PHYSICS INVESTIGATORY
PROJECT
AISSCE 2019-20
CLASS XII
ROLL NO. -
SUBMITTED BY:- WASHIUL ISLAM
DELHI PUBLIC SCHOOL, RUBY PARK
KOLKATA
STUDY ON VARIOUS
FACTORS ON WHICH
INTERNAL
RESISTANCE/EMF OF
CELL DEPENDS
Acknowledgement
I express my sincere gratitude towards my physics
teacher who had given us the opportunity and space to
explore new avenues for the physics project. This project
wouldn’t have been feasible without the proper and
rigorous guidance of my Physics teacher, who guided me
throughout this project in every possible way on a step
by step basis and ensuring that I completed my project
with ease. His suggestions and instructions have served
as the major contributor towards the completion of the
project. The book and websites need special mention
here as they laid the foundation to our projects. And of
course, my parents, without whose guide and
perseverance, the project would never have been poss.
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that WASHIUL ISLAM, a bonafide
student of Delhi Public school, Ruby Park, Kolkata,
class 12 has successfully completed his chemistry
project “TO STUDY THE FACTORS ON WHICH THE
INTERNAL RESISTANCE/EMF OF THE CELL DEPENDS”
during the year 2019-20 as per CBSE guidelines for the
AISSCE Practical Examination 2020.
External Examiner Internal Examiner
Date:___________ Date: __________
INDEX
Acknowledgement
Certificate
Introduction
Objective
Apparatus
Theory
Procedure
Observations
Precautions
Sources of error
Conclusions
Bibliography
Introduction
There is a great need of batteries in our daily use
electronic appliances and the use is increasing every
day.
Thus , the batteries need to be made more powerful
so that their potential can be increased greatly .
Thus , this project report is based on practical
analysis for the factors affecting the internal
resistance of a cell.
When the internal resistance of the cell is decreased
we can increase the potential difference across it ,
and hence make it more reliable.
Objective :
To study the various factors on which the
internal resistance of a cell depends.
Apparatus :
A Potentiometer
a battery (battery eliminator)
two way keys
a rheostat of low resistance
a galvanometer
a high resistance
an ammeter
a cell
a Jockey
a set square
connecting wires
thermometer(0-100°C)
wire gauge .
Theory :-
The internal resistance of a cell is the resistance offered by its
electrolyte to the flow of ions . The internal resistance of a cell
is directly proportional to the distance between the electrodes.
is inversely proportional to facing surface area of the electrodes
in electrolyte.
decreases with increase in temperature of electrolyte.
is inversely proportional to concentration of electrolyte.
The internal resistance of a cell is given by
𝒍𝟏 − 𝒍𝟐
r=( )R
𝒍𝟏
where 𝒍𝟏 , 𝒍𝟐 are the balancing lengths without resistance and with
resistance (shunt) , respectively and R is the shunt resistance in
parallel with the given cell.
Procedure :
Step 1
1. Draw the circuit diagram showing the scheme of connections.
2. Clean the ends of the connecting wires with sand paper and
make tight connections according to the circuit diagrams.
3. Tight the plugs of the resistance box.
4. Check the e.m.f. of the battery and cell and see that e.m.f. and
see that e.m.f. of the battery is more than that of given cell
,otherwise null or balance point will not be obtained (E' >E).
5. Take maximum current from the battery , making rheostat
resistance small.
6. To test the corrections of the connections.(insert the plug in the
key 𝑲𝟏 and note the ammeter reading .Take out 2000 ohm
resistance plug from resistance box. Place the jokey first at the
end P of the wire and then at the end Q. If the galvanometer
shows deflection in opposite direction in the two cases the
connections are correct).
7. Without inserting the plug in the key 𝑲𝟐 adjust the rheostat so
that a null point is obtained on the 4th wire of potentiometer.
8. Insert the 2000 ohm plug back in the position in resistance box
and by slightly adjusting the jockey near the previous obtained
position of null point, obtain null point position accurately,
using a set square.
9. Measure the balancing length 𝒍𝟏 between the point and the
end P of the wire.
10. Take out the 2000 ohm plug again from the resistance box R.B.
introduce plugs in the key 𝑲𝟏 ,as well as in key 𝑲𝟐 . Take out
small resistance (1-5ohm ) from the resistance box R
connected in parallel with the cell.
11. Slide the jockey along the potentiometer wire and obtain null
point.
12. Insert 2000 ohms plug back in its position in R.B. and if
necessary make further adjustment for sharp null point.
13. Measure the balancing length 𝒍𝟐 from end P.
14. Remove the plug keys at 𝑲𝟏 and 𝑲𝟐 .Wait for some time and
for the same value of current (as shown by ammeter) repeat
the steps 7 to 13.
15. Repeat the observations for different values of R repeating
each observation twice.
16. Calculate the internal resistance of cell by using the above
relation for r.
Step 2
To see the effect of distance between the electrodes on internal
resistances keeping the other factors constant ,vary separation
between electrodes and measure internal resistance in each
case.
Step 3
To see the effect of the temperature of electrolyte on internal
resistance by keeping other factors constant.
Keep primary cells in water bath to heat the electrolyte.
Determine the internal resistance at various temperatures.
Step 4
To see the effect of concentration (nature) of electrolyte on
internal resistance by :-
Keeping the other factors constant , decrease concentration of
electrolyte by adding the distilled water and determine
internal resistance of cell in each case .
Diagram:-
Observations :
Ammeter Pos. of null point ( Shunt
S.No. r=((𝒍𝟏 − 𝒍𝟐 )⁄𝒍𝟏 )R
Reading cm ) Resistance
With Without R
(A) R(Ω) Ω
R (l1 ) ( l2 )
1. 0.3 660.5 35.5 1 0.94
2. 0.3 660.5 77.2 2 1.77
Balancing Balancing
3.
S.N Separation
0.3 660.5 108.3 r=((𝒍
3 𝟏 − 𝒍𝟐 )⁄𝒍𝟏 )R
2.51
length length r/d
o between
(Ω)
Electrodes-d (cm) ( l1 ) (cm) (l2)
Table for effect of separation between electrodes :-
(cm)
Temper-
Tr0.38
𝒍 −𝒍
S.No.
1. 1.2 l1 326.6l2 Resistance
276.9 r=(
0.456
𝟏 𝟐
)R
ature 𝒍𝟏
(T) °C (cm) (cm) R (Ω) (Ω) (ΩK)
2. 2.5 320.7 219.1 0.45 0.38
1. 1.2 326.6 276.9 0.456 0.38 301.44
3.
2. 3.7
2.5 320.7660.5
219.1 350.9
0.95 1.406
0.38 0.38
291.69
3. 3.7 660.5 350.9 1.406 0.38 283.87
Table for effect of temperature :-
Result and inference
1. The Electromotive Force of the cell is constant and is equal to
E = 0.98 Volt
2. The internal resistance of a cell is directly proportional to the
separation between the electrodes.
3. The internal resistance of a cell is inversely proportional to the
area of the electrodes dipped in electrolyte.
4. The internal resistance of a cell is inversely proportional to the
temperature of electrolytes.
5. The internal resistance of a cell is inversely proportional to the
concentration of the electrolyte.
Precautions :
1. The connections should be neat , clean and tight.
2. The plugs should be introduced in the keys only when the
observations are to be taken.
3. The positive polls of the battery E and cells E1 and E2 should , all
be connected to the terminal at the zero of the wires.
4. The jockey key should not be rubbed along the wire. It should
touch the wire gently.
5. The ammeter reading should remain constant for a particular set
of observation. If necessary , adjust the rheostat for this purpose.
6. The e.m.f. of the battery should be greater than the e.m.f.'s of
the either of the two cells.
7. The e.m.f. of the battery should be greater than that of the cell.
8. For one set of observation the ammeter reading should remain
constant.
9. Current should be passed for short time only , while finding the
null point.
10. Cell should not be disturbed during experiment.
11. Jockey should not be rubbed against the potentiometer wire.
Sources of error :
1. The auxiliary battery may not be fully charged.
2. The potentiometer wire may not be of uniform cross-section and
material density throughout its length.
3. End resistances may not be zero.
bibliography
www.wikipedia.com
Comprehensive physics book
Physics lab manual