Scribd
Upload
97 views34 pages

Thermodynamics I

This document discusses heat effects and thermodynamics concepts including: - Specific heat and how it varies with temperature for gases and how to relate heat capacity between different temperature scales. - How to calculate heat required or evolved for temperature changes of substances using heat capacity. - Relationships between enthalpy, heat capacity and temperature. - Estimating heat of vaporization using Trouton's rule and other equations. - Standard heat of formation and how to calculate heat of reaction at different temperatures. - How to calculate theoretical flame temperature for combustion reactions. - An example problem calculating heat requirement for a catalytic reactor converting methane to synthesis gas.

Uploaded by

Jannine
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
97 views34 pages

Thermodynamics I

This document discusses heat effects and thermodynamics concepts including: - Specific heat and how it varies with temperature for gases and how to relate heat capacity between different temperature scales. - How to calculate heat required or evolved for temperature changes of substances using heat capacity. - Relationships between enthalpy, heat capacity and temperature. - Estimating heat of vaporization using Trouton's rule and other equations. - Standard heat of formation and how to calculate heat of reaction at different temperatures. - How to calculate theoretical flame temperature for combustion reactions. - An example problem calculating heat requirement for a catalytic reactor converting methane to synthesis gas.

Uploaded by

Jannine
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 34

HEAT EFFECTS

Prepared by
Engr. Joseph R. Ortenero
Mapua Institute of Technology at Laguna
Malayan Colleges Laguna
Similarly, for enthalpy:
Two simplest empirical equation for the temperature
dependency of specific heat.

Combining to provide a single expression.

The two heat capacities are related:


EXAMPLE

The ideal gas heat capacity for ethane is given by


Cp = 2.247 + (38.201 x10-3)T – (11.049 x 10-
6)T2, where Cp is in cal/gmol-K and T is in kelvins.

Calculate the corresponding expression for the Cp


of ethane when Cp is in J/gmol-°C and T is in °C.
EXAMPLE

The parameter listed in table C.1 require use of Kelvin


temperatures. Equations of the same form may also be
developed for use with temperatures in °C, °R, and °F, but
the parameter values are different. The molar heat capacity
of propane in the ideal-gas state is given as a function of
temperature in Kelvin by:
Cp/R = 1.702 + 9.081 x 10-3 T – 2.164 x 10-6T2
Where the parameter values are from table C.1. Develop
an equation for Cp/R for temperature in °C.
For gas mixtures of constant composition.
When Q or H and T0 is given and the temperature T is
required, τ-1 can be factored out and give:
Hence;
EXAMPLE

Calculate the heat required to raise the temperature of


1 mol of propane from 200°C to 550°C in a steady-
flow process at a pressure sufficiently low that propane
may be considered an ideal gas.
EXAMPLE

For steady flow in a heat exchanger at approximately


atmospheric pressure, what is the final temperature when
heat in the amount of 1000 kJ is added to 15mol of
ethylene initially at 150C?
Clausius Equation:
ΔH = TΔV dPsat/dT

where
ΔH = latent heat of vaporization
ΔV = volume change accompanying the phase change
Psat = vapor pressure

Rough estimates for latent heat of vaporization for pure


liquids at their normal boiling points are given by

Trouton’s rule:
ΔHn/RTn ~~ 10
Another equation proposed by Riedel;
ΔH/RTn = [1.092(lnPc – 1.013)]/(0.930 – Trn)

For water for example,


ΔH/RTn = [1.092(ln220.55– 1.013)]/(0.930 – 0.577) = 13.56
ΔH = (13.56)(8.314)(373.15) = 42, 065 J/mol

Estimates of the latent heat of vaporization of a pure liquid at


any temperature from the known value at a single
temperature may be based from a known experimental value
or the method proposed by Watson:
SAMPLE PROBLEM

Given the latent heat of vaporization of benzene at 25°C


is 433.3 kJ/kg, estimate the latent heat at 200°C.
The standard states used in this chapter are:
A formation reaction is defined as a reaction which forms a single
compound from its constituent elements.

Sample standard heat of formation:

Sample reaction:
EXAMPLE

Calculate the standard heat at 298.15K (25C) for the following


reactions:
(a) combustion of butane
(b) CH3OH(g) + 1/2O2(g)  HCHO(g) + H2O(g)
For calculation of heat of reaction at any other
temperature:
EXAMPLE

Calculate the standard heat of the following reaction at


600°C.

CH3OH(g) + 1/2O2(g)  HCHO(g) + H2O(g)


EXAMPLE

What is the theoretical flame temperature for


the combustion of propane with 50% excess air?
The reactants enter the burner at 25°C.
END OF MODULE
EXAMPLE

One method for the manufacture of “synthesis gas” (a


mixture of CO and H2) is the catalytic reforming of CH4
with steam at high temperature and atmospheric pressure:
CH4(g) + H2O(g)  CO(g) + 3H2(g)
The only other reaction to be considered is the water-gas
shift reaction:
CO(g) + H2O(g) __> CO2(g) + H2(g)
If the reactants are supplied in the ratio, 2 mol steam to 1
mol CH4, and if heat is supplied to the reactor so that the
products reach a temperature of 1,300 K, the CH4 is
completely converted and the product stream contains 17.4
mol% CO. Assuming the reactants to be preheated to 600
K, calculate the heat requirement for the reactor.

You might also like