DE LA SALLE LIPA

College of Education, Arts and Sciences

OFFICE OF THE NATIONAL SERVICE TRAINING PROGRAM

School Year 2019-2020

MODULE # 6

DISASTER RISK, REDUCTION AND MANAGEMENT

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DISASTER RISK REDUCTION AND MANAGEMENT

I. OBJECTIVES:
At the end of the module, the students are expected to:
1. Identify different hazards, risk reduction and preparedness activities that will reduce
vulnerability and mitigate the impact of emergencies;
2. Verbalize the basic concepts and principles involving disaster risk reduction and
management through classroom discussion and presentation; and
3. Demonstrate Christian values by participating in the preparedness program of the immediate
community.

II. ALLOTTED TIME: 3 hours

Group Dynamics 1 hour
Lecture/Discussion 1 hour
Canvas 1 hour

III. PRE – DISCUSSION ACTIVITIES:

Materials needed:
Manila paper
Marker

Divide the class into small groups (preferably 10 members per group). Each group will determine at least
three (3) hazards that may occur in their community (barangay/town/city/school). Then they will determine
what to do BEFORE, DURING and AFTER the hazards take place. They may use the format below.
Each group will be given 5 minutes to present their output in front of the class.

HAZARD What to do BEFORE What to do DURING What to do AFTER

IV. CONTENTS:

Part 1. Philippine Disaster Situation: A Disaster Playing Ground

Part 2. Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Concept
Part 3. Disaster Management Cycle
Part 4. Hazards in the Philippines
Part 5. Natural Hazards
A. Earthquake
B. Volcanic Eruptions
C. Tsunami
D. Landslides
E. Typhoons
F. Thunderstorms
Part 6. Human Induced Hazard

PART 1. PHILIPPINE DISASTER SITUATION: A DISASTER PLAYING GROUND

The Philippines is considered as one of the most vulnerable countries in the world. The country lies
between two of the world’s major tectonic plates: 1. Pacific and 2. Eurasian. These results to an average
of 16 perceptible earthquakes in a year and an average of 3-5 non perceptible earthquakes in a year. More
so, the country has 220 volcanoes, 22 of which are considered active and destructive and out of these 5
are being monitored. The Philippines is also located along the typhoon belt on the North Pacific Basin in
the Pacific where 75% of the typhoons originate. There are 20 to 30 typhoons passing through the country,

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5-7 of which can be destructive (NDCC 2008). As a consequence of extreme rainfall events, flash floods,
flooding and landslides have become more prevalent since 2000. On average, 20 cyclones cross the
Philippine Area of Responsibility (PAR) with about 8-9 making landfall each year.

The natural risks associated with those trends are aggravated by human activities particularly in the
exploitation of resources such as forests and minerals and development interventions that do not
incorporate responsible risk assessments. According to the International Red Cross and Red Crescent
Societies, the Philippines was the fourth most accident-prone country in the world. Accordingly, 31, 835
Filipinos were killed and 94,369,462 others were affected by natural disasters and calamities in a span of
20 years.

AN OVERVIEW OF R.A. 10121 POPULARLY KNOWN AS PHILIPPINE DISASTER RISK REDUCTION

AND MANAGEMENT ACT OF 2010

REPUBLIC ACT No. 10121

AN ACT STRENGTHENING THE PHILIPPINE DISASTER RISK REDUCTION AND MANAGEMENT

SYSTEM, PROVIDING FOR THE NATIONAL DISASTER RISK REDUCTION AND MANAGEMENT
FRAMEWORK AND INSTITUTIONALIZING THE NATIONAL DISASTER RISK REDUCTION AND
MANAGEMENT PLAN, APPROPRIATING FUNDS THEREFORE AND FOR OTHER PURPOSES.

Title. This Act shall be known as the "Philippine Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Act of
2010".

Scope. This Act provides for the development of policies and plans and the implementation of actions and
measures pertaining to all aspects of disaster risk reduction and management, including good governance,
risk assessment and early warning, knowledge building and awareness raising, reducing underlying risk
factors, and preparedness for effective response and early recovery.

PART 2. DISASTER RISK REDUCTION AND MANAGEMENT CONCEPTS

The concept of disaster risk reduction and management (DRRM) accepts that some hazard events
may occur but tries to lessen the impact by improving the community’s ability to absorb the impact with
minimum damage or destruction. Disaster risk reduction and management is a series of actions
(programmes, projects, and/measures) and instruments expressly aimed at reducing disaster risk in
endangered regions, and mitigating extent of disasters.

Operationally, it includes risk assessment, disaster prevention and mitigation and disaster
preparedness. It is used to underscore the current trend of taking a proactive approach to hazards posed
by extreme natural phenomena.

Definition of Terms

A. Hazards. A situation that poses a level of threat to life, health, property or environment
N.B. If it does not affect human beings or properties then it is just a natural phenomenon.

B. Risks. A probability or threat of a damage, injury, liability, loss, or other negative occurrence that is cause
by external or internal vulnerabilities, and that may be neutralized through preemptive action.

C. Vulnerability. The level of susceptibility or resiliency of the people and communities against the impact of
the prevailing hazards based on the state of physical, social, and economic conditions in a given area.

Vulnerable Groups:
 Poor people
 Dependent children/minors

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 Dependent woman
 Unskilled/untrained person with disability

D. Disaster - a serious disruption of the functioning of a community or a society involving widespread human,
material, economic or environmental losses and impacts, which exceeds the ability of the affected
community or society to cope using its own resources.

Disaster Equation
 Hazards (H). Physical impact of disturbance
 Risk (R). Likelihood of harm, loss, disaster
 People or Community (Exposure). Elements affected by hazard
 Vulnerability (V). Susceptibility and capacity to prepare, absorb, and recover from hazard

H x R + V = Disaster
Types/Classification of Disasters
 Natural. (volcanic eruption, tsunami, typhoon)
 Man-made or human induced. (fire, plane crash)
 Natural—technological. (Natural phenomenon which trigger a technological disaster). Example:
Earthquake casing chemical explosion
 Complex emergencies. chaos, anarchy, conflict which is difficult to define but can be best
described in terms of its attributes such as abject, poverty, population displacement, political
insecurity and state disintegrations. Ex. War, Civil Strife, Terrorism)

E. Emergency. Unforeseen or sudden occurrence, especially danger, demanding immediate action.

F. Mitigation. Structural and non-structural measures undertaken to limit the adverse impact of natural
hazards, environmental degradation, and technological hazards and to ensure the ability of at-risk
communities to address vulnerabilities aimed at minimizing the impact of disasters.

G. Preparedness. Pre-disaster actions and measures being undertaken within the context of disaster risk
reduction and management and are based on sound risk analysis as well as pre-disaster activities to avert
or minimize loss of life and property such as, but not limited to, community organizing, training, planning,
equipping, stockpiling, hazard mapping, insuring of assets, and public information and education initiatives.

H. Response. any concerted effort by two (2) or more agencies, public or private, to provide assistance or
intervention during or immediately after a disaster to meet the life preservation and basic subsistence needs
of those people affected and in the restoration of essential public activities and facilities.

PART 3. DISASTER MANAGEMENT CYCLE

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Disaster Management

Disaster management refers to the efficient and effective utilization of resources and the application
of measure that will mitigate the impact of unfortunate events and facilitate return to normalcy and
redevelopment.

1. Disaster management occurs before, during and after disaster.

2. Disaster management consists of the DRM component as well as relief, response, early and long-term
recovery, including rehabilitation, and reconstruction.
a. Disaster response, including relief activities, is conducted immediately after a disaster occurs
primarily to save lives and for humanitarian purposes
b. Recovery occurs over the short, medium and long term in the aftermath of a disaster.
Rehabilitation and reconstruction, on the other hand, are long term activities necessary to
restore public infrastructures, services and critical facilities.

PART 4. HAZARDS IN THE PHILIPPINES

Hazard classification
1. Natural Hazards are natural processes or phenomena occurring in the biosphere that may constitute
a damaging event. It can be classified by origin: geographical, hydro-meteorological and biological

a. Geographical Hazards. Natural earth processes or phenomena in the biosphere, which

include geological, neo-tectonic, geophysical, geomorphological, geotechnical and hydro-
geological nature. Examples: earthquakes, tsunamis; volcanic activity and emissions; mass
movements i.e. landslides, rockslides, rockfall, liquefaction, submarine slides; subsidence,
surface collapse, geological fault activity.

b. Hydro-Meteorological Hazards. Natural processes or phenomena of atmospheric,

hydrological or oceanographic nature, Examples: floods, debris and mud flows; tropical
cyclone, storm surge, thunder/hailstorms, rain and wind storms blizzards and other severe
storms; drought, desertification, wild land fires, heat waves, sand or dust storms; permafrost,
snow avalanches.

c. Biological Hazards. Processes of organic or those conveyed by biological vectors, including

exposure to pathogenic micro-organism, toxins and bioactive substances. Examples: outbreak
of epidemics diseases, plant or animal contagion and extensive infestations.

2. Technological Hazards (Anthropogenic hazards). Danger originating from technological or

industrial accidents, dangerous procedures, infrastructures failures or certain human activities, which
may cause the loss of life or injury, property damage, social and economic disruption or
environmental degradation.

Examples: Industrial pollution, nuclear activities and radioactivity

Toxic wastes, dam failures, transport, industrial technological accidents (explosions, fires, spills)

3. Environmental Degradation processes induced by human behavior and activities (sometimes

combined with natural hazards) that damage the natural resource base or adversely alter natural
processes or ecosystems.

Examples: Land degradation, deforestation, desertification, wild land fires, loss of biodiversity
Land, water and air pollution, climate change, sea level rise, ozone depletion

PART 5. NATURAL HAZARDS: WHAT TO DO DURING, BEFORE, AND AFTER

A. Earthquake
An earthquake (also known as a quake, tremor or temblor) is the result of a sudden release of
energy in the Earth's crust that creates seismic waves.The Philippines, which lies between two of the

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world’s most active tectonic plates, experiences an average of five earthquakes per day, most of which
are imperceptible.

Secondary Hazards of Earthquake:

a. Ground shaking
b. Ground rupturing
c. Tsunami
d. Liquefaction
e. Landslide

What to do BEFORE:
a. Familiarize yourself with your place. Identify relatively strong parts of the building where you can
take refuge during an earthquake.
b. Learn to use fire extinguishers.
c. Learn to use first aid kits, alarms and emergency exits.

What to do DURING:
a. If inside a structurally sound building, stay there. Protect your body from falling debris. Duck, Cover
and Hold.
b. If outside, move to an open area. Get away from power lines, post, walls, and other structures. Stay
away from building with glass panes.
c. If along the shore and you feel an earthquake strong enough to make standing difficult, run away
from the shore towards a higher ground.
d. If on a mountain or near a steep hill slope, move away from steep escarpments which may be
affected by landslides.
e. When driving a vehicle, pull to the side of the road and stop. Do not attempt to cross bridges or
overpasses which may have been damaged.

What to do AFTER:
a. If inside an old, weak structure, take the fastest and safest way out. Get out calmly in an orderly
manager. Do not rush to the exit! Use the stairs. Do not use the elevators! Check yourself and
others for inquiries.
b. Check surroundings. Clean up chemical spills, toxic flammable materials to avoid any chain of
unwanted events. Check for fire and if any, have it controlled. Check water and electrical lines for
defects. If any damage is suspected, turn the system off in the main valve or switch.
c. If you must evacuate your residence, leave a message stating where you are going. Take with you
your earthquake survival kit.
d. Help reduce the number of casualties from the earthquake. Don’t enter partially damaged building.
Strong aftershocks may cause these to collapse. Gather information and disaster prevention
instruction from battery-operated radios. Obey public safety precautions.

B. Volcanic Eruption

During a volcanic eruption, lava, tephra (ash, lapilli, volcanic bombs and blocks), and various gases
are expelled from a volcanic vent. The Philippines has 21 active volcanoes.

What to do DURING/AFTER volcanic eruption?

a. Follow the evacuation order issued by authorities and evacuate immediately from the volcano area to
avoid flying debris, hot gases, lateral blast, and lava flow.
b. Be aware of mudflows. The danger from a mudflow increases near stream channels and with prolonged
heavy rains. Mudflows can move faster than you can walk or run. Look upstream before crossing a
bridge, and do not cross the bridge if a mudflow is approaching.
c. Avoid river valleys and low-lying areas.
d. Remember to help your neighbors who may require special assistance - infants, elderly people, and
people with disabilities.

Protection from falling ash

a. Listen to a battery-powered radio or television for the latest emergency information.

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b. If you have a respiratory ailment, avoid contact with any amount of ash.
c. Use goggles and wear eyeglasses instead of contact lenses.
d. Use a dust mask or hold a damp cloth over your face to help with breathing.
e. Stay indoors until the ash has settled unless there is a danger of the roof collapsing.
f. Close doors, windows, and all ventilation in the house.
g. Clear heavy ash from flat or low-pitched roofs and rain gutters.
h. Avoid running car or truck engines. Driving can stir up volcanic ash that can clog engines, damage
moving parts, and stall vehicles.
i. Avoid driving in heavy ash fall unless absolutely required. If you have to drive, keep speed down to 35
MPH or slower.

C. Tsunami
Tsunamis, tidal waves generated by earthquakes, affect many of the coastal areas of the region,
including those of Japan, Indonesia and the Philippines.

Tsunami also called a tsunami wave train and at one time referred to as a tidal wave, is a series of
water waves caused by the displacement of a large volume of a body of water, usually an ocean, though it
can occur in large lakes.

What to do DURING/AFTER tsunami?

a. Turn on your radio to learn if there is a tsunami warning if an earthquake occurs and you are in a
coastal area.
b. Move inland to higher ground immediately and stay there.
c. Stay away from the beach. Never go down to the beach to watch a tsunami come in. If you can see
the wave you are too close to escape it.
d. CAUTION - If there is noticeable recession in water away from the shoreline this is nature's tsunami
warning and it should be heeded. You should move away immediately.

D. Landslides
A landslide or landslip is a geological phenomenon which includes a wide range of ground
movement, such as rock falls, deep failure of slopes and shallow debris flows, which can occur in
offshore, coastal and onshore environments.

Landslides, which are very common in the hills and mountainous parts of the Asia-Pacific region,
occur frequently in India, China, Nepal, Thailand and the Philippines. In addition to the influence of
topography, landslides are aggravated by human activities, such as deforestation, cultivation and
construction, which destabilize the already fragile slopes.

What to do DURING landslide or debris flows?

a. Stay alert and awake.
b. If you are in areas susceptible to landslides and debris flows, consider leaving if it is safe to do so.
c. Listen for any unusual sounds that might indicate moving debris, such as trees cracking or boulders
knocking together.
d. If you are near a stream or channel, be alert for any sudden increase or decrease in water flow and for
a change from clear to muddy water.
e. Be especially alert when driving.

What to Do if You Suspect Imminent Landslide Danger?

a. Contact your local fire, police, or public works department. Local officials are the best persons able to
assess potential danger.
b. Inform affected neighbors.
c. Evacuate. Getting out of the path of a landslide or debris flow is your best protection.

E. Typhoon

A tropical cyclone (or tropical storm, typhoon or hurricane, depending on strength and location) is a
type of low-pressure system which generally forms in the tropics. While some, particularly those that
make landfall in populated areas, are regarded as highly destructive, tropical cyclones are an important

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part of the atmospheric circulation system, which moves heat from the equatorial region toward the
higher latitudes.

What to do BEFORE:
a. Store an adequate supply of food and clean water. Prepare foods that need not be cooked.
b. Keep flashlights, candles and battery-powered radios within easy reach.
c. Examine your house and repair its unstable parts.
d. Always keep yourself updated with the latest weather report.
e. Harvest crops that can be yielded already.
f. Secure domesticated animals in a safe place.
g. For fisher folks, place boats in a safe area.
h. Should you need to evacuate, bring clothes, a first aid kit, candles/flashlight, battery-powered radio,
food, etc.

What to do DURING:
a. Stay inside the house
b. Always keep yourself updated with the latest weather report.
c. If safe drinking water is not available, boil water for at least 20 minutes. Place it in a container with
cover.
d. Keep an eye on lighted candles or gas lamps.
e. Do not wade through floodwaters to avoid being electrocuted and contracting diseases.
f. If there is a need to move to an evacuation center, follow these reminders:
- Evacuate calmly.
- Close the windows and turn off the main power switch.
- Put important appliances and belongings in a high ground.
- Avoid the way leading to the river.

What to do AFTER:
a. If your house was destroyed, make sure that it is already safe and stable when you enter.
b. Beware of dangerous animals such as snakes that may have entered your house.
c. Watch out for live wires or outlet immersed in water.
d. Report damaged electrical cables and fallen electric posts to the authorities.
e. Do not let water accumulate in tires, cans or pots to avoid creating a favorable condition for mosquito
breeding.

Secondary Hazards of Typhoon

a. strong winds and heavy rains
b. flooding
c. landslides
d. electrocution due to down power lines or cable
e. thunderstorms
f. storm surge
g. health problems

F. Thunderstorms
A thunderstorm is a form of severe weather characterized by the presence of lightning and its
attendant thunder. It is often accompanied by copious rainfall, or, on occasion, snowfall.

Kinds of lightning
a. forked lightning
b. sheet lightning
c. ball lightning

Lightning Safety Precautions

a. Go inside a home or building
b. Avoid using electrical appliances such as telephones, computers, television sets. Etc
c. If stuck outside do not take shelter under a tall, isolated tree
Stay away from bodies of water

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PART 6. HUMAN INDUCED HAZARD

A. Fire
For longer than recorded history, fire has been a source of comfort and catastrophe for the human
race. Fire is rapid, self-sustaining oxidation process accompanied by the evolution of heat and light in
varying intensities. Fire is believed to be based on three elements being present: fuel, heat and oxidizer.
Fire disasters can occur above the ground (in tall buildings and on planes), on the ground, and below the
ground (in mines). Sometimes they occur in circumstances that are unexpected or unpredictable.

Natural: Fires which are considered as natural are basically earthquake, volcanic eruption and
lightning - generated fires.

Manmade: Fire caused by human/machine errors are considered as manmade fires, e.g. industrial or
chemical fire disasters, fires at social gatherings due to electrical short circuit fires, accidental fire and
kitchen-fires. Rural and urban residential and non-residential structural fires are also largely manmade
fires. Any confined fire could be due to many reasons like, cooking, fire confined to container, chimney or
fuel fire confined to chimney, incinerator overload or malfunction, fuel burner/boiler malfunction, and trash
fire.

Although a fire disaster need not necessarily reach catastrophic proportions, it will present some of the
characteristic aspects of a disaster because of the highly destructive action of fire and of the considerable
number of victims. The surviving casualties will have mainly serious and extensive burns requiring
immediate rescue procedures that cannot always be provided by local resources. A fire of vast proportions
can moreover cause damage to the surrounding environment by the massive production of heat and the
emanation of burn gases and fumes.

3 principal elements of fire (FIRE TRIANGLE)

a. heat
b. fuel
c. oxygen

General Classification of Fuel

a. class A – ordinary combustible materials (mostly solid)
b. class B – liquid or gas state fuel (LPG, oil, and other petroleum products)
c. class C – electrical energized fuel (flat iron, electric fan, etc.)
d. class D – metallic fire (Potassium, magnesium and other combustible materials)

Classes of Fire
a. class A – fire caused by ordinary materials
b. class B – fire caused by combustible or flammable liquids of or gas
c. class C – fire caused by electrical energized fuels
d. class D – fire caused by combustible metals

Classes of Fire and its Extinguishment

a. class A – use water, soda acid or foam
b. class B – dry powder, foam, vaporizing liquid or carbon dioxide extinguishers
c. class C – non-conductive dry powder, carbon dioxide or vaporizing liquid. Caution: never use
water to avoid shock or fatal electrocution
d. class D – fire extinguishers with sodium chloride or copper based dry powder

Portable Fire Extinguisher is intended to be used against small fires; therefore, they are designed
to be used close to the burning material. It is important for the operator to learn the capabilities and
limitations of the various types of appliances.

Fire extinguishers should not be expected to take the place of automatic sprinklers and hose streams
or of especially designed extinguishing systems for controlling large fires.No fire should be attacked
with portable fire extinguisher alone. A good rule is to send someone to call for assistance.

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Although extinguishers can vary in size, color and type of extinguishing agent, all devices operate
basically the same way. If the fire is small and heavy smoke is NOT present and you have an exit
available to you for evacuation purposes, grab the nearest appropriate extinguisher and the P-A-S-S
procedure.

P - PULL the pin located in the extinguisher's handle.

A - AIM the nozzle, horn or hose at the base of the fire. Aim the discharge toward the base of the
flames. Do not aim the fire extinguisher directly onto the source, as it may spread the flames.
Begin discharging 8-10 feet away from the fire source.
S - SQUEEZE or press the handle.
S - SWEEP from side to side at the base of the fire until it is out.

How to Survive and Get Out of a Burning Building

a. Do not open the door that feels warm. Super heated air might quickly kill you. Try to get out
some other way
b. If there is a panic-rush fir the main exit, keep out of the crowd and attempt to find some other
means of escape. Above all, keep calm.
c. A temporary refuge may be secured behind any door. Even a thin, wooden door will temporarily
stop smoke and hot gasses and may not burn though for several minutes.
d. Stuffs clothes in the cracks under and around the door to keep out smoke and gasses. Open the
window, break it if necessary and shout for assistance
e. When forced to remain in a smoke-filled building, remember that the air is usually better near the
floor. If you must dash through smoke or flame, hold your breath.
f. If there is a dense smoke but no flame, crawl and if possible, get a wet towel and wrap it around
yourself. Cover your nose and mouth with a damp cloth.
It you are cut-off stairs, make a rope out of bed clothes or clothing. You can utilize porch and
garage roofs or trees to get to the ground.

V. POST – DISCUSSION ACTIVITY:

Community Emergency Preparedness & Evacuation Plan (CEPEP)

Applying the concepts and ideas on DRRM, each group will create five different community emergency
preparedness and evacuation plans of the following hazards: (1) earthquake, (2) typhoon, (3) fire and
(4) flood & (5) biological hazard. Each plan should be in the form of a flyer which contains the following
information:

a. Type of Hazard
b. News update
c. Necessary emergency kit/s & documents
d. Communication system/ Necessary Contact Numbers/Emergency Hotlines
e. Responsibilities of the members of the community (key persons)
f. Evacuation route
g. Evacuation area
h. Plan for pets

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VI. REFERENCES

1. Estañol E., et.al. National Service Training Program (Civic Welfare Training Service: A Worktext), Mutya
Publishing House, Valenzuela City. 2007
2. Labuguen F., et al. National Service Training Program (A Modular Worktext for NSTP 1) Mutya Publishing
House, Valenzuela City, 2012.
3. http://www.ndcc.gov.ph/attachments/045_RA%2010121.pdf (date retrieved: June 6, 2011)
4. http://www.rmbstrats.com/MyImages/disaster_continuum.gif (date retrieved: June 6, 2011)
5. http://www.fema.gov/hazard/volcano/vo_during.shtm (date retrieved: June 29, 2011)
6. http://www.fema.gov/hazard/tsunami/ts_before.shtm (date retrieved: June 29, 2011)
7. http://www.oninsperspective.com/?p=131 (date retrieved: June 29, 2011)
8. http://unpan1.un.org/intradoc/groups/public/documents/APCITY/UNPAN009857.pdf (date reprieved: July
14, 2012)
9. http://www.lawphil.net/statutes/repacts/ra2010/ra_10121_2010.html (date retrieved: July 13, 2011)
10. http://kidlat.pagasa.dost.gov.ph/ndrb/hazard%20mapping.html
11. http://www.gov.ph/cat_localgov/cpm.pdf
12. http://www.observatory.ph/vm/index.html (July 16, 2011)
13. http://www.rrcap.unep.org/apeo/Chp1h-nathazards.html (July 16, 2011)
14. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsunami (July 16, 2011)
15. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landslide (July 16, 2011)
16. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earthquake (July 16, 2011)
17. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volcanic_eruption (July 16, 2011)
18. http://www.wordiq.com/definition/Typhoon (July 16, 2011)
19. http://www.wordiq.com/definition/Thunderstorms (July 16, 2011)
20. http://www.medbc.com/annals/review/vol_12/num_2/text/vol12n2p67.htm (July 16, 2011)
21. http://saarc-sdmc.nic.in/pdf/fire.pdf (July 16, 2011)
22. PDCC Secretariat (leaflet)
23. Notes: Philippine Red Cross (Batangas Chapter)

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