DESIGN AND FABRICATION OF

SMART HELMET

A PROJECT REPORT

Submitted by

BL.EN.U4MEE15001 A. SAI VENKATA KIRAN

BL.EN.U4MEE15030 G. VENKATESH
BL.EN.U4MEE15051 K. JAYARAM
BL.EN.U4MEE15054 M.SURYA

In partial fulfilment for the award of the degree

Of
BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
In
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

AMRITA SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING, BENGALURU

AMRITA VISHWA VIDYAPEETHAM
BENGALURU 560 035

MAY– 2019

MECHANICAL, ASE, Bangalore 1

 AMRITA VISHWA VIDYAPEETHAM AMRITA SCHOOL OF
ENGINEERING, BENGALURU, 560 035

BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the project report entitled

“DESIGN AND FABRICATION OF SMART HELMET”

Submitted by

BL.EN.U4MEE15001 A. SAI VENKATA KIRAN

BL.EN.U4MEE15030 G. VENKATESH
BL.EN.U4MEE15051 K. JAYARAM
BL.EN.U4MEE15054 M.SURYA

In partial fulfilment of the requirements for the award of the Degree of Bachelor of
Technology in “MECHANICAL ENGINEERING” is a bonafide record of the
work carried out under the guidance and supervision at Amrita School of
Engineering, Bengaluru.

B.P.DILEEP Dr. Nagaraja S.R.

Project Guide Chairman

Asst. Professor Professor
Dept. of Mechanical Engineering Dept. of Mechanical Engineering

This project report was evaluated by us on ……………...

EXAMINER 1 EXAMINER 2

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We would like to extend our sincere thanks to all the people who have helped us in one or the
other way in completing this project. First, we would give our thanks to AMMA for
protection and ability to do work.

We would like to express our sincere gratitude to our Director Dhanraj Swami and
Associate Dean, Prof. Rakesh S.G and the entire management for expressing confidence in
us an opportunity to undertake such a project.

We would like to convey our sincere thanks to Dr Nagaraja S.R, Head of Department,
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Amrita School of Engineering, Bengaluru, for
permitting us to carry our project work.

We would like to thank our project advisor, Mr.B.P DILEEP, Assistant Professor,
Department of Mechanical Engineering, without his ample support and co-operation; this
endeavor would not have been materialized. The blessing, help and guidance given by him
time to time shall carry us a long way in the journey of life on which we are about to embark.

We are also grateful to our project evaluation panel members Mr. Ravi Kumar, Assistant
Professor and Mr. T. Srinivas Rao, Assistant Professor, Amrita School of Engineering,
Bengaluru, for their rich experience filled discussions and suggestions during the course of
project.

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 ABSTRACT

The impact when a motorcyclist involves in a high-speed accident without wearing a helmet
is very dangerous and can cause fatality. Wearing a helmet can reduce shock from the impact
and may save a life. Now a day’s most of the countries are enforcing their citizens to wear
helmet while riding the bike to provide safety. However, these laws are violated in most of
the cases. Many researchers say that 70% of the major accidents occurred could be prevented
by simply wearing a helmet. Therefore, to overcome this problem we have designed
“SMART HELMET”, which does not allow the rider to ride the bike unless the helmet is
worn. The smart helmet also include the Indicator lights placed on them which provides
proper information of the next step of the rider to the trailing rider this is mainly helpful
where the bike rider is just in front of the heavy vehicle , where the vehicle rider couldn’t
trace out the signal lights, which are not in his vision. These Indicator lights also helps
majorly in case of sharp turnings. Over speeding is also one of the major problems, where the
accidents occurs and the rider may lose his life. To solve this problem we will be intimating
the rider’s family members by sending them messages through SMS. The helmet also gives a
buzzer sound when the rider exceeds the speed limit.
Because of not providing the information of the accidents, most of the riders who met with
accident lose their lives. Using the Tilting sensor and GPS, GSM modules that are placed in
the helmet the microcontroller (PROMini) traces the location where the accident has occurred
and sends the message of that location using GSM module to the phone numbers of the
rider’s parents or relatives.

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 INDEX

Table of Contents

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ...................................................................................................... 3
ABSTRACT .............................................................................................................................. 4

1. INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................ 9
1.1 WHAT IS A HELMET ..................................................................................... 9
1.2 EVOLUTION OF HELMET ............................................................................. 9
1.2 TYPES OF MOTORCYCLE HELMET ......................................................... 11

2. LITERATURE SURVEY ........................................................................................ 16

2.1 SMART HELMET FOR TWO-WHEELERS ................................................. 16
2.2 DESIGN OF ACCURATE NAVIGATION SYSTEM ................................... 17
2.3 SMART HELMET .......................................................................................... 18
2.4 SMART HELMET USING GSM &GPS ........................................................ 19

3. OBJECTIVES ........................................................................................................... 20
3.1 SPEEDING ...................................................................................................... 20
3.2 WEARING HELMET ...................................................................................... 21
3.3 INDICATOR LIGHTS .................................................................................... 22
3.4 ACCIDENT INTIMATION ............................................................................ 23

4. METHODOLODY ................................................................................................... 24
4.1 PRO MINI MODULE .................................................................................... 24
4.2 ESP8266 NodeMCU ...................................................................................... 27
4.3 HC-05 BLUETOOTH MODULE................................................................... 30
4.4 TRANSISTOR ............................................................................................... 33
4.5 BOOST CONVERTOR.................................................................................. 33
4.6 TILTING SENSOR ........................................................................................ 35
4.7 GPS MODULE ............................................................................................... 37
4.7 GSM MODULE ............................................................................................. 38

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 5.RESULTS .................................................................................................................. 40
6. REFERENCES ......................................................................................................... 43

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 LIST OF FIGURES

Fig1.1: Davida Pudding Helmet 10

Fig1.2: Davida Jet Style Helmet 10

Fig1.3: Full Face Helmet 10

Fig1.4: Black Bandit Helmet 11

Fig1.5: Full Face Helmet 12

Fig1.6: Modular Helmet 12

Fig1.7: Open Face Helmet 13

Fig1.8: Half Helmet 14

Fig1.9: Off Road Helmet 14

Fig1.10: Dual Sport Helmet 15

Fig3.1: Accidents due to Speeding 21

Fig3.2: Helmet vs Non Helmet Injuries 22

Fig3.3: Indicator Lights of Helmet 23

Fig4.1: PROMini Module 24

Fig4.2: PROMini Pinout 26

Fig4.3: EPS8266 Node MCU 27
Fig4.4: EPS8266 Node MCU Pinout 29
Fig4.5: HC-05 Bluetooth Module 31
Fig4.6: Flow Char for Ignition 32
Fig4.7: Flow Chart for Indicator Lights 34
Fig4.8: Tilting Sensor 35
Fig4.9: Tilting Sensor in Not Tilted Position 36
Fig4.10: Tilting Sensor in Tilted Position 36
Fig4.11: GSM Module 38
Fig4.12: SML800 Module 39
Fig5.1: Bike Part Circuit 40

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Fig5.2: Helemet Circuit 40
Fig5.3: SMART HELMET 40
Fig5.4: Accident Intimation 41
Fig5.5: Speed monitoring 42

Fig5.5: Indicators Lights on Helmet 43

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INTRODUCTION May-19

1. INTRODUCTION

1.1 WHAT IS A HELMET

A helmet is a form of protective gear worn to protect the head. More specifically a helmet
complements the skull in protecting the human brain. Originally, a helmet was used to cover
only some part of the head, later on, many advancements happened in helmets, and now it
covers all the head part decreasing lot of injuries in accidents.
Helmets are used in different purposes
IN CIVILIAN LIFE
Helmets are used in recreational activities and sports for example jockeys in horseracing,
American football, Ice hockey, cricket, baseball etc…
IN DANGEROUS WORK ACTIVITIES
Helmets are used in construction, mining, riot police etc…
IN TRANSPORTATION
Helmets are used in motorcycles and bicycles
1.2 EVOLUTION OF HELMET
Helmets of many different types have developed over time. Most early helmets had military
uses, though some may have had more ceremonial than combat applications. In the next few
pages, we shall see the major changes what happened in the helmet over the years. This is the
brief overview of evolution of helmet. This evolution is classified into four stages according
to the period
EARLY 1900s (Straight outta competition)
IN 1950s (Straight outta Combat)
IN 1960s (Straight outta Space)
IN 1980s and 1990s (Straight outta style)

DAVIDA PUDDING BOWL HELMET

A helmet that retains its popularity through the 1950s and into the early 60s. Specifications of
the helmet are fiberglass shell, leather interior and strap, earflaps. Internal: cork shock shield
and cross webbing for ventilation and comfort. No built in eye protection.

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INTRODUCTION May-19

FIG 1.1 Davida Pudding Helmet

DAVIDA JET STYLE HELMET
Specifications are Covers base of skull and temples, hand laminated fiberglass shell, leather
quick release chinstrap. Energy absorbing EPS (expanding polystyrene) liner created by the
Toptex co. in LA. ‘Air force Quality’ is the motto.

FIG 1.2 Davida Jet Style Helmet

FULL FACE HELMET
Specifications are Rigid Laminate one-piece construction. Nylon covered internal padding.
Snap buttons for disposable visor. Unique metal flake designs.

FIG 1.3 Full Face Helmet

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INTRODUCTION May-19

BLACK BANDIT HELMET

Helmet design and materials do not change much after the Bell Star full face. It is in fashion,
rather than construction, that things move forward (or backward, depending on your taste).
Throughout the 1970s, the metal flake helmet had been the king of cool but as fashion
becomes a little tepid in the 80s this trend wears off and the helmet starts to take its fashion
cues from its track heroes.
Specifications are Fiberglass carbon fiber mix shell. Integral visor.

FIG 1.4 Black Bandit Helmet

This is the evolution of helmet over the years and now a days the helmet is equipped with
Bluetooth to some extent and there is lot more to be done in the helmet.

1.3 TYPES OF MOTOR CYCLE HELMET

There are majorly six different types of helmets
FULL FACE
MODULAR (AKA Flip-up)
OPEN FACE (AKA ¾ helmet)
HALF HELMET (AKA Brain Bucket)
OFF-ROAD (AKA Motocross helmet)
DUAL-SPORT (AKA Crossover, ADV, Hybrid, Enduro)
The explanation of each and every type and the safety level is explained below

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INTRODUCTION May-19

FULL FACE

FIG 1.5 Full Face Helmet

When you picture a motorcycle helmet, this is probably what you have in mind. Full faces
cover the top, back and front of your head. Except for the eye port of course, which is
important for a little safety feature called being able to see. As opposed to 3/4 and half
helmets, full faces have a chin bar. In addition, since 45% of helmet impacts occur in this
area, it is a handy feature. For those with an upright position – tourers, cruisers or ADV riders
– a full-face helmet should have a slightly different shape. The chin bar will extend a little
lower, the eye port will be angled straight out, and there will be more frontal air ducts. These
touring and casual helmets also focus on comfort and soundproofing. Sometimes, they come
with add-ons that would make a techie wet himself: Mp3, Bluetooth, rider-to-rider comms,
etc.
The problem with full faces is ventilation. If you have the visor closed – and anyone who has
taken a wasp to the eye at 100 km/h will have the visor closed – the helmet is a sealed bubble.
Therefore, you should look for something that is well ventilated to prevent your hair from
spontaneously combusting.
MODULAR HELMET

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INTRODUCTION May-19

FIG 1.6 Modular Helmet

These are the Optimus Primes of helmets. In addition, by that, I mean that the chin bar flips
up (or is removed entirely) to turn a full-face helmet into an open face helmet. Maybe that is
not as impressive as alien robots. However, hey, this is real life. Modular helmets are popular
with adventure and sport touring riders. The versatility is great for anyone who occasionally
wants to grab a bite to eat, smoke a cigarette, consult a map or talk to a friend. With a
modular helmet, you can flip up the chin bar and accomplish all these tasks without taking
your lid off. Neat, eh?
Modular helmets are inherently less safe than standard full faces. That is because the flip-up
mechanism introduces a hinge to an otherwise solid structure, subsequently weakening the
helmet. However, modular helmets are still much safer than open face or half helmets. While
there are a few sporty modular helmets, most are geared towards a casual riding style. That is,
most of them work best in an upright or near-upright riding position.
OPEN FACE HELMET

FIG 1.7 Open Face Helmet

Open face helmets are extremely popular among cruisers and scooter riders. The ¾structure
has an inherently vintage feel, and matches well with stylish street-going motorcycles. When
compared to full faces, open face helmets are structurally equal in terms of safety. That is, the
shells often use the same composites and padding for impact resistance. However, as is
readily apparent from the name itself, open face helmets provide less coverage. Notably,
there is no chin bar and – in many cases – there is no face shield either. Therefore, an open
face helmet will cover the top, back and sides of your head, but not your face.
The benefit of an open face helmet is the airy feel. However, this can also be a problem in

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INTRODUCTION May-19

rainy or dusty weather. If your helmet has a flip-down visor, you might still need a bandana
to protect your chin. Alternately, you could grow an enormous beard to solve the problem. If
your helmet does not have any eye protection, there are a few options. In sunny weather, you
can get away with wearing glasses. If the conditions get rough, most riders opt for goggles.
Many helmet manufacturers will offer Snap-On eye protection that is specially designed to
work with their helmets.
HALF HELMET

FIG 1.8 Half Helmet

Half helmets are the most minimal of lids. They cover your head, normally from the top of
your forehead to about halfway down the back of your head. They are extremely popular with
cruiser and vintage riders, with a particular following in the Harley-Davidson category. That
said, they have seen some popularity with naked bikes as well – Ducati Monsters, BMW
S1000Rs, Kawasaki Z1000s – anything with a streetfighter style.
Half helmets are normally DOT approved, making them legal on Canadian roads. That said,
they lack in safety features. Half helmets have the minimal required coverage and – even on
the top of the head – the impact resistance is often substandard.
OFF ROAD HELMET

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INTRODUCTION May-19

FIG 1.9 off Road Helmet

Off-road helmets are distinguished from regular full faces by their sun peaks and pronounced,
angular chin bars. Dirt riding demands a high physicality from the rider, and it is often done
in warmer weather. Therefore, motocross helmets are designed to minimize weight and
maximize ventilation. Motocross helmets are designed to be used with goggles – they do not
have built-in face shields. That is because goggles provide superior airflow, and they can be
used with tear-offs in extremely dirty conditions. The sun peak lives up to its name – it
protects your eyes from the sun. In addition, it also guards against mile-high roost falling
from above.

DUAL SPORT

FIG 1.10 Dual Sport Helmet

Dual-Sport helmets fall somewhere between off-road and full-face styles. Like motocross
helmets, they have a sun peak and excellent ventilation. However, they also provide a little
more warmth and soundproofing for on-road riding. In addition, most obviously, they have a
built-in visor and a truncated chin bar. The sun peaks on dual sport helmets are
aerodynamically designed to resist lifting at highway speeds. The visors are normally made
so that, when flipped all the way up, the rider is able to use goggles instead.

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LITERATURE SURVEY May-19

2. LITERATURE SURVEY

2.1 SMART HELMET FOR TWO-WHEELERS

Ravi Nandu and Kuldeep Singh
SRM University, Department of Automobile Engineering, Kattankulathur, Chennai-603203,
India
According to this paper on smart helmet the authors describes
Abstract:
Helmet is the most important safety gear for two wheeler riders. But due to carelessness of
people and paying less importance toward safety, there are many causalities every year.
Especially in countries like India, these accidents are common due to ignorance toward
safety. According to National Crime Records Bureau (NCRB), two wheelers claimed 92 lives
every day out of which most were due to helmetless drive. Many seminars and road safety
campaign were organized but still there is very less improvement. The most people who met
accident were youngsters. So In order to overcome this problem we came up with the idea of
SMART HELMET. The smart helmet will help to reduce the injuries to head. The smart
helmet will be different in many ways. It will be technically advanced and electronically
controlled. The system design will be such that without wearing the helmet the rider cannot
start two wheelers. The helmet will be connected to vehicle key ignition systems, which will
be electronically controlled. The smart helmet will be having proximity sensor fitted inside it,
which will act as our switch for on/off ignition and further with wireless connection the
helmet sensor circuit will be connected to the vehicle ignition system. If the rider is wearing
the helmet he will be able to crank the engine and could propel, where as in case if helmet is
not there then vehicle will cannot start. This will surely reduce the no of fatalities on road and
hence giving a safer drive.

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LITERATURE SURVEY May-19

2.2 DESIGN OF ACCURATE NAVIGATION SYSTEM BY

INTEGRATING INS AND GPS USING EXTENDED KALMAN FILTER
Santhosh Kumar
MS. Suganthi
Assistant professor,
Department of TEC,
PES institute of technology, Bangalore, Karnataka.
According to this paper on GPS and GSM the authors present

Abstract
MEMS based Inertial Measurement Unit (IMU) has been the primary sensor for measuring
attitude of unmanned Aerial Vehicles. However, inertial measurements drift in time because
the basic parameters have been obtained by dead reckoning wherein the parameters are
obtained from integration, so an external aid like the GPS (Global positioning system) has
been traditionally used to correct the measurements periodically. This project proposes to
demonstrate this application in real time using GPS as an external aid in the correction
process. Towards this extended kalman filter (EKF) is proposed to be realized in real time.
International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET)
Volume: 04 Issue: 04 | Apr -2017
Summary
In this paper, the author has improved the GPS tracking using extended kalman filter. Now a
days the GPS modules have been more efficient and tracking the location with great
accuracy. We used this study, as GPS is one the important feature in Smart helmet.

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LITERATURE SURVEY May-19

2.3 SMART HELMET

Mr. Vivek A. Patel1, Mr. Akash Mishra2, Mr. Rana Hiten3, Mr. Kautik Prajapati4
1Assistant professor, electrical Engg, Mahavir Swami College of Engg. & Tec, Surat,
Gujarat, India 2, 3, 4 Student, electrical Engg. Mahavir Swami College of Engg. & Tec,
Surat, Gujarat, India
According to these authors, there is a great need in smart technology to be implemented in
smart helmet and they have come up with many features

Abstract
Two-wheeler have high rate of accidents than cars or trucks and buses. The aim of smart
helmet is to Provide Safety to the bike rider. With the help of Proper Switch Mounted in
helmet, the two-wheeler would not start without helmet so safety of rider is assured and if
accident has occurred our system will give information to the ambulance about the accident,
so they can take certain measures to save the life of the person who meet with an accident. It
is developed using Arduino. We place sensors in different sides of helmet, which is
connected to Arduino board. Therefore, when the bike rider crashes sensors sense and the
Arduino extract GPS location data using the GPS, which is interfaced with Arduino. When
the sensor data exceeds maximum limit of pressure then GSM module automatically sends
message to ambulance, police and family members. In case of minor injuries, the rider can
stop sending of message by the SMS sending stop switch.
I. To design system that can improve bike rider safety.
II. To design system reduces number of accident due to the drink and drive.
III. To design system that ensure that the rider has were the helmet
IV. To design system that reduces the loss of life due to late arrival of the ambulance.

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LITERATURE SURVEY May-19

2.4 Smart Helmet Using GSM &GPS Technology for Accident Detection
and Reporting System
International Journal of Electrical and Electronics Research Month: October - December
2014
Manjesh N M Tech, ECE-DSCE, JNTUA, Hindupur, India
Prof. Sudarshan Raj. HOD & Asst. Prof. BIT-IT, Hindupur, India
Abstract
A smart helmet is a special idea, which makes motorcycle driving safer than before. This is
implemented using GSM and GPS technology. The working of this smart helmet is very
simple; vibration sensors are placed in different places of helmet where the probability of
hitting is more, which are connected to microcontroller board. Therefore, when the rider
crashes and the helmet hit the ground, these sensors sense and gives to the microcontroller
board, then controller extract GPS data using the GPS module that is interfaced to it. When
the data exceeds minimum stress limit then GSM module automatically sends message to
ambulance or family members.
Considering three major factors for avoiding the accident causes such as
I. Make wearing the helmet compulsory.
II. Avoid drunk and drive.
III. If person met with an accident, no one is there to help him. Simply leaving or
ignoring the person he may die. In such situation, informing to ambulance or family
members through mobile to rescue him for an extent.

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OBJECTIVES May-19

3. OBJECTIVES

1. SPEED MONITORING
2. IGNITION CONTROL
3. BLUETOOTH ENABLED HELMET INDICATORS
4. GPS ENABLED ACCIDENT LOCATION SHARING

1. Speed Monitoring: Speeding is the most common cause of road accidents in

India. Riding above the limit is common practice for many motorists. Speeding
accidents are those accidents no matter how much precaution the government takes
in laying down road laws, there is always reckless riders on the road who makes
mistakes while riding at high speed and take down more than one life. In regarding
to bike accidents, a tradition in most countries is to tie a damaged bike to the side
of road where it had met an accident. Famously known as the ‘GHOST BIKE’,
skeletal image stands to remind bikers and other riders of the grave consequences
of speeding and being reckless at high speed. This gives an idea of pain and
suffering families and friends go through because of such an accident.

In order to overcome, we are fixing GPS in helmet. So that it calibrates distance

based on longitude and latitude for every second so that we can know at what
speed the rider is riding the vehicle. If rider exceeded the speed limit then the
owner of the vehicle or parents get message saying that bike has exceeded speed
and rings alarm for 2 min continuously.

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OBJECTIVES May-19

FIG 3.1 Accidents due to Speeding

2. Ignition Control: Motor cycle gives a sense of freedom on the open road.
However, there dangers involved in riding without a helmet. A motor cycle does
not provide structural protection that a car does to keep drivers safe in event of an
accident. Motorcyclists need take extra precautions to protect their body. The most
place to start is by protecting the head. The head and brain is most vulnerable to
injury in motor cycle accident. Riders wearing helmet increase their chance of
survival significantly over non-wearing helmets. In 2012, the national highway
traffic safety administration estimated 1699 lives were saved because individuals
wore helmets. From 2008 to 2010, there were 14,283 motorcyclist fatalities in
UNITED STATES, and 6057(42%) of those who died were not wearing helmet.
According to many researches, a study by UNITED NATIONS last year (2018) has
estimated helmet improves chances survival by 42%.

In order to overcome this problem, we have fixed wear sensor in the helmet. If the
rider has worn the helmet then the engine starts, if rider does not wear the helmet
then bike engine will not start.

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OBJECTIVES May-19

FIG 3.2 Helmet vs Non Helmet Injuries

3. Bluetooth Enabled Helmet Indicators: Now days most of the accident are
occurring due to trailing driver is not able to judge the riders next decision.
Suppose bike rider is right in front of a heavy vehicle, then he may not able to
judge the bike rider decision accurately so accidents occur. This is the major
problem while sharp turnings have to be taken or in case rider waiting near traffic
signal.

In order to overcome this problem, we are placing indicator lights on the helmet.
So that the trailing driver can be able, judge the next decision (right or left or
brake). This increases the safety level for the rider by indicating the rider’s next
decision to the trailing driver correctly and accurately.

This also gives another advantage that, even if the indicators in the bike is not or
failed to work. Then indicators placed on the helmet gives the direction in which
rider want to move.

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OBJECTIVES May-19

FIG 3.3 Indicator Lights on Helmet

4. GPS Enabled Accident Location Sharing: Traffic collisions in India are

a major source of deaths and major head injuries. The three highest total number of
fatalities were reported in Uttar Pradesh, Maharashtra and Tamilnadu. According
to Fatality Traffic safety experts, the actual number fatality may be higher than
what is documented as many collisions go unreported. More over victims die
sometime after the collision with in a span of time, which may vary from a few
hours to few days. Road safety is emerging as a biggest social concern in the
country and the government has been attempting the tackle this issue from several
years and when these accidents take place in highway or remote area. These
accidents are not even reported immediately and location of the accidents are not
known.

So in over order to overcome this problem we have come up a solution to this. We

have come up with an idea of using GPS and GSM in the helmet. Whenever
accident take place GSM take the location from the GPS and sends an instant
message to parents and nearby hospital, informing that accident has occurred to
this person at this location. Through this technology, lives of bike rider can be
saved.

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METHODOLOGY May-19

4. METHODOLOGY

 IGNITION CONTROL
The wear conformation of the helmet can be achieved by using the position sensor,
which activates when the helmet is worn. This information is sent to the Pro-Mini
module, which passes the information to the EPS8266 NodeMCU, which activates
the ignition relay and allows the bike to start.

The description of the hardware is as follows:

4.1 ARDUINO PROMINI

Arduino Pro Mini is an open-electronics platform based on easy to hardware and
software. It is able to read inputs-(ex. pressing a button) and turn them into output
–turning on a Led, sending a message etc. The importance of using Pro Mini
Arduino is due to its size. The dimensions of Pro Mini is 0.7" x 1" that can be
easily, placed inside the helmet.
Here, Pro Mini is used to get the input from bike part
1. Left Indicator
2. Right Indicator
3. Brake Pad
Moreover, to give output to the bike part
1. Wearing the Helmet

Fig 4.1 PRO MINI Module

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METHODOLOGY May-19

Arduino Pro Mini Features:

Arduino Pro Mini Details

Micro controller AT mega 328

Operating Voltage 3.3 V or 5 V

Input Voltage 3.35 -12 V (3.3V model) or 5 - 12 V (5V model)

14
Digital I/o Pins

Analog Input Pins 8

DC Current per I/o Pin 40mA

Flash Memory 16KB

SRAM 1KB

EEPROM 512 bytes

Clock Speed 8 MHz (3.3V model) or 16 MHz (5V model)

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METHODOLOGY May-19

Pin Description of Pro Mini

FIG 4.2 PROMINI PINOUT

Arduino Pro Mini Pinout

RAW For Supplying a Raw voltage to the board

VCC The regulated 3.5 or 5V supply

GND Ground Pins

RX Used to receive TTL serial data

TX Used to transmit TTL serial data

2 to 13 Digital I/O pins

A0 to A7 Analog Input Pins

Reset The microcontroller can be reset by bringing this pin low

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METHODOLOGY May-19

4.2 EPS NodeMCU

NodeMCU is an open source development board, which comes with an in built Wi-Fi
module. We can establish the Wi-Fi connection and define input/output pins
according to your needs exactly like Arduino, turning your EPS8266 into a web server
and a lot more. With its USB-TTL, the NodeMCU board supports directly flashing
from USB port. It combines features of Wi-Fi access point and station plus
microcontroller. These features make NodeMCU extremely powerful for Wi-Fi
networking
Here we are using the NodeMCU for

1. To monitor bike parameters according to the output given by ProMini

2. To give the input to the ProMini from the bike part (indicator and brake)
3. We get in-built Wi-Fi module

FIG 4.3 EPS8266 NodeMCU Module

The Difference Between Pro Mini and EPS8266 is that ESP8266 has inbuilt Wi-Fi Module.
And ProMini is much smaller compared to ProMini

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ESP8266 NodeMCU Details:

Developer ESP8266 Open Source Community

Type Single-board microcontroller

Operating system XTOS

CPU ESP8266

Memory 128kBytes

Storage 4MBytes

Power Voltage 3V, 5V

Code Arduino Cpp

IDE used Arduino IDE

GPIO 10

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Pin Description of EPS8266 NodeMCU:

FIG 4.4 EPS Node MCU Pinout

EPS8266 NodeMCU Pin Description

GND GROUND

GPIO General Purpose Input/output pins

Connected to RX pin to upload the program

TX
Can also be used as GPIO

RESET Resets the module

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4.3 HC-05 BLUETOOTH MODULE

It is used for many applications like wireless headset, gaming controllers, wireless
mouse, wireless keyboard and many more consumer applications. It has range <100m
which depends on transmitter and receiver atmosphere conditions. It uses serial
communication to communicate with devices. It communicates with microcontroller
using serial port (USART). Here the Bluetooth module to send the signals from Bike
part (ESP8266) to Helmet part (Pro Mini).

We use two Bluetooth modules for in bike part and the other in helmet part, which
are connected to EPS8266 and ProMini respectively. One Bluetooth act as Master and
the other as Slave.
The Bluetooth is programed in such a way that, when both Master and Slave are
turned on they automatically get connected, that can be observed by looking at the
blinking speed of the LED provided in the module
HC-05 Bluetooth Specifications:

HC-05 Bluetooth Specifications

Operating Voltage 4V to 6V

Operating Current 30 mA

Range <100m

Communication USRAT

Operation MASTER/SLAVE

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FIG 4.5 HC-05 Bluetooth Module

HC-05 Bluetooth Pin Description:

Enable Used to toggle the data between data mode and command mode
Key

VCC Powers the Module (5V)

GND Ground

TXD Transmits Serial Data

RXD Receives Serial Data

Connected to the board Led , can be used to check if the Bluetooth is working
STATE properly

Indicates the status of Module

.Blink once in 2 sec: command mode
LED .Repeated blinking: Waiting for connection
.Blink twice in 1 sec: Connected

Used to control the Enable key to toggle between data mode or command
Button mode

Command mode: It uses AT commands, which are used to change setting of HC-05.
Data mode: Exchange of data between the devices.

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FIG 4.6 FLOW CHART FOR IGNITION INITIANTON

WEAR SENSOR IN THE

HELMET GIVES INPUT

ARDUINO PRO MINI

BLUETOOTH RECIVER
(HELMET PART)

BLUETOOTH
TRANSMITTER
(BIKE PART)

EPS8266 NODE MCU

CONNECTED TO THE
IGNITION (OUTPUT)

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 BLUETOOTH ENABLED INDICATOR LIGHTS

The Indicator Lights placed on the helmet part gets the input from the bike and the
signal is sent to EPS8266 NodeMCU placed in the bike part since the output we get
from the Indicator Lights is high we use relays so as to reduce the voltage output that
is given by the Indicator Lights. These Relays gives the signal to the EPS8266 MCU
from the Indicator Lights, which uses the Bluetooth module to send the signal from
the microcontroller to the ProMini module, which turns on the Indicator Lights placed
on the helmet. In addition, the output we get from the ProMini is 5V, which is not
sufficient to switch on the Indicator Lights (12V). Therefore, we use boost converter
and transistor, which are used to amplify the voltage and current respectively.

4.4 Transistor
A Transistor is a semiconductor device used to amplify or switch electronic signals
and electrical power. It is composed of semiconductor material usually with at least
for connection to an external circuit. A voltage or current applied to one pair of the
transistor’s terminals controls the current through another pair of terminals. Because
the controlled (output) power can be higher than the controlling (input) power, a
transistor can amplify a signal.

4.5 Boost Convertor

A boost converter (step-up converter) is a DC-to-DC power converter that steps up

voltage (while stepping down current) from its input (supply) to its output (load). It is
a class of switched-mode power supply (SMPS) containing at least two
semiconductors (a diode and a transistor) and at least one energy storage element:
a capacitor, inductor, or the two in combination. To reduce voltage ripple, filters made
of capacitors (sometimes in combination with inductors) are normally added to such a
converter's output (load-side filter) and input (supply-side filter).

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FIG 4.7 FLOW CHART FOR INDICATOR AND BRAKE LIGHTS

BRAKE
RED LIGHT

RIGHT TRANSISTOR LEFT

INDICATOR & BOOST CONVERTOR INDICATOR

ARDUINO PRO MINI

BLUETOOTH RECIVER
(HELMET PART)

BLUETOOTH
TRANSMITTER
(BIKE PART)

EPS8266 NODE MCU

INDICATOR PART
(CONNECTED TO THE
BLINKING MODULE)
OR
BRAKE SIGNAL

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 GPS ENABLED ACCIDENT LOCATION SHARING

The Tilting sensor placed inside the helmet, finds out if any accident has occurred
while riding the bike. This tilting sensor send the output to the ProMini module. the
microcontroller uses the GPS module to find location (latitude, longitude) and using
GSM module the accident location is sent to the phone numbers, which are given
priory, for example parents or ambulance phone number.

4.6 TILTING SENSOR

A mercury switch is an electrical switch that opens and closes a circuit. There are
several different basic designs in which, Tilting sensor is one of a kind. The Tilting
sensor, in open state (open or closed) when tilted one direction with respect to
horizontal, and the other state when tilted the other direction. The Tilting sensor uses
a ‘plunger’ that dips into a pool of mercury, raising the level in the container to
contact at least one electrode. The design is used in relays in industrial applications
that need to switch high current loads frequently.
The tilt sensor is used to detect the inclination. It is a mercury switch where the glass
fills with mercury. It acts as on-off switch for some pre-set angle

FIG 4.8 The Tilting Sensor

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FIG 4.9 Tilting Sensor in Not Tilted Position

FIG 4.10 Tilting Sensor in Tilted Position

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4.7 GPS MODULE

The GPS QUESTAR is a compact all-in-one GPS module for a broad range of various
products, where fast and easy system integration and minimal development risk is
required. The receiver continuously tracks all satellites in view and provides accurate
satellite positioning data. The GPS QUESRAT is optimized for applications requiring
good performance, low cost, and maximum flexibility; suitable for wide range of
configurations including handhelds, sensors, asset tracking and vehicle tracking

GPS QUESTAR TTL Features

Model QUESTAR

Tracking Channels 50

Drift <0.02 m/s

Time Accuracy 1us

Maximum Altitude 18000 m

Maximum Speed 500 m/s

Acceleration <4g

Tracking Sensitivity 162dBm

Acquisition Sensitivity 146dBm

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GPS Module Pinout:

FIG 4.11 GSM module

GPS Module PIN Description:

GPS Module PIN Description

G Power Ground

R Serial Port Input ,Arduino or USB to serial port TXD

T Serial Port Output ,Arduino or USB to serial port RXD

V 3.3 V to 5V Power Supply

4.8 GSM Module:

SIM800L is quad-band GSM module, that works on frequencies GSM850MHz,

EGSM900MHz and PCS1900MHz. with a tiny configuration 15.8*17.8*2.4mm, SIM800L
can meet almost all the space requirement in user applications, such as smart phone , PDA
and other mobile devices. It has SIM card interface and one USB .The USB interface is used
to debug, download software. The Audio channel includes two-microphone input, a receiver
output and a speaker output.

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SIM 800L Features:

Power supply 3.5 V~ 4.4 V

Quad band : GSM 850,EGSM 900,DCS 1800,

Frequency Bands
PCS 1900

Size: 15.8*17.8*2.4 mm
Physical characteristics
Weight : 1.35g

Film ware Upgrade Main serial port or USB port

Real time clock Support RTC

FIG 4.12 FRONT AND BACK VIEW OF SML800

 SPEED MONITORING
The GPS Module placed in the helmet will be constantly tracking the location of the
rider through satellite. So, the speed can be calculated by using the distance travelled
in a particular time. Using this, the speed of the rider can be monitored. The GSM
module provided in the helmet enables us to send the message to the one who is
monitoring the riders speed for example (parents or the bike owner).

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5. RESULTS

FIG 5.1 Bike Part Circuit

FIG 5.2 Helmet circuit FIG 5.3 SMART HELMET

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 ACCIDENT INTIMATION

When the rider met with an accident using GPS and GSM Modules the location where
the accident has occurred will be sent through SMS to the rider’s parents or family
members, which will helps in giving proper first aid to the rider.

FIG 5.4 Accident intimation

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 SPEED MONITORING

When the rider exceeds a certain speed, for example 80km/hr the SMS will be sent to
the rider’s parents or the bike owner in case of rental bikes. In addition, a buzzers
sound will be blown in the helmet, which makes the rider feel uncomfortable riding
the bike more than the fixed speed.

FIG 5.5 Speeding Intimation

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 BLUETOOTH ENABLED INDICATOR LIGHTS

The Indicator Lights are placed on helmet, which helps in proper indication of the
rider’s next direction in case the rider is just in front of a heavy vehicle. It also helps
when the rider is about to take any sharp turnings. Even if the bike’s Indicator Lights
are not working this helps in properly indicating the riders next step or in which
direction the rider wants to move

FIG 5.6 Indicator Lights on Helmet

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REFERENCES May-19

6. REFERENCES

[1] SMART HELMET FOR TWO-WHEELERS by Ravi Nandu and Kuldeep Singh,SRM
University, Department of Automobile Engineering, Kattankulathur, Chennai-603203, India
[2] DESIGN OF ACCURATE NAVIGATION SYSTEM BY INTEGRATING INS AND
GPS USING EXTENDED KALMAN FILTER by Santhosh Kumar, MS. Suganthi Assistant
professor, Department of TEC, PES institute of technology, Bangalore, Karnataka.
[3] SMART HELMET by Mr. Vivek A. Patel1, Mr. Akash Mishra2, Mr. Rana Hiten3, Mr.
Kautik Prajapati4 1Assistant professor, electrical Eng., Mahavir Swami College of Eng. &
Tec, Surat, Gujarat, India 2, 3, 4 Student, electrical Eng., Mahavir Swami College of Eng. &
Tec, Surat, Gujarat, India
[4] Smart Helmet Using GSM &GPS Technology for Accident Detection and Reporting
System
International Journal of Electrical and Electronics Research Month: October - December
2014 by Manjesh N M Tech, ECE-DSCE, JNTUA, Hindupur, India Prof. Sudarshan Raj.
HOD & Asst. Prof. BIT-IT, Hindupur, India
[5] Smart with sensors for accident detection by Mohd Khairul Afiq Mohd Rasli; Nina
Korlina Madzhi; Juliana Johari
[6] A Low and Intelligent Helmet By Ratul Kumar Baruah Albert Daimary ; Meghna
Goswami
[7] An Internet of Things (IoT) based smart helmet for accident detection and notification
By Sreenithy Chandran ; Sneha Chandrasekar ; N Edna Elizabeth Department of Electronics
and Communication Engineering Sri Sivasubramaniya Nadar College of Engineering
Kalavakkam, India
[8] Intelligent transportation system for accident prevention and detection by D. Selvathi ; P.
Pavithra ; T. Preethi Department of ECE Mepco Schlenk Engineering College Sivakasi,
Tamilnadu, India
[9] SAFETY AND ALERTING SYSTEM OF VEHICLES USING A SMART HELMET by JERLIN
JOSE S. T, RAHUL A. S., SAJIN S. * Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering,
Bethlahem Institute of Engineering, Karungal, Tamil Nadu, India.

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