Database Management System

Dr. Neha Gulati

University Business School
Panjab University
 Index
 Data vs. Information
 Introducing the Database and the DBMS
 File System Data Management
 Problems with File System Data Management
 DBMS
 The Database System Environment
 ACID Properties:
 ACID Acronym
 Uses of DBMS
 Real Life Examples of DBMS
 Index

 Advantages of the DBMS

 Disadvantages of DBMS
 Types of Database
 Types of Database Management Systems
 Hierarchical Database
 Network Database
 Relation Database
 Object Oriented Database
 Summary
 Data vs. Information
Data
 Raw facts, building blocks of information
 Unprocessed information
 It can be any character, including text and numbers, pictures, sound or video. If
data is not put into context, it doesn't do anything for a human or computer.

Information
 Data processed to reveal meaning
 Accurate, relevant and timely information is key to good decision making.
 Good decision making is the key to survival in a global environment.
 Introduction - Database and DBMS
Database
 A database is a collection of information that is organized, so that it can be easily
accessed, managed and updated.
 It stores: End user data (raw facts) and Metadata (data about data).

DBMS (Database Management System)

 A DBMS makes it possible for end users to create, read (access), update and
delete data in a database, using a collection of programs.
 It makes it possible to share data among multiple applications or users.
 Makes data management more efficient and effective.
 File System Data Management
 Before the use of computer, a manual file system was used to maintain the records and
files.
 All the data was stored in files and it made it easy to find any information.
 This system was good only for small organizations having small number of items.
 It was totally computer based system where all the information was stored in different
computer files.
 Traditional files system stores data in a manner that all the departments of an
organization have their own set of files that creates data redundancy.
 Files carrying data are independent from each other.

 Any change in one file affects all the files, putting burden on programmer / database

administrator.
 Problems with File System
Data Management
 Time-consuming, high-level activity required.

 As number of files expand, system administration becomes difficult and tedious.

 Making changes in existing file structure is difficult.

 File structure changes require modifications in all programs that use data in that file.

 Modifications are likely to produce errors, requiring additional time to “debug” the

program.

 Security features are hard to program and therefore were often omitted.
 DBMS
DBMS provides better access to more and better-managed data to end users
 Promotes integrated view of organization’s operations
 Probability of data inconsistency is greatly reduced
 Possible to produce quick answers to adhoc queries

DBMS manages three important things:

 Data
 Database Engine: allows data to be accessed, modified and locked.
 Database Schema: defines the database’s logical structure

These three foundational elements help provide concurrency, security, data integrity and
uniform administration procedures.
 Database System Environment
Database system is composed of the following five main parts:

 Hardware

 Software
 Operating system software
 DBMS software
 Application programs and utility software
 People

 Procedures

 Data
 ACID Properties
ACID properties are an important concept for databases with respect to transactions.

A transaction is a single logical unit of work which accesses and possibly modifies
the contents of a database.

In order to maintain consistency in a database, before and after transaction, certain

properties are followed.

These are called ACID properties.

 ACID Acronym
 Atomicity : By this, we mean that either the entire transaction takes place at once
or doesn’t happen at all.

 Consistency : This means that integrity constraints must be maintained so that the
database is consistent before and after the transaction.

 Isolation : This property ensures that multiple transactions can occur concurrently
without leading to inconsistency of database state.

 Durability: This property ensures that once the transaction has completed
execution, the updates and modifications to the database are stored in and written to
disk and they persist even is system failure occurs.
 Uses of DBMS
 To say that the databases are everywhere would be an understatement.

 They virtually permeate our lives: Online stores, health care providers, clubs,
libraries, video stores, beauty salons, travel agencies, phone companies,
government agencies like FBI, INS, IRS, and NASA — they all use databases.

 These databases can be very different in their nature and usually have to be
specifically designed to cater to some special customer needs. Here are some
examples.
 Real Life Examples and Use of DBMS
 Railway Reservation System : Database is required to keep record of ticket booking,
train’s departure and arrival status. Also if trains get late then people get to know it
through database update.

 Library Management System : There are thousands of books in the library so it is very
difficult to keep record of all the books in a copy or register. So DBMS used to maintain
all the information relate to book issue dates, name of the book, author and availability
of the book.

 Military : Military keeps records of millions of soldiers and it has millions of files that
should be keep secured and safe. As DBMS provides a big security assurance to the
military information so it is widely used in militaries. One can easily search for all the
information about anyone within seconds with the help of DBMS.
 Banking : We make thousands of transactions through banks daily and we can do this
without going to the bank. So how banking has become so easy that by sitting at home
we can send or get money through banks. That is all possible just because of DBMS that
manages all the bank transactions.
 Universities and colleges : Examinations are done online today and universities and
colleges maintain all these records through DBMS. Student’s registrations details,
results, courses and grades all the information are stored in database.
 Social Media Sites : Daily millions of users signed up for these social media accounts
like Facebook, twitter, Pinterest and Google plus. But how all the information of users
are stored and how we become able to connect to other people, yes this all because
DBMS.
 Advantages of DBMS
 Data can be shared : The applications may be developed without having to create any
new stored files

 The DBMS can offer both logical and physical data independence :

 That means it can protect users and applications from needing to know where data is
stored or having to be concerned about changes to the physical structure of data
(storage and hardware).

 Inconsistency can be avoided : When the same data is duplicated and changes are
made at one site, which is not propagated to the other site, it gives rise to inconsistency
and the two entries regarding the same data will not agree.
 Standards can be enforced : Since DBMS is a central system, so standard can be enforced
easily may be at Company level, Department level, National level or International level. The
standardized data is very helpful during migration or interchanging of data.

 Restricting unauthorized access : When multiple users share a database, it is likely that some
users will not be authorized to access all information in the database.

 Solving Enterprise Requirement than Individual Requirement : Since many types of users
with varying level of technical knowledge use a database, a DBMS should provide a variety of
user interface. So, the DBA can structure the database system to provide an overall service that
is "best for the enterprise".

 Providing Backup and Recovery : A DBMS must provide facilities for recovering from
hardware or software failures. The backup and recovery subsystem of the DBMS is responsible
for recovery.

 Concurrency Control : DBMS systems provide mechanisms to provide concurrent access of

data to multiple users.
 Disadvantages of DBMS

 Complexity : The provision of the functionality that is expected of a good DBMS makes the
DBMS an extremely complex piece of software. Database designers, developers, database
administrators and end-users must understand this functionality to take full advantage of it.

 Size : The complexity and breadth of functionality makes the DBMS an extremely large piece
of software, occupying many megabytes of disk space and requiring substantial amounts of
memory to run efficiently.

 Cost of DBMS : The cost of DBMS varies significantly, depending on the environment and
functionality provided. There is also the recurrent annual maintenance cost.
 Additional Hardware costs : The disk storage requirements for the DBMS and
the database may necessitate the purchase of additional storage space.

 Cost of Conversion : In some situations, the cost of DBMS and extra hardware
may be insignificant compared with the cost of converting existing applications to
run on the new DBMS and hardware.

 Higher impact of a failure : The centralization of resources increases the

vulnerability of the system. Since all users and applications rely on the validity of
the DBMS, the failure of any component can bring operations to a halt.
 Types of Database
Can be classified by location:
 Centralized:
 Supports data located at a single site.
 Distributed:
 Supports data distributed across several sites.

Can be classified by use:

 Transactional (or production):
 Supports a company’s day-to-day operations.
 Data warehouse:
 Stores data used to generate information required to make tactical or
strategic decisions.
 Often used to store historical data.
 Structure is quite different.
 Single-user:
 Supports only one user at a time.
 Desktop:
 Single-user database running on a personal computer.
 Multi-user:
 Supports multiple users at the same time.
 Workgroup:
 Multi-user database that supports a small group of users or a single
department.
 Enterprise:
 Multi-user database that supports a large group of users or an entire
organization.
 Types of Database Management Systems

 There are four structural types of database management systems:

 Hierarchical databases

 Network databases

 Relational databases

 Object-oriented databases
 Hierarchical Database
 A hierarchical database is a design that uses a one-to-many relationship for data
elements.
 It uses a tree structure that links a number of disparate elements to one "owner," or
"parent," primary record.
 In this structure Data follows a series of records, It is a set of field values attached to it.
It collects all records together as a record type.
 These record types are the equivalent of tables in the relational model, and with the
individual records being the equivalent of rows. To create links between these record
types, the hierarchical model uses these type Relationships
Example of Hierarchical Database
 Network Database
 Refines hierarchical model.
 The multiple linkages which this information allows the network database model to be
very flexible.
 the relationship that the information has in the network database model is defined as
many-to-many relationship because one owner file can be linked to many member files
and vice versa.
 A network database looks more like a cobweb or interconnected network of records.
Example of Network Database
 Relation Database

 In relational databases, the relationship between data files is relational.

 These databases connect to the data in different files by using common data numbers or a key

field.

 Data in relational databases is stored in different access control tables, each having a key field

that mainly identifies each row.

 In relational databases, tables or files filled up with data are called relations (tuples) designates

a row or record, and columns are referred to as attributes or fields.

 Relational databases work on each table has a key field that uniquely indicates each row, and

that these key fields can be used to connect one table of data to another.
 Object Oriented Database
 It uses the functionality of the object oriented Programming.

 It provides full-featured database programming capability, while containing native language

compatibility. It adds the database functionality to object programming languages

 Object-oriented databases use small, recyclable separated of software called objects. Each

object contains of two elements:

 Piece of data (e.g., sound, video, text, or graphics).

 Instructions, or software programs called methods, for what to do with the data.

 The object-oriented database derivation is the integrity of object-oriented programming

language systems and consistent systems.

 Summary
 Data are raw facts. Information is the result of processing data to reveal its meaning.

 To implement and manage a database, use a DBMS.

 Database design defines the database structure.

 A well-designed database facilitates data management and generates accurate and

valuable information.

 A poorly designed database can lead to bad decision making, and bad decision making
can lead to the failure of an organization.

 DBMS’s were developed to address file systems’ inherent weaknesses