1.

Difference between computer architecture and

Computer organization is how operational attributes are linked together and contribute to realise the
architectural specifications.
Computer architecture is the architectural attrributes like physical address memory,CPU and how they
should be made and made to coordinate with each other keeping the future demands and goals in
mind.
Computer architecture comes before computer organiation.Its like building the design and architecture
of house takes maximum time and then organisation is building house by bricks or by latest
technology keeping the basic layout and architecture of house in mind.

A computer's architecture is its abstract model and is the programmer's view in terms of instructions
addressing modes and registers. A computer's organization expresses the realization of the
architecture. Architecture describes what the computer does and organization describes how it does
it.

Computer architecture refers to those attributes of a system visible to a programmer or put another
way those attributes that have a direct impact on the logical execution of a program. Computer
architecture is define as a "The art and science of assembling logical elements to form a computing
device." It sets the standard for all devices that connect to it and all the software that runs on it. It is
based on the type of programs that will run (business, scientific) and the number of programs that run
concurrently.

Computer organization refers to the operational units and their interconnections that realize the
architectural specifications. Computer organization is a study of a Computer Architecture. E.g.
Memory, Registers, RAM, ROM, CPU, ALU, 16 bit/ 32 bit/ 64 bit architecture, what different parts
makes a computer, etc.

A computer's architecture is its abstract model and is the programmer's view in terms of instructions,
addressing modes and registers. A computer's organization expresses the realization of the
architecture. Architecture describes what the computer does and organization describes how it does
it.

Architecture and organization are independent; you can change the organization of a computer
without changing its architecture. For example, a 64-bit architecture can be internally organized as a
true 64-bit machine or as a 16-bit machine that uses four cycles to handle 64-bit values.

The difference between architecture and organization is best illustrated by a non-computer example.
Is the gear lever in a car part of its architecture or organization? The architecture of a car is simple; it
transports you from A to B. The gear lever belongs to the car's organization because it implements
the function of a car but is not part of that function (a car does not intrinsically need a gear lever).

organization refers the components of the computer hardware system: processor and datapath,
storage and caching, input/output and interrupts. And, architecture is more deep rooted. Goes into
transistors and logic gates. Its how to relay all that information between components.

computer organization is a little top level system design. for example, when you are building a
computer system, following questions may arise.
1. how much memory should i put for this system for optimal performance.
2. what should be the size of the cache.
3. what should be the width of data and address bus.
4. design of instruction set for that computer.
5. design of interface between memory, processor and I/O's.

where as in computer architecture, we need to look at even lower level. for example,
1.design of memory
2. design of processor
3. design of system bus architecture
4. design of cache.

2. Wat is the range supported for voltages which is used in

Logic gate circuits are designed to input and output only two types of signals: "high" (1) and "low" (0),
as represented by a variable voltage: full power supply voltage for a "high" state and zero voltagefor a
"low" state. In a perfect world, all logic circuit signals would exist at these extreme voltage limits, and
never deviate from them (i.e., less than full voltage for a "high," or more than zero voltagefor a "low").
However, in reality, logic signal voltage levels rarely attain these perfect limits due to stray voltage
drops in the transistor circuitry, and so we must understand the signal level limitations of gate circuits
as they try to interpret signal voltages lying somewhere between full supply voltage and zero.
TTL gates operate on a nominal power supply voltage of 5 volts, +/- 0.25 volts. Ideally, a TTL "high"
signal would be 5.00 volts exactly, and a TTL "low" signal 0.00 volts exactly. However, real TTL gate
circuits cannot output such perfect voltage levels, and are designed to accept "high" and "low" signals
deviating substantially from these ideal values. "Acceptable" input signal voltages range from 0 volts
to 0.8 volts for a "low" logic state, and 2 volts to 5 volts for a "high" logic state. "Acceptable" output
signal voltages (voltage levels guaranteed by the gate manufacturer over a specified range of load
conditions) range from 0 volts to 0.5 volts for a "low" logic state, and 2.7 volts to 5 volts for a "high"
logic state:

If a voltage signal ranging between 0.8 volts and 2 volts were to be sent into the input of a TTL gate,
there would be no certain response from the gate. Such a signal would be considered uncertain, and
no logic gate manufacturer would guarantee how their gate circuit would interpret such a signal.