Digital

Image Processing

Name : Abhishek Ganguly

Roll No. – 15800116060
Year – 4th Sem. – 7th
Stream – Computer Science and Engineering
Institute – Mallabhum Institute of Technology
 Image Processing Fields

• Computer Graphics: The creation of images

• Image Processing: Enhancement or other manipulation of

the image

• Computer Vision: Analysis of the image content

 Image Processing Fields

Input / Output Image Description

Image Image Processing Computer Vision
Description Computer Graphics AI

Sometimes, Image Processing is defined as “a discipline in

which both the input and output of a process are images
But, according to this classification, trivial tasks of
computing the average intensity of an image would not
be considered an image processing operation.
 Computerized Processes Types

Low-Level Processes:
• Input and output are images
• Tasks: Primitive operations, such as, image
processing to reduce noise, contrast enhancement
and image sharpening
 Computerized Processes Types

Mid-Level Processes:
• Inputs, generally, are images. Outputs are attributes extracted
from those images (edges, contours, identity of individual
objects).
• Tasks:
✓ Segmentation (partitioning an image into regions or objects).
✓ Description of those objects to reduce them to a form suitable for
computer processing.
✓ Classifications (recognition) of objects.
 Computerized Processes Types

• High-Level Processes: Image analysis and computer vision.

 Digital Image Definition

• An image can be defined as a two-dimensional function

f(x,y).
• x,y: Spatial coordinate.
• F: the amplitude of any pair of coordinate x,y, which is
called the intensity or gray level of the image at that point.
• X,y and f, are all finite and discrete quantities.
 Fundamental Steps in Digital Image
Processing:
Outputs of these processes generally are images :

Wavelets &
Multiresolution
Image

Outputs of these processes generally

processing Morphological
Compression
Processing
Colour Image
Processing
Segmentation
Image Restoration

are image attributes

Knowledge Base Representation &
Description
Image Enhancement

Image Acquisition
Object Recognition
Problem Domain
 Fundamental Steps in DIP:
(Description)

Step 1: Image Acquisition

The image is captured by a sensor (e.g. Camera), and
digitized if the output of the camera or sensor is not
already in digital form, using analogue-to-digital convertor
 Fundamental Steps in DIP:
(Description)

Step 2: Image Enhancement

The process of manipulating an image so that the result is
more suitable than the original for specific applications.
The idea behind enhancement techniques is to bring out
details that are hidden, or simple to highlight certain
features of interest in an image.
 Fundamental Steps in DIP:
(Description)

Step 3: Image Restoration

- Improving the appearance of an image.
- Tend to be mathematical or probabilistic models.
Enhancement, on the other hand, is based on human
subjective preferences regarding what constitutes a
“good” enhancement result.
 Fundamental Steps in DIP:
(Description)

Step 4: Colour Image Processing

Use the colour of the image to extract features of interest
in an image.
 Fundamental Steps in DIP:
(Description)

Step 5: Wavelets
Are the foundation of representing images in various
degrees of resolution. It is used for image data
compression.
 Fundamental Steps in DIP:
(Description)

Step 6: Compression
Techniques for reducing the storage required to save an
image or the bandwidth required to transmit it.
 Fundamental Steps in DIP:
(Description)

Step 7: Morphological Processing

Tools for extracting image components that are useful in
the representation and description of shape.
In this step, there would be a transition from processes
that output images, to processes that output image
attributes.
 Fundamental Steps in DIP:
(Description)

Step 8: Image Segmentation

Segmentation procedures partition an image into its
constituent parts or objects.

Important Tip: The more accurate the segmentation, the

more likely recognition is to succeed.
 Fundamental Steps in DIP:
(Description)

Step 9: Representation and Description

- Representation: Make a decision whether the data should be
represented as a boundary or as a complete region. It is almost
always follows the output of a segmentation stage.
- Boundary Representation: Focus on external shape
characteristics, such as corners and inflections (‫)انحناءات‬
- Region Representation: Focus on internal properties, such
as texture or skeleton (‫ )هيكلية‬shape
 Fundamental Steps in DIP:
(Description)

Step 9: Representation and Description

- Choosing a representation is only part of the solution for
transforming raw data into a form suitable for subsequent
computer processing (mainly recognition)

- Description: also called, feature selection, deals with

extracting attributes that result in some information of
interest.
 Fundamental Steps in DIP:
(Description)

Step 9: Recognition and Interpretation

Recognition: the process that assigns label to an object
based on the information provided by its description.
 Fundamental Steps in DIP:
(Description)

Step 10: Knowledge Base

Knowledge about a problem domain is coded into an
image processing system in the form of a knowledge
database.
Components of an Image Processing
System

Network

Image displays Computer Mass storage

Hardcopy Specialized image Image processing

processing hardware software

Problem Domain Image sensors Typical general-

purpose DIP
system
 Components of an Image Processing
System

1. Image Sensors
Two elements are required to acquire digital images.
The first is the physical device that is sensitive to the
energy radiated by the object we wish to image
(Sensor). The second, called a digitizer, is a device for
converting the output of the physical sensing device into
digital form.
 Components of an Image Processing
System

2. Specialized Image Processing Hardware

Usually consists of the digitizer, mentioned before, plus
hardware that performs other primitive operations, such as
an arithmetic logic unit (ALU), which performs arithmetic and
logical operations in parallel on entire images.
This type of hardware sometimes is called a front-end
subsystem, and its most distinguishing characteristic is speed.
In other words, this unit performs functions that require fast
data throughputs that the typical main computer cannot
handle.
 Components of an Image Processing
System

3. Computer
The computer in an image processing system is a
general-purpose computer and can range from a PC to a
supercomputer. In dedicated applications, sometimes
specially designed computers are used to achieve a
required level of performance.
 Components of an Image Processing
System

4. Image Processing Software

Software for image processing consists of specialized
modules that perform specific tasks. A well-designed
package also includes the capability for the user to write
code that, as a minimum, utilizes the specialized
modules.
 Components of an Image Processing
System
5. Mass Storage Capability
Mass storage capability is a must in a image processing applications.
And image of sized 1024 * 1024 pixels requires one megabyte of
storage space if the image is not compressed.
Digital storage for image processing applications falls into three
principal categories:
1. Short-term storage for use during processing.
2. on line storage for relatively fast recall.
3. Archival storage, characterized by infrequent access.
 Components of an Image Processing
System
5. Mass Storage Capability
One method of providing short-term storage is computer memory.
Another is by specialized boards, called frame buffers, that store
one or more images and can be accessed rapidly.
The on-line storage method, allows virtually instantaneous image
zoom, as well as scroll (vertical shifts) and pan (horizontal shifts).
On-line storage generally takes the form of magnetic disks and
optical-media storage. The key factor characterizing on-line storage
is frequent access to the stored data.
Finally, archival storage is characterized by massive storage
requirements but infrequent need for access.
 Components of an Image Processing
System

6. Image Displays
The displays in use today are mainly color (preferably
flat screen) TV monitors. Monitors are driven by the
outputs of the image and graphics display cards that are
an integral part of a computer system.
 Components of an Image Processing
System

7. Hardcopy devices
Used for recording images, include laser printers, film
cameras, heat-sensitive devices, inkjet units and digital
units, such as optical and CD-ROM disks.
 Components of an Image Processing
System

8. Networking
Is almost a default function in any computer system, in
use today. Because of the large amount of data inherent
in image processing applications the key consideration in
image transmission is bandwidth.
In dedicated networks, this typically is not a problem,
but communications with remote sites via the internet
are not always as efficient.
THANK YOU