrations over the range Calibration model valid.

QL-120% of the specification limit.
Residual plot shows random scatter and
e.g. 25, 50,75, 100 and 120% specification no systematic trends.
limit of the impurity, the values will
95% confidence interval of intercept
depend on the values of the specification
includes zero, or intercept is less than 2%
limit and the quantitation limit for a
of nominal response.
particular method.

Range The range is defined by the results Linearity, accuracy and precision
obtained for linearity, accuracy and demonstrated over the range.
precision.

At least 9 determinations over 3 Mean recovery within 90-110%.

Accuracy
concentration levels. Individual recoveries within 70-130%.
e.g. 3 at quantitation limit, 3 at 50% of Regression analysis of known vs,
specification limit, and 3 at 120% of
estimated:
specification limit.
Slope within 0.9-1.1

95% confidence interval of intercept

includes zero l~"

System precision assessed by 6 replicate %RSD:'S 2% ,

Precision
measurements/injections. ~
I~

.,
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1.•• •

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 THE VALIDATION PROTO

Table 17
Suggestions for inclusion in a validation protocol for a quantitative impurities method

Validation Experimental details Acceptance criteria

characteristic

Repeatability Analysis of 6 preparations from a %RSD ~ 10%

homogeneous sample at a typical
concentration level expected for the
impurity

or

3 concentrations/3 levels (use accuracy

samples).

Intermediate Repeatability samples analysed on %RSD s 15%

precision different days, instruments, and by
.different analysts, ere.

Use an experimental design.

Reproducibility Repeatability samples analysed in a %RSD ~ 15%

different laboratory using design used for
intermediate precision.

Detection limit Prepare 6 samples at or near the expected -0.01 to 0.02% nominal
detection limit (calculate level from
required reporting thresholds, i.e..,QLl3) SIN - 3
by spiking.

Quantitation limit Prepare 6 samples at or near the expected -0.05 to 0.1% nominal
quantirarion limit by spiking.
SIN - 10

Robustness Investigation using an experimental design No factor studied has a significant ef[e
based on the critical factors identified on the assay results, or, factor effects 2
during method development. controlled by an appropriate system
suitability test.

Stability Test solution stability evaluated by Results [or original analysis and reanal-
comparing stored solutions against results within 2%.
[rom original analysis. Typical storage
conditions include room temperature and
refrigerated.

The validation of quantitative analytical methods for residual solvents follows a sin
approach as above where the reporting thresholds for individual solvents are defi
in the ICH guideline, 'Impurities: Guideline for Residual solvents'i> Limit tests
residual soivents require investigation of specificity and the detection limit only.

Other examples of applications of limit tests are for 10w-lev<J toxins (highly tr
substances which can be detrimental to the health of the patient at very

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rTHE VALIDATION OF ANALYTICAL METHODS

concenrrations) and polymorphic impurities. A limit test requires less validation than
a quantification method and thus is often preferred. More information on the
validation of methods for .low level toxins is provided by Skett in 'Analysis of Drug
Impurities." Experimental approaches and acceptance criteria similar to that used for
impurities may also be applied to methods for water determination.

Bioanalytical methods
A generic summary validation protocol is given for bioanalytical methods in Table 18.
This summary is based on the FDA guidelines for bioanalytical method validation)

Table 18 Suggestions for inclusion in a validation protocol for a bioanalytical method

Validation Experimental details Acceptance criteria

characteristic

Selectivity Blank samples of the biological matrix No interference observed for analyte
from at least 6 sources tested. response.
Samples prepared and tested for all Chromatographic:
potentially interfering materials, e.g.
No peaks interfering with analyte peak
metabolites.
observed.
Minimum resolution between analyte
peak and neighbouring peaks =
1.5.

No co-elution detected from peak

purity investigation.

Accuracy Minimum of 5/determinations at 3 Mean of each concentration within 15%

concentrations in the expected range. of the actual value except LLOQ which
should not deviate by more than 20%.

Precision Minimum of five determinations at 3 %RSD should not exceed 15%, except for
concentrations in the expected range (use LLOQ, where it should not exceed 20%.
accuracy samples).

Recovery Compare extracted samples at 3 Recovery need not be 100%, but should
concentrations (low, medium and high) be consistent.
with unextracred standards that represent
100% recovery.

Calibration/ Prepare and analyse 6 to 8 evenly spaced Calibration model valid.

Standard Curve standards covering t.he required Residual plot shows random scatter and
concentration range including the LLOQ, no systematic trends.
also include a blank sample (matrix only),
and a zero sample (matrix and internal Weighting or complex calibration curve

Lower Limit of
standard).

At least 5 samples should be used to

justified.

The response at LLOQ should be at least

--
5 times the response compared to blank
Quantification establish LLOQ.
response.
(LLOQ)

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Table 18 Suggestions for inclusion in a validation protocol for a bioanalyrical method

Validation Experimental details Acceptance criteria

characteristic

Stability Freeze and thaw stability, short-term Stored result within 15% of the control,
temperature stability and long-term
stability: Equivalence shown using statistical test
based on confidence interval.
3 aliquots of each of high and low
concentrations stored and reanalysed
alongside control samples.

Stock solution stability:

Stock solutions stored and reanalysed

alongside control samples.

Other methods
For other methods which are not discussed above, the experimental procedure should
be based on requirements in the ICH guidelines. The acceptance criteria should be
considered on a case by case basis and Table 15 through to Table 18 may provide a
starting point for defining suitable values.

Validation of methods in Pharmacopoeias

The tests which are described in individual monographs in the pharmacopoeias have
been validated for the substance that the monograph relates to and therefore do not
normally require further validation. For methods which are based on separation
techniques the system suitability requirements must be fulfilled. However the FDA
regulation 21 CFR 211.194(a)(2) states that (the suitability of all testing methods used
shall be verified under actual conditions of use'.

If tests from pharmacopoeias are applied to non-compendial substances or

preparations then validation is normally required. General tests such as melting point,
heavy metals, sulphated ash, pH of solution, ete. may not require further validation but
the suitability of the method for the intended use should be demonstrated, and may be
required in regulatory submissions. A review of the validation of pharmacopoeial
methods is given by Miller in (Method Validation in Pharmaceutical Analysis. A guide
to Best Practice'."

Automated methods
The automation of analytical methods is used to increase sample throughput, help
ensure data integrity and improve laboratory safety. I [ a method is considered as
being composed of three elements: sample preparation, measurement and data
handling then the second and third elements are routinely automated using
instrumental analysis. The use of autoinjectors is common in most laboratories and
computer controlled systems allow automatic calculation of ~esults. Sample
preparation is usually the most labour intensive part of an analysis and automated

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E VALIDATION OF ANALYTICAL METHODS

~ms have beco~e popular in laboratories performing pharmaceutical analysis,

.icularly for*iuality assurance analysis where the methods are well defined and the
pIe throughput is high. .

validation of analytical methods which involve automation of measurement

iires that the system pr-ecision for the measurement and the robustness of the
rating parameters is evaluated. For computer controlled data handling the
ware need to be fully validated before it can be used in an analysis. For automated
ple preparation there are a number of possible impacts on the approach to method
:lation and these depend largely on the nature of the method. If the method was
inally developed as a manual method then the validation will consist of
ionstrating equivalency between the automated and manual methods. If the
.mated method was developed without a manual method then the validation will
»» the ICH guidelines. However, the design of the validation will need to consider
unique attributes related to the way in which the sample handling system. Also the
pment qualification, similar to an analytical instrument, should be performed prior
performing validation studies. Useful guidance regarding development and
[arion of automated methods is provided by Incledon and Ham in 'Analytical
hod Validation and Instrument Performance Qualificationf

iidation by Phase of Deve opmerrt

analytical method which is used in pharmaceutical analysis should always be
:lated to ensure that 'the results;generated are trustworthy. These results may be
I to make critical decisions du{ing the drug development process relating to issues
1 as safety of the drug, the synthetic route and the manufacturing process.
vever performing formal validation studies as per ICH guidelines requires
siderable resources. In the early stages of the development of a drug the
.stment required for formal validation may not be desirable due to a number of
ons including:

The development and optimisation of the analytical methods is ongoing.

The development of the synthetic route for the drug substance is ongoing.

The development of the formulation of the drug product is ongoing.

The drug may not progress into later stages of development.

: TCE zuidelines apply to 'validation of the analytical procedures included as part of

. o
stratton .,
applications su bmi . hi n th e EC , J apan and USA'l ~ and. thus do not
rrutte d Wlt
nally apply to the early phases of drug development. T~e gw.de~ne: fr~m ~e
A regarding INDs for phase 2 and phase 3 studies? require. appropnate validation
a for methods which are not from a pharmacopoeia or official reference standard.

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The consequence of this is that it is common for pharmaceutical companies to us

phased approach to analytical method validation studies. Validation performed
early phase drugs tends to be less extensive than that performed for late stage dru
However the objective of validation still applies, i.e. to demonstrate that a methoc
suitable for its intended purpose. The following list provides suggestions
validation of early phase drugs:

• A formal validation protocol is not yet mandatory. Internal guidelines, 01

standard operating procedure (SOP), may be used to summarise the gene
validation requirements. This may be referenced rather than producing ill
consuming documentation.

• The extent of testing and the number of replications may be reduced.

• Wider acceptance criteria may be adequate in early phases of development.

• Specificity and evaluation of the quantitation limit are the primary characteristics
ensure that assay and impurity methods meet their intended purposes of poter
and safety.

• A second method to evaluate accuracy is unlikely to exist in the early phase

development, therefore accuracy may bel inferred from the results of precisic
linearity and specificity. ./

• For precision testing synthetic mixtures of drug substance and placebo may
used, rather than authentic samples, thus enabling the combination of accura.
precision and potentially linearity at the same time.

• Formal intermediate precision experiments are not yet needed but if differs
laboratories need to operate the method then the handover will require suital
validation.

• The evaluation of the detection limit for impurity methods may be delayed.

• Formal robustness testing is not yet required. Robustness studies associated wi

method development are likely to be ongoing at this stage.

• 111e validation report may be presented in a simplified tabular forma.t, togeth

with the conclusions. TIUs type of summary report fulfils the expectatlons of t
regulatory authorities, e.g. phase 2 and phase 3 INDs

Further information regarding validation of analytical methods by phase.

development is available from Bloch in "Method Validation in Ph~aceutl(
Analysis. A guide to Best Practice"? and also from Boudreau et al. ill a par:
developed from a PhRMA 2003 workshop."! •

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