1.

Introduction

1.1 What is Power Electronics?

1.2 Why Do We Study Power Electronics?

• Some Application Examples of Power Electronics
Flexible AC Transmission systems, Electric Drives,
Switched Power Supplies, …
1.1 Power Electronics systems can be considered as Electric Power Processor

SWITCHING
CONVERTER
Electric Electric
Power Power
Input Output
Control
Input

Input
Output
Electric Power at available
• Voltage level Electric Power at Desired
• Frequency • Voltage level
• Number of Phases • Frequency
• Phase angle between voltage and • Number of Phases
Current • Phase angle between voltage and
Current
Control with feedback and feed forward.
1.1 Power Electronics ….. as Electric Power Processor
It the power processing is effected by proper utilization (application of
Control, Computer Engineering, microelectronics, and power.

Power SWITCHING Power

Input CONVERTER Output
INTERFACE
ELECTROINCS
Feedforward Control
Input
Feedback
CONTROLLER
•Analogue Circuitry
REFERENCE •Electronic devices
•Control Systems
•Power Systems
•Magnetics
•Electric machines
•Numerical Simulations
•Computers and microprocessors
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1.1 Power Electronics ….. as Electric Power Processor

INPUT OUTPUT
AC DC
• commercially available AC • Variable DC for DC-motors
• Variable voltage like Wind • Constant DC for Inverter

DC DC
• Converter output • Converter output
• Photovoltaic Power Systems • Photovoltaic Power
Systems
DC AC
• Converter output • Inverter to Load
• Photovoltaic Power Systems • Inverter to Grid

AC AC
• commercially available AC • Constant AC to Grid
• Variable voltage like Wind • Variable AC for Drive

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1.1 Power Electronics ….. as Electric Power Processor

Components Utilized are “lossless”

S Switches
L
Electric Electric Inductors
Power 1:a Power
Input C Output
D Capacitors
Vin, fin, Iin, Vout, fout,
phase Iout, phase

Control

Resistors usage to be avoided where ever possible.

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IDEAL SWITCH i (t )  0
When Switch is Open
Power _ loss  i (t )  v(t )  0

i(t) When Switch Closed v( t )  0

+ Power _ loss  i (t )  v(t )  0

v(t)
Blocks voltage in both polarity.
-
Conduct Current in both directions

Switch opens or closes instantly with not time

Power loss on ideal switch is zero.

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 Power Processing
Practical Components for Electric Power Conversion

Operation in Saturation and

cut-off region
i2 Saturation
V22 i18
R22 i17
C Linear region i16
Rc i15
L i14
i13
R i12
i1=0
V2 V22

Capacitors Inductors Switch Cut-off

R L C
Inductors and Capacitors
have internal resistance. Switched
Linear Mode
Mode Solid
Solid-State
State
Semiconductor devices operate in Device
Switches
their saturation and cut-off regions
with finite resistance and pass 7
through linear during transition
1.2 Why Do we study Power Electronics?
Application Areas
Home &OFFICE INDUSTRY Transportation
•Photocopiers •Grinders
•Process Control •Trains
•Power Supplies
•Induction Heating •Space Vehicles
•Uninterruptible
•Machine Tools •Electric Vehicles
power Supplies
•Motor Control
•Washing Machines •Pumps
•Power Factor
UTILITY
Controllers •Renewable Energies
•Robots
•Solid-state Relays
•Spindle Drives •Power line Conditioners
•Fans •Solar Power
•Sanders
•Ventilating Equipment
•Welders
•Servo systems
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1.2 Why Power Electronics ?
Range of Application
Range of Power
• Fraction of a Watt battery operated portable apparatus
Like mobiles phones, Electronic watches, etc
• Tens, hundreds, up to thousands of Watts in electronic apparatus like
Computers, office equipments, etc. as Power supplies, battery charge
controllers, UPS, etc.
• Kilowatts up to Megawatt range in Electric drives
Inverters, Converters, etc.
• Up to several Megawatts in Electric Transmission
Systems (Rectifiers and Inverters, FACTs, HVDC, etc.)

In USA about 30% of Electric power generated is processed by power

electronics before being used. It is also planned to process up to 80% of the
electric power by 2020 for efficiency and control.
In Ethiopia recent imported industrial systems are equipped with power
electronic components. Inverters, motor soft-starters, automation systems
are some examples.
Therefore, one can work on design, operation, and maintenance of power
electronic systems in such a wide range of power and application. 9
1.2 Why Power Electronics ?
 Power Electronics Application
1.2 Why Power Electronics ?

Intermittent nature of Wind

• Variable voltage and
frequency generation
• Inverter Converter
system is used to supply
constant frequency and
constant voltage to load
1.2 Why Power Electronics ?
In Renewable: Wind

DFIG
The stator of the wound type induction
generator is connected to utility grid.
• The rotor winding is fed from the grid
through the converter inverter set.
• The rotor supply is used to control the slip
frequency of induction motor depending on
the wind speed.
1.2 Why Power Electronics ?
In Renewable: Wind

Frequency Converters interface the variable frequency

the Wind Turbine Generator (WTG) with the constant
voltage and frequency grid.
 Renewable: Wind

Adama Wind Farm frequency

Converter
Six-phase Permanent Magnet
Generator is with six phase
converter inverter system is
used.
GRID
1.2 Why Power Electronics
Inverter and Peak Power Tracker

Adama Wind Farm frequency Converter

Six-phase Permanent Magnet Generator

is with six phase converter inverter
system is used.
 Application Examples
1. Examples of Power Electronics Application Rural power Supplies

Solar panels convert sun

shine to Electric Power .
• Most appliances are AC,
hence inverters are used
to convert the DC to AC
• The Energy is stored in
battery for use during
the night when there is
no light. Battery
chargers are power
converters.
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1.2 Why Power Electronics? Application Examples
Electric Power Transmission Systems are Converted to DC for Long
distance transmission and then back to AC at load centers.

• Terminal Cost
• Transmission Cost
• Loss

HDC transmission cost and loss are low compared to the 17

conventional AC transmission system while terminal cost is high.
 Application Examples

1. Transmission Systems Stability, Maximum usage of lines,

Efficiency of transmission line, …FACTS

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ABB STATCOM
 Application Examples

1.2 Why Power Electronics? Application in Power system.

Adama Magnetically Controlled Reactor

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 Application Examples

1. Examples of Power Electronics Magnetically Controlled

Reactor

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 Application Examples
1.2 Why Power Electronics? Application our Laptop

Display
Inverter
backlighting

Battery
Charger mprocessor
Buck Power
PWM
Converter managment
Rectifier

Bust
Lithium Disk driver
Converter
battery

Socket Power Supply at 220 V is not useable as it is

DC power supply required at different levels
Disk driver: 12V
microprocessor (various): 2.8, 3.3, 5
AC for display background 21
Battery Charge Controller
 Application Examples
1.2 Why Power Electronics? Power Supply of Earth-orbiting Spacecraft

Dissipative Dissipative
Shunt Shunt
Regulator Regulator

Solar Array

Battery Battery DC-DC DC-DC

Charge Charge Converter Converter
Discharge Discharge
Controllers Controllers
Payload Payload

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 Application Examples
1.2. Why Power Electronics? Application in Traction

TYPICAL

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 Application Examples
1.2. Why Power Electronics? Application in Traction

AC Machine AC Machine

Inverter Inverter

mprocessor

Battery DC-DC
Charger Converter

Electronics

Lithium battery Inverter Inverter

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AC Machine AC Machine
 Application Examples
1.2. Why Power Electronics? Application in Traction

All communication device, Wing manipulation, air

conditioning, emergency Power supply etc

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26
Review of power semiconductor devices & their
characteristics
• Power semiconductor devices includes on the study of:
– power diode,
– Thyristor (SCR, Triac, GTO, MCT)
– BJT,
– MOSFET,
– IGBT.

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 Power Diode

 Power diodes play an important role in power

electronics circuits
 They are mainly used as:
• Uncontrolled rectifiers ,
• Electro plating (coat a metal object by electrolytic
deposition with another metal),
• Battery charging,
• Welding,
• Power supply (dc or ac),
• Variable frequency drives,
• Feed back and freewheeling functions.

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Construction and Characteristics Power Diodes

 Power diodes are usually constructed using silicon because

silicon diodes can operate at higher current and at higher
junction temperatures than germanium diodes.
 Conventional diode is two layer of p-n junction device.
 But, a typical Power diode has P-I-N structure (additional or
drift layer) in between p-n layer.
 This is to improve high power holding capacity with
minimum power loss.

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 Construction of Power Diodes

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 voltage-current characteristics of Power
Diodes
Ideal condition:
•Forward conduction: Resistanceless
•Reverse blocking: Lossless
•Switching ON/OFF time: Instantaneous

a. Ideal
b. Practical
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 Types of Power diode
• Line-frequency diodes:- These are PIN diodes with general-
purpose rectifier type applications
• High speed /or fast recovery/:-used for high frequency
switching of power convertors.
• Schottky diode:-have low on state voltage and very small
recovery time, typically nanoseconds

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Thyristor

 The thyristor is the general name given to a family of power

semi conductor device(SCR, Triac, GTO, MCT)
Silicon controlled rectifier (SCR):
• SCR is basically a four-layer three-junction PNPN device.
• It has three terminals: anode(A), cathode(K), and gate(G).

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(a) (b) (c)

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voltage-current characteristics of SCR

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• Latching Current:-This is the minimum anode current required
to maintain the thyristor in the on-state immediately thyristor
has been turned on and the get signal has been removed.
• Holding current:- This is the minimum anode current required
to maintain the thyristor in the on-state.
Turn-ON Method of Thyristor
• Forward voltage triggering
• Thermal triggering
• Radiation triggering
• dv/dt- triggering
• Get triggering
Turn-OFF Method of Thyristor
• Natural commutation
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• Forced commutation
Example1: The latching current of an SCR circuit below is
50mA, the duration of the firing pulse is 50µs. Will the SCR get
fired?

i
>
T1

R1
20 ohm
V
R  
t
i  1 e ,   

L 0.5H
R 20
 0.025

100v  
V1
6
50*10
i 1 e 2.5*102
1

 
DC = 100 V

20 
L1
0.5H

 
2
2*103
i  5 1 e
i  9.9mA
The answer will be ‘NO’

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Example2: If the latching current of an SCR circuit below is
4mA, obtain the minimum width of the gating pulse required to
properly turn on the SCR?
T1

>
i 1
Ldi V di
V1 L1
0.1H
V ,  
DC = 100 V
2
dt L dt
Ldi Li
dt  , t 
V V
3
0.1H * 4*10 A
t  4m s
100V

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TRIAC
• The Triac is a member of the thyristor family.
• But unlike a thyristor which conducts only in one direction a
Triac can conduct in both directions.
• Thus a Triac is similar to two back to back (anti parallel)
connected thyristor but with only three terminals
• The Triac turns off only when the current through the main
terminals become zero
• It is extensively used in
– residential lamp dimmers,
– heater control and
– for speed control of small single phase series and induction
motors

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(a) Anti-parallel connected thyristor (a) Electrical symbol

40
Steady state V-I characteristics of Triac

41
 GTO (Gate Turn-Off Thyristor)
• Gate Turn-Off Thyristor(GTO) as the name indicates, is
basically a thyristor type device that can be turned on by small
positive gate current pulse.
• But in addition, has the capability of being turned off by a
negative gate current pulse.
• Has slow switching speeds
• Used at very high power levels

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A GTO : (a) Electrical Symbol,
(b) practical v-I characteristics,
(c) idealized v-I characteristics
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 The power MOSFET
• Unlike a diode, turn on and turn off of a transistor are
controllable.
• Types of transistors used in power electronics circuits include
MOSFET, BJT, IGBT.
• MOSFET is a Voltage controlled device
• Its construction includes a parasitic (body) diode.
• It is a three terminal device where the voltage on the gate
terminal controls the flow of current between the output
terminals, Source and Drain.

44
Circuit symbol of MOSFET

45
V-I characteristic of MOSFET

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IGBT
• The IGBT has the high input impedance and high-speed
characteristics of a MOSFET with low saturation voltage of a
bipolar transistor.
• The IGBT is turned on by applying a positive voltage between
the gate and emitter
• And turned off by making the gate signal zero or slightly
negative.
• It has a much lower voltage drop than a MOSFET of similar
ratings.

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• The IGBT cell has a parasitic p-n-p-n thyristor structure
embedded into it
• The constituent p-n-p &, n-p-n transistor and the driver
MOSFET are shown in its structure
• Important resistances in the current flow path are also
indicated.

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Parasitic thyristor in an IGBT cell.
a. Schematic structure
b. Exact equivalent circuit
c. Approximate equivalent circuit
d. Circuit symbol

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Thank you!!!!...

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