Name______________________________________________ Date______________________ Class_____________________

4
The Structure of the Atom

Section 4.1 Early Ideas About Matter

In your textbook, read about the philosophers, John Dalton, and defining the atom.
For each statement below, write true or false.
______________________1. Ancient philosophers regularly performed controlled experiments.
______________________2. Philosophers formulated explanations about the nature of matter based on their
own experiences.
______________________3. Both Democritus and Dalton suggested that matter is made up of atoms.
______________________4. Dalton’s atomic theory stated that atoms separate, combine, or rearrange in
chemical reactions.
______________________5. Dalton’s atomic theory stated that matter is mostly empty space.
______________________6. Dalton was correct in thinking that atoms could not be divided into smaller
particles.
______________________7. Dalton’s atomic theory stated that atoms of different elements combine in simple
whole-number ratios to form compounds.
______________________8. Dalton thought that all atoms of a specific element have the same mass.
______________________9. Democritus proposed that atoms are held together by chemical bonds, but no one
believed him.
_____________________10. Dalton’s atomic theory was based on careful measurements and extensive research.

Chemistry: Matter and Change 1 Study Guide

Name ______________________________________________ Date _____________________ Class _____________________

13 4

Section 4.2 Defining the Atom

In your textbook, read about the electron and the nuclear atom.
For each item in Column A, write the letter of the matching item in Column B.
Column A Column B
_________ 1. Proposed the nuclear atomic model
a. Thomson
_________ 2. Determined the mass-to-charge ratio of an electron b. Millikan
_________ 3. Calculated the mass of an electron c. Rutherford

Draw and label a diagram of each atomic model.

4. plum pudding model

5. nuclear atomic model

In your textbook, read about the discovery of protons and neutrons.

Complete the following table of proton, electron, and neutron characteristics.

Particle Symbol Location Relative Charge Relative Mass

6. Proton
7. n
8. 1/1840

Chemistry: Matter and Change 2 Study Guide

Name______________________________________________ Date______________________ Class_____________________

Section 4.3 How Atoms Differ

In your textbook, read about atomic number.
For each statement below, write true or false.
_____________________ 1. The number of neutrons in an atom is referred to as its atomic number.
_____________________ 2. The periodic table is arranged by increasing atomic number.
_____________________ 3. Atomic number is equal to the number of electrons in an atom.
_____________________ 4. The number of protons in an atom identifies it as an atom of a particular
element.
_____________________ 5. Most atoms have either a positive or a negative charge.

Answer the following questions.

6. Lead has an atomic number of 82. How many protons and electrons does lead have?
______________________________________________________________________________________________

7. Oxygen has 8 electrons. How many protons does oxygen have? ____________________
8. Zinc has 30 protons. What is its atomic number? ______________________
9. Astatine has 85 protons. What is its atomic number?   ______________________
10. Rutherfordium has an atomic number of 104. How many protons and electrons does it have?
______________________________________________________________________________________________

11. Polonium has an atomic number of 84. How many protons and electrons does it have?
______________________________________________________________________________________________

12. Nobelium has an atomic number of 102. How many protons and electrons does it have?
______________________________________________________________________________________________

In your textbook, read about isotopes and mass number.

Determine the number of protons, electrons, and neutrons for each isotope described below.
13. An isotope has atomic number 19 and mass number 39.
______________________________________________________________________________________________

14. An isotope has 14 electrons and a mass number of 28.

______________________________________________________________________________________________

15. An isotope has 21 neutrons and a mass number of 40.

______________________________________________________________________________________________
Section 4.3 continued
16. An isotope has an atomic number 51 and a mass number 123.
______________________________________________________________________________________________

Answer the following question.

17. Which of the isotopes in problems 13–16 are isotopes of the same element? Identify the element.
______________________________________________________________________________________________

Write each isotope below in symbolic notation. Use the periodic table to determine the atomic
number of each isotope.
18. neon-22 ______________ 20. cesium-133 ______________
19. helium ______________ 21. uranium-234 _______________

Label the mass number and the atomic number on the following isotope notation.
22. ___________________
24
23. ___________________ 12 Mg

In your textbook, read about mass of individual atoms.

Circle the letter of the choice that best completes the statement.
24. The mass of an electron is
a. smaller than the mass of a proton. c. a tiny fraction of the mass of an atom.
b. smaller than the mass of a neutron. d. all of the above.
25. One atomic mass unit is
a. 1/12 the mass of a carbon-12 atom.
b. 1/16 the mass of an oxygen-16 atom.
c. exactly the mass of one proton.
d. approximately the mass of one proton plus one neutron.
26. The atomic mass of an atom is usually not a whole number because it accounts for
a. only the relative abundance of the atom’s isotopes.
b. only the mass of each of the atom’s isotopes.
c. the mass of the atom’s electrons.
d. both the relative abundance and the mass of each of the atom’s isotopes.

Chemistry: Matter and Change 4 Study Guide

Section 4.3 continued

Use the figures to answer the following questions.

27. What is the atomic number of osmium? _____________________

28. What is the chemical symbol for niobium? _______________________
29. What is the atomic mass of osmium? ____________________
30. What units is the atomic mass reported in? ____________________
31. How many protons and electrons does an osmium atom have? A niobium atom?
______________________________________________________________________________________________

Calculate the atomic mass of each element described below. Then use the periodic table to identify
each element.
32.
Isotope Mass (amu) Percent Abundance
63
X 62.930 69.17
65
X 64.928 30.83

33.
Isotope Mass (amu) Percent Abundance
35
X 34.969 75.77
37
X 36.966 24.23

Chemistry: Matter and Change 5 Study Guide

Section 4.4 Unstable Nuclei and Radioactive Decay
In your textbook, read about radioactivity.
For each item in Column A, write the letter of the matching item in Column B.
Column A Column B
________ 1. The rays and particles that are emitted by a radioactive material
a. nuclear reaction
________ 2. A reaction that involves a change in an atom’s nucleus b. beta radiation
________ 3. The process in which an unstable nucleus loses energy spontaneously c. radiation
________ 4. Fast-moving electrons d. radioactive decay

In your textbook, read about types of radiation.

Use the diagram to answer the questions.

5. Which plate do the beta particles bend toward? Explain.

______________________________________________________________________________________________

6. Explain why the gamma rays do not bend.

______________________________________________________________________________________________

7. Explain why the path of the beta particles bends more than the path of the alpha particles.
______________________________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________________________

Complete the following table of the characteristics of alpha, beta, and gamma radiation.
Radiation Type Composition Symbol Mass (amu) Charge
8. Alpha
9. 1/1840
10. High-energy electromagnetic radiation

Chemistry: Matter and Change 6 Study Guide

 TEACHER GUIDE AND ANSWERS
Study Guide – Chapter 4 – The Structure of 8. 30
the Atom 9. 85
Section 4.1 Early Ideas About Matter 10. 104 protons; 104 electrons
1. false 11. 84 protons; 84 electrons
12. 102 protons; 102 electrons
2. true
13. 19 protons, 19 electrons, 20neutrons
3. true
14. 14 protons, 14 electrons, 14 neutrons
4. true
15. 19 protons, 19 electrons, 21 neutrons
5. false
16. 51 protons, 51 electrons, 72 neutrons
6. false
17. The two isotopes with atomic number 19 are both
7. true isotopes of potassium.
8. true 22
18. 10 Ne
9. false
4
10. true 19. 2 Ne
Section 4.2 Defining the Atom 20.
133
55 Cs
1. c 234
21. U
2. a 92

3. b 22. mass number

4. Drawing should look like a ball of chocolate chip 23. atomic number
cookie dough. The chocolate chips should be labeled 24. d
with negative charge or as electrons. The dough 25. a
should be labeled as evenly distributed positive 26. d
charges.
27. 76
5. Drawing should look like a peach with a pit. The pit
28. Nb
should be labeled nucleus and should include labeled
protons and neutrons. The outer circle of the peach 29. 190.2
should be labeled electrons. 30. atomic mass units
31. osmium: 76 protons, 76 electrons; niobium:
Particle Symbol Location Relative Relative 41 protons, 41 electrons.
Charge mass 32. Mass contribution  (mass)(percent abundance)
6. Proton p In the nucleus 1 1
63
X: (62.930 amu)(69.17%)  43.53 amu
7. Neutron n0 In the nucleus 0 1
65
X: (64.928 amu)(30.83%)  20.02 amu
 
Atomic mass of X  43.53 amu  20.02 amu  63.55
8. Electron e In the space 1 1/1840
surrounding
amu
the nucleus The element is copper.
33. Mass contribution  (mass)(percent abundance)
Section 4.3 How Atoms Differ 35
X: (34.969 amu)(75.77%)  26.50 amu
1. false 37
X: (36.966 amu)(24.23%)  8.957 amu
2. true
Atomic mass of X  26.50 amu  8.957 amu  35.46
3. true
amu
4. true
The element is chlorine.
5. false
6. 82 protons; 82 electrons
7. 8 protons

Chemistry: Matter and Change 7 Teacher Guide and Answers

 TEACHER GUIDE AND ANSWERS
Section 4.4 Changes to the Nucleus—Nuclear
Reactions
1. c
2. a
3. d
4. b
5. the positive plate, because beta particles are
negatively charged
6. Gamma rays have no charge.
7. The beta particles have less mass than the alpha
particles and ar more greatly affected by the electric
field.

Radiation Composition Symb Mass Char

Type ol (amu) ge
Helium
4
8. Alpha nuclei, or 2 He 4 2
alpha particles
Electrons, 0
b
1/184
9. Beta 1 1
beta particles 0
High-energy
10.
electromagnet 0
g 0 0
Gamma 0

ic radiation

Chemistry: Matter and Change 8 Teacher Guide and Answers