Discovery

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Infrared Led Based Non Invasive Blood Glucometer

Publication History
Received: 25 August 2015
Accepted: 27 September 2015
Published: 18 October 2015

Citation
Komal Lawand, Mahesh Parihar, Shital N Patil. Infrared Led Based Non Invasive Blood Glucometer. Discovery, 2015, 44(203), 95-99

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 Infrared Led Based Non Invasive Blood Glucometer
Komal Lawand#1, Mahesh Parihar#2 Shital N.Patil*3
Department of Instrumentation Engineering
Ramrao Adik Institute of Technology.
Navi Mumbai, India
[email protected] [email protected] [email protected]

there is no direct electrical contact between the patient and the

ABSTRACT device. The concentration of glucose in the blood is calculated
Diabetes mellitus is a disease in which the body does not produce based on the scattering and absorption of light through the
sufficient insulin and represent one of the major health problems blood. The level of the concentration is displayed on the LCD.
in society. Nowadays, commonly used technology to measure the
glucose is glucose meter. Glucose measurement methods are It is more trustworthy and cost effective. The most popular
invasive which generally involves finger pricking. These methods method for glucose measurement is optical method. To provide
are painful and frequent pricking cause risk of spreading non invasive measurement this method is analyzed. Including
infectious diseases. Therefore there is need to develop a non- near infrared there are a variety of the optical methods for the
invasive monitoring system which can measure blood glucose non-invasive technique like Raman's spectroscopy, photo
continuously without much problem. The present work is focused acoustic spectroscopy, polarization technique, polarimetry and
on designing of non-invasive blood glucose measurement sensor light scattering [3].
system using Infrared technique. In this study, near infrared
optical measurement is applied to overcome the invasive So, developing a non invasive way of measuring blood
drawbacks like painful, have high recurring cost and danger of glucose would be much more convenient from the end user. The
spreading infectious diseases .The designed device consists of an aid from irritation and unease due to frequent finger pricks
infrared led as emitter which placed over the fingertip for would be the main advantages of non invasive glucose meter.
measurement of blood glucose optically. The near-infrared light Non invasive analysis of the glucose minimizes all the above
will be sensed by the photo diode which having a wavelength troubles involved and hence cut down the healthcare cost [4].
range from 900 to 1550nm. The intensity of received light is
This paper introduces a possible design and development of
depending on the glucose molecules inside the blood. By analyzing
the variation in voltages received after reflection in the cases the
a sensor based system to detect blood glucose non-invasively
approximate glucose level of the individual is going to be using Near-infrared (NIR) radiation using spectroscopic
predicted. The obtained results are going to be validated with refection analysis. It describes the principle of glucose
glucose meter readings and statistical analysis of the readings is to measurement using NIR method. Designing of the system
be done. consist of two parts hardware and software part. Software part
consists of microcontroller and computer. The processing is
done by the microcontroller and the level of glucose will be
Keywords—Diabetes, Non invasive, NIR, Intensity, Regression displayed on the computer. Arduino 1.0.1. 4 is used for coding
in microcontroller.The second part is the hardware part. It
consists of lnfraRed Light Emitting Diode (IR LED), a
photodiode sensor, amplification components and
I. INTRODUCTION microcontroller. The outputs of photodiode are used to calculate
Diabetes mellitus is a disease in which the body does not the absorption of light. The signal form the sensor are being
produce sufficient insulin and represent one of the major health amplify to produce high signal to noise ratio (SNR). And
problems in society. The World Health Organization estimated approximate glucose concentration value is displayed according
that there will be 177 million who suffered diabetes in 2000[1]. to difference in the voltage received.
Commonly seen as somewhat trivial as compared to heart
diseases or cancer, diabetes can lead to kidney failure, The remaining part of the paper is arranged into different
blindness, and amputation. In 2030, diabetes is predicted to be sections. Section II gives the theory of operation, section III
the 7th leading cause of death in the world. In available market elaborate the proposed system architecture and methodology
available glucometers are invasive. Diabetic patients need to and section IV detailed about the measurement procedure and V
monitor their blood glucose two to three times a day. the experimental results and application. In last section
conclusion and future developments have been illustrated.
A recent studies have indicated that the health risks
associated with diabetes are significantly reduced when the II. THEORY OF OPERATION
blood glucose level are well and frequently controlled. Thus, The designed non-invasive procedure is based on the principle
having proper monitoring at home or work is important . At of the absorbance transmittance photometry. The absorption
present, the common existing methods of blood glucose value of light energy is derived from the number of molecules
monitoring require obtaining a blood sample by pricking a present in absorbing material [3]. Hence, the intensity of the
fingertip with a needle. These methods sometimes discourage light energy when leaved the absorbing material is indicated by
the patient to take the test because the procedure is invasive [2]. the concentration of that particular material. The Beer Lambert
Non-invasive methods of monitoring blood glucose level are Law suggests the absorbance [11].
more superior than the current invasive method. Nowadays, a As the radiation interacts with biological tissue, it is reduced by
portable and non-invasive glucose meter is highly demand by absorption as well as scattering.
the society. There are many approaches on designing non-
invasive glucose meter. One of the designs is using near I=Ioe^(-μeff L) (1)
infrared. This method are using finger probe and it is safe as
 In equation (1) I is the reflected light intensity, Io the through the fingertip and analyzed at photodiode by reflection.
incident light intensity, L is the optical path-length in tissue, and The current to voltage converter converts the photodiode current
the term μeff is defined in equation (2) in terms of absorption output into voltage signal. This output is filtered and amplified
coefficient μa and reduced scattering coefficient μs′. and conditioned for better result. Further the output is
μeff = [3μa[μa+μs]]^(1/2) (2) processed to a microcontroller unit to the analog input to
perform voltage variation analysis of the received signal.
(A) Electronic circuits
The experimental circuit is set up using near infrared (NIR)
spectral range to measure the blood glucose. The infrared light-
emitting diode, LED (NIR LED) used has peaked at
wavelengths of 1500nm as observed from data sheet. The peak
wavelength for this receiver is 1500nm as observed from
datasheet.
The data recorded show differences of voltage value related to
their blood-glucose alterations [12]. To improve accuracy of the
sensor finger cap is made so that other lights will not enter and
the designed sensor will give accurate result.

This voltage variation is so feeble and additional signal

conditioning stages are necessary to convert it into a
recognizable form by microcontroller Arduino uno. This signal
conditioning part will be consist of current to voltage converter,
filtering stage to filter out noise and amplification stage. Next
arduino uno will convert amplified analog voltage to digital
value. Regression analysis is also done by microcontroller. And
predicted glucose value displayed on computer.
Figure 1: Affect of glucose on light path [9] For signal conditioning part IC LM 324 is selected. LM324 is
Fig. 1 shows the Schematic description of affect of glucose on single supply quad op amp. From the datasheet of LM324 it has
light path. With the addition of glucose concentration in blood, been seen that it has low input offset voltage (3mv) and high
leads to reduce in the scattering properties of tissue. This leads CMRR (80db). Gain of 101 and cut off frequency of 2.5Hz is
to a smaller scattering coefficient and accordingly shorter designed. The gain and cut off frequency are determined using
optical path. Thus with the increase in glucose concentration, the following equations.
scattering properties of skin reduces [12]. For amplification non-inverting amplifier is used, required
voltage gain is around 100, by using formula for amplification.
III. METHODOLOGY
The architecture is divided into several main parts. The research Voltage gain Av =1 + (R4 / R5)….. (II)
paper [11] published that, to evaluate and anticipate glucose
concentration, it is possible by using glucose spectroscopy
between wavelengths 940nm to 2450nm. Therefore to system
setup for transmission and reception of NIR rays a reflective
optical sensor is used with the fingertip as the body site. The
proposed system architecture is shown in Fig 2.

Figure 3: Amplifier and filter of first stage

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Figure 2: Block Diagram of Proposed Method Normal pulse rate is varied between 60 to 180 pulses per min.
Therefore considered low pass filter of cut off frequency 1Hz to
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The Infra red sensor operating at a wavelength of 1550nm & 3 Hz is designed to remove high frequency components and
operated by +5V power supply is used. NIR signals are passed 50Hz power line interference. High pass filter of cut off
frequency 0.5Hz is used to remove baseline drift or low IV. RESULTS
frequency signals. Formula is given by

Cut off frequency Fc= 1/ (2π *R4*C2) (III) Constructed system determines a method for the prediction of
blood-glucose level for human using non invasive methods. It
gives the plot of amplitude for each person on DSO.

Figure 4: circuit diagram

The second low pass filter also has the same values of
capacitors and resistors. The output signal of the trans-
impedance amplifier, Vout is connected to the data acquisition
for interfacing to computer by Arduino uno. Arduino uno is a
microcontroller board based on the Atmega 328. It has 14
Figure 7: Waveform of pulse signal
digital input/output pins, 6 analog pins, 16 MHz crystal
oscillator, a USB connection, a power jack, and reset button. By using this voltage value as X value in regression polynomial
glucose concentration can be predicted.
Table1: Approximate voltage and predicted glucose value
Voltage value Glucose value(mg/dl)
(V)
1.52 108
1.63 106
1.82 110
1.79 112
1.45 100

This work provides an innovative idea to solve the existing

problems, which patients are facing with the current glucose
meter technique like painful, have high recurring cost and
danger of spreading infectious diseases. The data obtained from
intensity variation study shows that there exists a correlation
between the variation in intensity and glucose level.

V. CONCLUSION
The aim of this proposed system is to determine a method for
the prediction of blood-glucose level for human using non
invasive methods. The proposed system gives the waveform of
pulse signal. The amplitude of the waveform will corresponds to
the amount of blood glucose. Next, the prediction of the glucose
is determined by using the 2nd order of the polynomial
regression, we will give the corresponding voltages measured
and the blood glucose concentrations. As a result, it will
produce prediction for the glucose value. This will compile the
relation between the voltage values with the evaluation of the
blood glucose concentration. This proposed system would
enable the monitoring blood glucose level continuously and
noninvasively. With the presence of some good advantages like
absence of pain this non invasive technique would offer secured
solution to the customers.
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Figure 5: Flowchart of the proposed system

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