HANDBOOK .

()F
CONSTRUCTI01~
ESTIMATE
HANDBOOK OF
CONSTRUCTION
ESTIMATE

Simplified with Technical Data .:

Rbeno A. Velasco

LOACAN PUBLISmNG HOUSE

PUBLISHER I DISTRIBUTOR
 · CONCRBTB=
Philippine Copyright C 1997 Hlsto~ ol:·COncrete••••••••••• ~........................................ 1~2
ExcaVatlob and.BacW ·~ ~ ....•..•~..YQ : ••••••·••·••·• · 2-3
all rights reserved AAgle Q( Rt;pOS.e •. ~ .......~ •.•••••••• ,~.~ .:.- .•••~~.~ .,~ .s..~ ••••••••• , ••••.•• :3
Concrete Proportioning .i•••••••••••••••.••••••.••••••••.••••. 4 ·
Concrete .~ _.; ~ _ 5'
Copyright c 1997 by : Approxlma~e 11riie Umlt .~fol't!~he· Rem9V8lof
LOACAN PUBLISHING & FOI"IIiS.lUld·SUpPortS · ;.~ ••••••.•••·•••••••••••• 5
RHENO A. VELASCO Auiotiht.o(. water
Pet Bag~.ot·C~m:ent· · . ..
ApproxunateQUaotltY Or S1.Uf8ce Water Carrled by
. Averag~ .:f'ggrega tes .c.:.. ~ ~
ou •••••••••:•• •• •••: . :•• $
FUller's Fonnula .•~ .•••••.•; : ;•••••; 7
Bibliography: Sample ~oblem for ·Pavemen t Concrete ;•.••••r :-•• 7'
Hardware MateI1alS : _ 8
plain Concrete (Sample Problem With SOlutlonj 9
• Simplified Design ot Reinforced Concrete .MASONRY
by: Parker Brick Masonry 10;.11
History ofMasoiUy , , 11 .
• Design Concrete Structures - Winter CHB , ' ~ ~ e ; ~ i2
• Construction Planning - Peurifoy Plaster : 13
.• ,AUDELS CHB Fbitsh Per~. Meter ~3
Mortar ~: ; ; 13
Volume of cement Per CBB · ou 13
Vary1ngThiclg1ess of Mortar and Quantily 14
Requirements for Mortar , Jf
ConctetePipe Joint.COUaIS ~ 15
ISBN 971-911-1S0-X Concrete Footing for CHB : 16
Adobe Plaster ' ~ ; 18
Plaster MiXture PerCublcMeter 18
CHB Mortar·Per Sq. M 19
CHB Footing Per Linear Meter ; ;.. 19
Quantity of Stone. Cement. and Sand 20
Plastering Per Square Meter ~ 21
 TILE WORK
Per 100 CIiB Mortar •.......,; ' ~ .....•... .•.."••••..• 21 . . Ftnish es.
F100r
.
. . ' .
. . ' 72-73
. .. 73
Per-lOO CIiB'Plaster ! ..; ...•.......•...•....... 21 · Wall Finishes .,., ., ., .,., .,.: 74
.SampIe.Problem8 ;.. ~ ~ ; .:: ;~ . ; .. ~.~ .. ;.~ ..••.......••• ::'~, 22-34 ToUet and Bath ·..········ ··..·..•
nIe Work ,
,··..·..··..'· · ~ .. · ~ ..·
,;......... ............ ... 76
·75-76
METAL REINFORCEMENr ~

Steet ReJt.forcement : : ~ 34-39 : Preca st Terta.zo and Granul\thic Tiles ~.. 6

.·Lateral ne8 ~· ;~ ~ .. , 39-40 . Vinyl and Rpbber TlIes·.,..·· ··..··· ·..·· ·.. 77_~8
st:lriu~ for Beams'and Gb'der 4143 Sample Pro blem.... .,...,..,., ..,.,···: ·· .
SpUce and
Hook,Allawance of Rod ••••••••••.••.••••••.•••• 44-.5
STAIRCASE OR SfAIRWAY '. . . i8-79
Lateral·TIe Dbnenslon'•••••••;•••••.•••.•..••••••••••.••..;.•.•••• 46--47 Definition ofTerms ,....... ........ 79-80
Length ~fSplr8I·Reltiforcement; 47-48 Design of StairWay , ~. .. .. . .. .. ... .. . .
.Concrete Slab Reinforcement ••;...•; ~ 48.
CIiB ·ReJnfofeeJJlent
. Re'1.JitI;I-
' ~..:.~~: , . ,';" .,;' . ' " .
"'; 49
49-50
PAl~ting Works : ~ :::: :~
CtIB 4 •••• - · ·.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... .. . ,' , spreadlng Rate of Paint : : ~.. . 83
EI..E'C1"RICAL EsTIMA1Es'•.••.,; : 50 ' Kinds ofPaint , · · ·· ·~ ··..· 83
LUMaER , " . -, .' Paint c overage : : .
woOd . 51
LABOR ESTIMA1E . 85-86
DeftnJtibn-of.TenDs :.....•......•;
. ClassificatiOn ofWood~ ;..~.
51-52
52~53
. ...., k Capacities in Man Hours ........
Construction " or
. ,
86
. Lumbering:.;•.. : . ~; ;:
· : ,;.;
53
Ca biUties of Manual Labor/Hour
ca:bUitiea of Equipment..
m . . • . . ••• . . • ••• •
88
89-90 . .
• ..
S7 _
F1oorJolsts •••••••..••••..••••••:.;••! •••• ,; •••••••••• • ••••.••• •••••••••• , • •• 54 , rtant Features of Septic Vaults ..
T & G F1oortDg·· ••. ......•....•... 55 . lmpo
Rough Estimat es . ..
90-9190
ceUing Joist , ; ··56 Checkllst of Items to be Considered :. -98
Ceiling Board 56 General Checklist for Estimate ~~101
Trusses'and' Rafters ; 56":58 .Site Vis.it Repo. rt ; ~ . .. .. .. .. ........ .. ' .10 1-103
sample Problem•.... ~ .•..•.•• 59-.60 Unit Man Hours ..
ROOFlNG Concrete Found3.tion and Elevated Conc. « 103-105
RoofPltch _...............•...... .............•....... .... $} Unit ~an Ho~ ·..·······..·..·· ·..· 106-116
Purhns for Standard Corrugated G.I . Roofs ,. $2 . Miscellaneous Labor output 117-119
Plain G.I. Straps Per Sheet 63 . ~lifmONSOF1ERMS ~ 120-129 /
RIvets Needs ;•••••••••...: :.••••••••..•••••.••~ ••• $4 Al-fl.tARY' TOPICS 130
Kinds 'o f Asbestos Roofing .,.. 64-65 ,1\ th 4". t Construction Contractots .
'Code ofE. ics lor . . . • • ••• ••• r' .. .. . . . 131-136
Kanaletas 68 . Abbreviation .
Plaea Romana : .o se
.TencOr Corr. Sheets ............................ ..................•..•. 'IT!
~ex Corr. beets ..., 67
Cetamlc' no ' Ttle ;' 68.
guanllty ' Clrl In KilQ : 69
Santpl
 1

CONCRETE

RIsto..,. of Concrete
Concrete as we know it today. had Its beginning 1n'1824• .
when Joseph Aspdln took out.a patent In England or "Portland"
, cement. Concrete became widely used In Europe during the late
18oo's and was brought to the United States late In that century
and In all over theworld, It used continued to spread rapidly as
knowledge about It and experienced with It grew.

CoDcrnte - ' Is a stonellke material obtained by pemnttmg a

carefully proportioned mixture ofcement, gravel and sand or the
other Inert materials. and water to harden In fOnDS of the shape
and dimension of the desired structures.

.......·te - Is a project study of determining the quality.

quantity and cost of every materials used In a mass. or In every
flnIshed work. .

There are different typa of cement U8ecl for construction

1. Ordinary portland cement
2. Rapid hardening portland cement Is specnled when high
early strength Is required
3. Portland blast furnace or sulphate Is used to resist chemi-
cal attack
4. Low heat portland cement is preferred for a massive section "
to reduce the heat of ~t1on.
6. Portland pozzolan cement Is a slow hardening concrete
6. High alumina cement

nae.e are the main composition of cement:

1. 60 to 65% ltme
2. l8 - 25% sntca
3. 3 - 8% alummina
4. .6 - 5% tronoxide
5. 2 - 5% magnesia
.
1 - 5% sl11furtrioxide
 ..
2 3

Lime - mortar made of mortar cement. lime putty or hydrated For the vol. of excavation :
ltme, and sand in proportions by vol. Normally of one part of
cement. One or two lime. and five or six sand; suited for an kinds V EXCAVATION = V BUILDING + V ~M P
of masonry. . . Solve first forthe volume of building and ramp
SWca - a mortar used with silica cement; it is a refactory
material . . ",- ' . VBUILDI~G = [1/2 <Arop + AaOTTOM)] X DEPTH
Alumina -:- a-cement made With Bauxite and containing a high = 0 .5 (96) (46) + (93) (43) '(3)'
percentage of aluminate. having the property of setting to high = 14.249.16 cu. m.
strength in 24 hours.
Ironoxide ~ a mixture of small iron pieces with ammonium V AAMP = (~.5) (25.5) (3) (7)
chlo ride. used to j otnIron or steel surface. = 299.5
Magne sia - magnesium oxychloride cement.
Sulfur Trioxide - cement used for connectlrig iron parts; made :. V EXCAVATION= ·14. 54 8 .6 6 cu. m ,
of
of equal parts sulfur and pitch. V BACKFILL = 1.25 (14.548.66 -1.5(90) (40)]

EXCAVATION AND ~CKFILL = 11.435.82 cu. m. w/ 2 5% allowance

SAMPLE PROBLE!W:
ANGLE OF REPOSE
Find the total volume of excavation andbackflll, Assume
. the soil to be llIO~rdinary earth. The slope of this kind of soU TABLEl:.l I

varies from 1: 1- 1:1. " . .

"Type of , Approumate Angle of· . _ Wt ./ Cu.Ft.
Material. Slope: AlB . Repoee, (It U.
SOWTION: Assume 1/2 slope:
Sand Dry 1/2.8 to 1/1.4 20 to 35 go'to 110
~B
Sand Moist 1/1.75 to 1/1.0 30 to 45 ' 100 to 110
10. ~\ LV\NG / Sand Wet 1/1.8 to 1/1.2 20 to 49 110 to 120

Ord. Earth. Dry ' 1/ 2.8 to 1/1.0 20 to 45 80 to 100

Ord~Earth. Moist 1/2.1 to 1/1.0 . 25.to 45 .: SO to :l00

Ord. Earth. Wet 1/2.1 to 1/1.15 25 to 30. . 100 to 1'20

Gravel ' 1/ 1.75 to 1/0.90 :30 to 48 100 to 135

Oravel, Sand
& Clay : l/l:80"fu l/.1~30 20·10 30 lOOfo H5
 "'I r-

4 5
CONCRETE PROPORTIONING CONCRETE~

T~LE 1-2 TABLE 1-3

QuANl1TY FOR 1 CU. M. CONCRETE

TypeofConstructlon Proportion
Side Walk 1 : 2: 4
USING 94 LBS PORllAND CEMENT
Floor Slab 1:2 :4
Class Proportion Cement Sand Gravel Wall 1 : 2.5: 5
AA 1: 2: 3 10.50 0.42 .84 Footing 1: 2 .5 : 5
/ Post 1 : 2.5 : 5
A 1:2 :4 j
7.84 0.44 0.88
Machinery Foundation 1:3:6
"
B 1: 2.5:5 ; 6.48 0.44 0.88
Reinforced Concrete 1:2 :4
C 1:3:6 5..48 0.44 0.88 \ Foundattons 1: 2.5: 5
D 1: 3.5: 7 5.00 0.45 0:90 Top Dress tng on Wearing Surp. 1: 2 :
Water Rooflng 1:2
USING 88 LBS PORTLAND CEMENT

A 1: 2: 4 :- 8.20 0.44 0.88 NOTE: Keep all concrete wet 7 days and protect from su n .

B 1: 2. 5 : 6.80 0.46 0.88

C 1: 3 : 6 5.80 0.47 0.89 APPROXIMATE TIME LIMIT BEFORE
THE REMOVAL OF FORMS AND SUPPORTS:
D 1 : 3.5: 7 5.32' 0.48 0.90
TABLE 1-4

OTE: Arch Cent ers 14 -21 Days

• A • Shall be used for be ams, slabs columns. and for all Centering Under Beams '14 D~s
III rnt which are subjected to bending stress. Floor SIa 3- 10 Days
I I . hall be used for all members not reinforced for
I 1\ lin t walls 7-1 4 Days
I U d for footing not under water. , Columns, Sides of Beams and Girders 3-10 Days
6 7

AMOUNT OF WATER FULLER 'S FORMULA ;,

PER BAG OF CEMENT
. Let C ' ='No . of Part Cement. S = Sand
TABLE 1·5 G = Oravelor Stone. Then:

MIz Type of Conat. GaUon ofWater/Ba4fMlz Px = 1 = no. of barrel portand cemen t

C +S +G required for one cu. yd . of concrete
Dry Mix Moist Mix Wet Mix Aggr.0
1 : '3: 5 Ftgs.• Relnf. Wall 7.5 6 .0 5.0 2"
no of barrel portland cement
PIT. = 32.2875 Px
1: 2 :'3 Side Walk, Step 5 .5 . 4.5 3 .75 I" required for one cu. m. of concrete
1 : 2: 2 Fence Post 4 .5 3.75 3 .5 3/4"
Pm x S x 3.8 no of cubic me ter san d for One
WATER CEMENT RATIO 32.2875 cubic meter of con crete
I
US Gal./94 Lba Bag Cem. Aaauml'!d Compo Stre.. at 2S Daya
P m x O x3.8 no of cubic mete r gr~~~l for one
7.5 2000 PSI . 32.2875 cubic meter of concrete
, 6.75
.
2500 PSI
NOTE: 1 barrel = 4 bags of 96,Lbs. Portland cement
6 .0 3000 PSI . = 3.76 Cu. Ft.
5.0 3 750 PSI
.
SAMPLE PR OBL EM FOR PAVEM ENT CONCRETE:
APPROXIMATE QUANTITY OF
SURFACE WATER CARRIED BY Area = 6. 70 x 1.000 = 6 ,7 00 Sq. rn.
AVERAGE AGGREGATEs - Vol. = 6.700 x 0. 2 3 = 1,541 cu .m.
Usi ng 88 Lbs Portland Cement:
TABLE 1-6
(U se Class "A" )

Gal. Cu. Ft.

3/4 to 1/0 SOLUTION:

1/2 a) Cement: 1.541x 8.20 = 12,636.20 Say 12.6 40 Bags

1/4 b) Sa n d : 1,541 x 0.54 = 6 78. 04 Say 679 Cu.m.
c) Gravel': 1.541 x 0.88 = 1, 356.08 Say 1357 CU.m.
1/4
8 9

PLAIN CONCRETE
. 'lj,' . SAMPLE PROBLICM WITH SOwnON:
I J'2.\f~.~M
. r-- L .' ~
L_ _J TIE BAR) CONCRETING:
. ~ .75 1-' 0.

F1Iid the quantity of cement in bags, sand and gravel in

cu.m. needed for a plain cone. slab on ft1l 0.10 m thick and 6.0
x 9.0 m In dimension.

SOW110N:

1. Ftnd the volume:

HARDWARE MATERIALS V =0;10x9x6
! = 5.40 cu.m.
a) Dowel Bars, use 3/,4" 0 x 0 .50 m x 0.50 m. O.C.
Assume one const. rjotnt for every 75 m. . 2. Referring on table 1-2 class -B·
LOOO For cement· 5.4 x 6.48 = 34.99 say 35 bags
Therefore no. of COHSt. Joints = ~ = 13.33 Say 14 eonst. Sand: 5.4 x 0.44 = 2.37 say 2.5 cu.m.
joints Gravel: 5.4 x 0.88 .4.75 say 5.0 cu.m.
The are also 6.70 = 13.4 Say 14 pes. of dowel A concrete pavement With a thickness of 4 In. and having
0.5 bard for each const. a dimensions of 18 x 28 m.Uslng class ·C· concrete mbrture.
Compute for the quantityof cement. sand and grave1tn bags and
Total no. of dowels fore the whole length In cubic meters respectively.
Where: 14 x 14 = 19q pes. - 3/4' 0 x 0.5 m or = to
98 pes. of 3/4- x 1.0 m. I'lGURE:
Use the standard size reinforcing steel bars is 6 rn.
Therefore:
RSB = 98/6 = 16.33 Say 17 pes. - 3/4 0 20ft.

bl, The bars use 1/2- 0 x 0.60 10 spaced e 0.75 m.O.C.

1;000
No. ofpcs. = ~ = '1.333.33 Say 1,334 pes.

RSB = 133.5 Say 134

Total length of the bars » 1.334 x 060 e 800 m

- _ ._ - 2S.ooM\¥I_~~ 1I"""
 10

sownON: 11
1.
2.
4 in ch es = 0.1 01 6 meter of his trowel, M OI1a r Is also placed between each bricks In a
Area of the pavement coarse. When the firs t coarse Is laid. The mason spreads mortar
18 x 28 = 504 sq.m . on top ofit and lays the: second course on the mortar. He repeats
3.
Volume = 0 . 101 6 x 504 = 51.21 cu m _this process u nttl t he wah is built.
4.
Referrt..'1g to table - uSing Class "cw' ~: .... It Is important that each coarse should be level and that the .
Cement· 51 2 1 UUAlure
. . x 5. 5 = 281.65 say 282 b wall should be straight. An uneven wallis not only u nsigh tly but
Sand: 5 1.2 1 x .44 = 2252 sa . a gs it is weak, As he work the mason uses a spirit level to make sure
Gravel ' 5 1 21 88 . Y 23 cu.m .
. . x. 45.06 say 4 5 cu .rn. that the bricks are se t level In the mortar.

IUSTORY OF MASONRY
MAsONRY
The history of mansonry goes back as far as that of ctvili-
Masonry is the name for wal l '11 ' . zation. Bricks were a pparently first used around 3500 B.C. by
structures m ade by layihg bricks s , p i ars, a rches, and other the people who lived L, the flat low-laying plain between the ttgrts
like materials, such as ~oncrete bto::se ~locks, a n d other ston e and eupharates, Rivers in what is now Iraq. Wood and stone fi t
rial: oc . In a cementing mate- for building were scarce in tha t region. bu t there was ple nty of .
Long a go, Primitive man discovered th clay. which.the people made Into sun-dried. They used these
occurring s tones together to ak ' at he could naturally oddly shaped brtcks to build their great citles.
upon the idea of trimmJn 0 ~e ; a rough wall . Later, men hit The next great tMl1zatlon to use bricks was that ofEgypl
together. Better this made: fi
. the same time, people in re iO
::: tones so that they Would fit
and more solid wall . At a bout
ered how to run clay in to:!till tal h ere stone Was scarce d'is cov-
where brick making began about 3100 B.C. Although the
Egyptians had vast supplies of fine building stone. It took so
much labor to quany the stone:
easy to handle. Th e tinal ste;~n ~tones - Brtcks. Br icks were From Egypt and the near east brick making spread over the
taken When bUilders l earned that the evolution of masonry was mediterranean world. The Romans became the master brtck
rials to cement bricks or ston e b ey could Use various m a te- makers of atlquity_and they were made in a variety of different
could build rigid Walls and locks t.ogether. In this way thev . shapes: rectangular. square, triangular, and semicircular.
arches and va Ults. more complIcated s trud ures such a~ One of the Waist problems faced by builders In the Ancient
World was the lack of a strong mortar to bind their brick and
BRICK MAsONRY stones together. Yet In spite of their poor mortar ancient builders
constructed some remarkable b ric k temples and palaces. with
To make a rigid wall f walls 10 to 20 feet thick. The builders depended mainly on the
together in hOrlzonta1laye 0 brick, indiVidual bricks a re laid weight of the walls to hold the brtcks in place.
together bya cementing : :te·°riralcoarses. The bricks are bound Mansory construction was revolutionized by the Roman
The mason spreadsa l . ora
mortar' 'dlscovery q[ concre te .in the 2nd century B.C . with the strong
He then sets the bricks on th:~ofml)rtarWith a Wide, flat trowel. commenting material builders' no longer needed to make their
Ifa brick is out ofltne 1 fa • rtar preSsing them down It..l.t1y
..e f'> i. gently into place With n._ han'5"a . •
wailsenonnously thick to keep them from topplin g over. Perhaps
. ..~ dIe the m ost famous examples of ancien t stone masonry are th e
p';ram1ds of Egypt.
 13
12
PLASTER
Otheraneient cJ:v1lizaUons besides the EgyptJansdeveloped
great skill in handllng very large blocks of stone. TAB LE2-3

There are different kinds of sizes and patterns of locally · Class MiX Cement Ume
available materials classlft~ under masonry. Three kinds are as In Bags Cu.M.
follows:
1) Block 2) Brick 3) TIle A 1:2 S.5 S.5 0.90
-
B 1:3 5.5 5.5 0.90
............-,
CBB = CONCRETE HOu.ow BLOCK C 1: 4 4.5 4.5 0.90
-,
Plaster Vol. Per Sq. M. = 0 .01 2Cu.M.
TABLE 2-1

Stock Cell Volume Per Block Plas. Vol.Blk. CBB FINISH PER SQUARE METER. ,
Width I Cell 2 C¢lls 3 Cells 4 Cells
1 Face 2 Faces
'4- 0.0007 0.0014 0.0021 ·0.0028 0.0010 Typing of Finishing Cement Sand
0.0020
5- 0.001 0.002 0.003 0.004 0.0010 Bag Cu.M.
, 0.0020
S- 0.002 0.004 0.006 Tooled Ftnlsh l/S 0.0107
0.008 0.0010 q.0020
3- None None None Plaster F1nlsh 1/4 0.0213
. /
None 0.0010 0.0020
I 13 CBB Per Sq.M of Wall .Area MORTAR e
Sand Approx. 1/10/Bag Cement ' ~~

Proportion 1.1 1,2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1,6

TABLE 2-2 12.04 9.44 7 .60
Cement 24.08 16.24 7.88
Sand 0.65 0.S7 0.97 1.02 1.06 1.10
CHB lAID PER BAG CEMENT;
I 4"xS-x 16- .55 to 60 Pieces
VOLUMEOFCEMENT PER CBB
5- xS" x 16" 30 to 36 Pieces
SDXSD X 16-
25 to 30 Pieces 4 DxS Dx 16D 0.001 Cu. M.
NOTE: -6" x 'S" x 16 D 0.003 Cu. M.
1 Bag of Cement SD x S DX 16D 0.004 Cu. M.
equal '" one cubic ft.

--'
 15
14

...
MATERIALS REQUIRED FOR 1000 SQUARE FT.
OF 'VARYING THICKNESS OF MORTAR

TABLE 2..... II'.Iz ~t

0.33B/SM .O~OOI~ ci.f/$M

....
Thickness Proportion Plain Cement F100r FWsh
'Cern. Plaa. FIn. 381bk. One Face
1:2
" 0.11 . '.', 0.008 ' .
of
Mortar Cern.
1:2
Cu. Ft. Cern.
1: 3 .
Cu. Ft.
Peeb1e Wash Out F100rFWsh '. 0:43 . .., .' 0;024 '. ..
I.ayfni of 6" CHB " 0.63 0.37 ~

Bag Sand Bag Sand ·4" FIll 'All Holes & Joints . . '0 .0 19 ",
3/8" 1.4 ,'2.8 1.0 , 3.0 Pla8tcr·Perlite "
0.36
0.22 • 0.12 .
1/2" 1.8 3.6 1.3 4.0 GIOU~ Riprap :3 4B/CM 0.324 CMfCJ&

3/4" ' 2;7 5.4 2.0 6.0

I" 3.7 7.4 2.7 8.1 CONCRETE PIJIa.lOINT COLLARS
-'"
1 1/4" 4.5 9.0 3.3 I, 10 A. 4· " Noh-Reinf. Cone. PIpe 1 : 2 ().02 B/JT 0.001 CM/JT
I . B. 6· if Non-Rdnf. Cone. Pipe 1 : 20.03 B/JT 0.002 CM/JT
1 i/2"' 5.4 10.8 4.0 12 '1 : 0 O;lOB/JT , 0.003 CM/JT
G· B· " Non-Rdnf. Cone. Pipe
, ' .
, 14.1 D. 12". Non Rctnf. Cone. Pipe 1 :2 0 .r0 U/Jt 0.005 CM/.JT
13/4" 6.4 12~8 4.~ 1 :2 0.15 B/JT 0,008 CM/Jr
. E. 15" • Rdnf.Cone. PIPe
2" 7.3 14.6 5.4 16.2 F. 18". Rclnf: Cone. Ape 1 : 2 0.20 B/JT ,0.0 11 CM/JT
- G. 24·. Rdnf. Cone.Pipe 1 : 2 0.35 B/JT 0.019CM/JT
H. 30". Rc1nf:Conc. Pipe ' 1 : 2 0.50 B/JT 0.027 ,CM/JT
I, 36" .. Rclnf. Cone.Pipe 1: 2 0.70Bj'JT 0.0:18 CM/JT
QUANnnOF MORTJUlPER 1000 BRICKS J. 42·. Rclnf. Cone. Ape 1 ': 2 0.95 B/.rr 0.051 CM/JT
It 48" • Rclnf: Cone. Ape 1: 2 0.20 B/JT , ' 0.065 CM/JT .
TABLE 2-5

MORTAR 1·CMTBlCB: lOR ADOBEST()NE

Joints 3/16 8 cubic feet
.." , - -----'- FACTOR l!ER ADOBE STONE
Joints 5/16 12 cubic feet
1. Cross FootIng. ; •... ;. • •• •. 0.00065 cu. one side'
Joints 1/4 12 cubic feet i. Butbas and Stalrs ....•.•.• 0.001575 eu, tw6s1deS
Joints 3/8 15 cubic feet one end
3. WaD • ',' .••• , •••.' ." .• .... 0.009 cu. in. one side
Joints 1/8 ' 18 cubic feet one end
 16
17
MORTAR 1 CII. TBICKFOR,ADOBB STONE
ADOBE PLASTER
TABLE 2-4l
TABLE 2-9
Stock Size Cubic Meter/Stone ,No." of PC8./Sq.M~ .
Plastering Bag Cement Per Stone sand
6" x 6- x'16" 0.002 18
Class A . Class B
6~ x 12" x 16- 0.004 10 ,
One Face
. 0.0152
I,
0.010125 o.oooss
Two Faces 0.0304 0.020250 0.00170
CONCRETE FOOTING FOR CBB
, (JACKBILTS SPECIFICATION) RED CERAMICS BLOCKS
TABLE 2-7 'TABLE 2-10

Concrete' I
I
Stock Size Wall Thickness Pieces Sq.M.
Hallow Footing Footing Volume 2"x4"x 10" 2" 32
".Thlcknes s ThIckness Width Meter 4- 59
3- 4" (0.10) 12- (0.30} 0.03 Cu. M. 3"x4"x 10 3- 32
4-- 4-, (0.10) , 12- (0.30) 0.03 Cu. M. 4" 42
4-x4"xlO"
--
6" 6- (0.i5) i4~ (0;35)' 4'" 32
0.0525 Cu. M.
3"x 10" x 10" 3- 14
S" 8" (0.20) f6- '(0.40) , 0.08 Gu.M.
10" 42-

ADOBE STONE FORZOCALOWALLAND FOUNDATION MISCELLANEOUS BRICKS AND STONE '

(BASED 'ON O.US II X 0.35 II X 0~45 II BLOCKS)
TABLE 2-11
TABLE 2-8' ,
Stock Pieces per , Bag cem.Zsq. m U- 'mortar) Sand
Size Sq. Meter Class -A- Class "B" Cu.M~
1. Wall 13 pes. per sq.m
2~x4" 200 0 ,45 ' 0.30 ,0.025
2. Cross F:ootlng 6 pes. per meter.run 2" x6" 133 , 0.45 0.30 0.025
3. Adobe stair 90 pes. per cu. m 2" xS" 100 0.45 0.30 0.025
2"x 10" BO 0.45 , 0.30 0.025
 18 19

ADOBE BUTTRESS QUANTITY OF CEMENT AND BAND FOR

CBB MORTAR PER SQ. ...
TABLE 2-12
T.ABLE2-14
FInished Cross Section No. of Stones Per
CEMENT IN BAGS
MRS FPS Course Meter Height 4O'kg. 50 kg.
0.35 x 0.50 14· x 20· 2 12 . SlZEOF NUMBER MIX1VRE MDCnJRE SAND
CHB In em. ' per sq.m. Jj c U Jj C D In
0.50 x 0.50 20· x 20· 3 IS CU.m.

20· x 26· lOx 20x 40 12.5 .525 .394 .328 .416 .306 .263 '.Q4375
0.50x-o.65 4 . 24
15 x 20 x 40 12.5 1.013 .759 ,633 .802 .591 .506 -.08438.
0.50xO.SO 20· x 32· 5 30
, 20x 20x40 12.5 1.500 1.125 .938 1.188 .875 '. 750 .12500 '
0.50 x 0.95 20· lx 3S· 6 36
-I

NOTE: When wall is supported by buttress then.' QUANTITY OFCDPtNT.SAND AND GRAVBL
FOR eBB i'ooTlNG PER LINEAR IIB1'BR
I. Estimate first for the buttress stone.
2. Estimate stone for wall.
TABLE 2-15
3. Cross footing estimated as continuous.
' / CEMENT IN BAGS
DIMENSION CLASS OF MIX1VRE
In ern. ' 40 kg. , 50 kg. ,SAND GRAVEL
QUANTITY,OF CEMENT AND SAND FOR MORTAR t w A B A B CU.m. cu.m.
AND PLASTER MIXTURE PER CUBIC METER
10 , 30 .270 .225 .210 .180 .015 .030
TABLE 2-13 10 35 .315 .263 .245 ,.2 10 ' .0 18 .035
10 40 .360 .300 .280 .240 ~020 .040
CEMENT in BAGS SAND 10 50 .450 .380 .350 .300 .025 .060
ClASS·, MIXTIJRE 40 kg. 50 kg. cuv m. 15 40 .540 .450 .420 .360 .03Q .060
15 , 45 .608 .606 .473 0405 .034 .088
A 1:2 lS.0 14.5 LX> 15 50 '.6 75 .563 .525 .450 .038 .016
!
15 60 .810 .675 .630 .540 ~045 ,090
B 1:3 12.0 9.5 -, LO
. ,

C 1:4 9.0 20 40- ;720 .600 .560 .480 .040 .080

7.0 LO
20 50 .900 .760 .700 ' .600, .050 ; 100
D I 1:5 7.5 , 6.0 LO 20 60 1.080 .900 .840 .720 .060 .12P
 I

20 21

QUANTlfi 01' CEMENT AND SAND -J'OR ADOBE QUANTITY OF CEMENT,AND SAM>,I'OR
IIORTAR PER SQ.... (AftlliCe TbIcbe..:20mm) PLASTERING PER SQUARE METER
TABLB2-18 ' TABLE2~18

CEMEH'rIN: BAGS SIDE CEMENr, SAND

NUMBER SIZE MIX1URE CLASS SAND 4OKg. 50 kg In
, per 8Cl, m. In em. I - - - - - - - " ' T - " In cu. m.
40 kg. 50 kg. eu.m, a C 0 - a C 0
a , C 0 C 0 One Face .300 .225 .188 .238 .170 .150 .025
12 15x 15x45 ~2808 .2106 ~1756 220 .1638 .1404 .0234 j
Two Faces .600 .450 .375 ' .476 .350 .300- .025
10 15x20x45 .2520 .1890 .1575 995 .1470 . 1260 .0210
11 15x3Ox-3O .2280 .'1708 .1423 803 .1328 . H39 .0Uj()
8 15x 3Ox4O .2079 ; 1659 .1299
QUANTITY OF CEMENT AND SAND
.1:l13 .1040 .0173 :!
PER 100 CBB MORTAR
6.5 16x3Ox46 .1901 .1426 .1188 .1109 .0951 .0158
TABLE 2-19

CEMENr IN BAGS MIXItJRE

CHB SIZE 40 KO. cement 50 kg. cement SAND
gUANTh"Y_OF STONE. CEM'II!NT AND SAND iDem. a C 0 a C 0 In
FOR Btr1'TR£SSE8 ANn I"OO'rIftG8 cu.m.
10x20x4O 4.200 3.152 2.624 3.328 2'.448 2.104 0.350
TABLE 2-17 15x20x4O 8.104 6.072 5.064 6.416 4.728 4.048 0.675
20x20x4O 12.000 9.000 7.504 9.504 7.000 6.000 1.000
BUTI'RESSAND CEMENT MORT.:AR PER STONE
FOO11NG CEMENT IN BAGS
em. Scct. No. of QUANTITY OF CEMENT AND SAND
otButtn:ss ~ 40 kg. 5Ukg.
In em. Counc Per m.
SAND PER 100 CBB PLASTER
In
Ht. B C D B C D eu .m,
TABLE 2-20
3OX45 2 12 .027 .0203 .017 0214 ,
.016 .0 14 .00225
45x45 3 18 .029 .0220 .018 0230 .017 ' CEMENT IN BAGS
.015 .00244
4Sx60 4 24 .027 .0203 NO. OF ' MIXlURE
.017 8214 .0 16 , .0 14 .00225 Face to be 40 kg. cement 5O~.Cement SAND
4Sx75 5
I
30 .032 .0240 .020 0250 .018 .016 .00263 Ptastered A a C A a C ncu.m.
4Sx95 6 36 .0301 .0253 .021 0270 .020 One Face 2.304 1.536 1.152 1.856 1.216 0.896 0.128
.0 17 .00281
TwO Face 4.608 3.072 2.304 3 .712 2.432 1.792 0.256
r
,
 23

h. FInd the volume of plaster

Two faces: 0.002 x 1.300 - 2.6 cu. m.
SAIIP'LE'PROBL&II=- 1. Referring to table using Class -a-
Cement: 2.60 x 5.5 • 14.30
Constl:uct a fence 2 meters high 52 metera.longWith tr' x 8- LIme: 2.60 x 5.5 • 14.30
x 16- CHB using Class -B- mortar and plaster JIlIXtl.u-e. Sand: 2.60 x 0.90 • 2;34

nGUllE: Summary of Computation for Materials:

Cement: 59.48 + 14.30. 73.78
LIme: -14.30
Sand: 2.34 +' 4.94 • 7.28

POST AND FOO'i'ING:

EXAIIPLE PROBLEII:

A concrete post 4.00 m. high With a cross sectional ~n­

slon of a 10 x 12 In. Is resttng on a concrete footing 8 tn. 'Ibick,
by 32- sq. If,class B mtxture Is speclfled. ODd the quantJ1¥ of
cement sand and gravel.

GJVEllI nQURE:

&OLtmON:
....---
a.

b.
FInd the area of the wall:
A • 2m x.52 .. 104 sci. m.
Referrtngto table 2-14
100x 12.5 -1;300 pes. .
gI12'
,o~ .
I
)(.
I
X
FInd the volume of mortar 18bk 2
0.0008 x 1.300. 1.04 cu. m.
d. Mortar for 4 c:eU8 Tablo-2.-1 "

0.003 x 1.300 • 3.9 cu. m.

e. Add theJot81 volume of C and D • 4.94 cu. m.
f. Ref~ to table mortar I .
12.94 x 4.94 .. 59.48 cement · ~ 2." oJ
I
0.97 x 4.94 .. 4.79 CU. 'm. sand
 25
24
., Volume of mortar. ... 1.83 cu. m.
REQUIRED: The quantity of cement. gravel and sand. Total volume of mortar ,. 3.64 + 1.83 • 5.47 ,CU,' m,
SOW'nON: Referrtng on Table 2-3. using Class -B" ri)b(ture
/
Cement: 5.47 x 12.07 =66.02 say 66 bags
A. Convert first the measurement from meters, - Sand: 5.47 x 0.97 =5.31 say 5.5 cu. m.
8- ....20m .
3) Plaster volume referrtng on Table 2-3
32- •.80-m
12- .... 30 m V = roox 0.012,. 12 cu. m.
10- =.25m Cement: 1.2 x 5.5 ... 6.6 bags
B. Flnd the volume of the footing Lime: 1.2 x ~.5 == 6.6 bags
.20 x .80 x.90 = :128 cu.m. Sand: 1.2 x 0.90 = 1.1 cu. m.
C. Volwne of Post
.25 x .30 x 4.00 .... 30 cu. m. SAMPLE PROBLEM:
D. Total volume 2 and 3 i:: .4.28
E. Referring to Table 1-2
x
,Cemen t: ',428 6.48 ...2. 77 ~y 3 bags '
.428 x .44 • 0.188 cu. m.
Compute the quantity ofcement in bags sand in cu. m. and.
0.35 x 0.45 adobe stones for a wall supported by buttress as
.428 x .88 .... 38 cu. m.
sho~: .
FIGURE:
MASONRY:
PROBLEII:
i'I.\I ,~~
The net area of a certain masonry wallis 100 sq. m. FInd
the no. ol9- x a-x 8 CBH. Bag of cement and lime. and cu. m, .
of land. The wallis to be tooled finished on one side. Use 13
mixture for plaster and mortar.

eoumON: WA.LL \VAl-I-

1) Pes. o(CHB • 100 x 13 • 1300 pes.

2) Mortar Volwne: Referrtng on Table 2-1 and Table 2-4. -
Flller Volwne ...,13 00 x 0.0028 =~.64 cu. m. k,.-------4nw------~
19.0

Volume of mortar ... 100(3.28)2

Sq. Ft. x 6 Cu. Ft. Cu.m.

100 sq. Ft X ~!r"mm-7"C':'""-.--
(3.28) Cu. Fl:

..
 26 27

BOW110N: 8OW110N:

1. Buttress: A. For cone. hollow blocks:

Total height =2 x 3 =6 .0 m. Compute for the total perimeter of the fence
No. of stones '"' 6(12) = 72 pes. P .,. 20 + 20 + 20 + 15
Mortar Volume :d75m
V 72 (0.ool575) .,. 0. 1l34 ell. m.
E

Referring on 1:3 mixture: Subtract the space occupied by the posts:

Cement: 0.1l34 (12 :04) = 2 bags 75 - (20 posts x 20)
Sand: 0.1134 (0.92) = 0.11 cu. m. =75-4
2. Wall:
Area = [10 - 3(0.35)) (2) = 17.90 sq. m.
= 71 m. total length
No. of stones., 17.9(13) ::: 233 'pes: Solve for the area of the fence
For class-A- plaster on two faces A = -2.40 x 71 m
Cement: 233(0.0304) .,; 7 bags A = 170.4 sq. m.
Sand: 233(0.001n = 0.5 cu. m,
' 3. Cross-footing: i Multiply: ,
No. of stones = 10(6) = 60 pes.
CHB: 170.4 x 12.5= 2,130 pes.
Mortar volume V.,.' 60(0.0065) = 0.39 cu. m. '
Referring on Table 2-3 using 1:3 mixture:
Cement: 0 .39 (12.04) =5 bags ' B. Cement mortar for block laying and cell filler
Referring to Table 2-w, using class -B-
Sand: 0.39(0.97) = 0.5 cu. m.
mixture 40 kg. cement
8AIIPLE PROBLEM lI'OR IIASONRY: '. Cement: 170,4 x .525 =89.46 say 90 bags
sand: 170.4 x .0437 = 7.45 say 7.5 ell. m.
From the figure prepare the bill ofmaterials using class"B-
, ".
mixtures. Plastering of the fence to ground line only l2.0 m)

- .. '. -
f.8.0
nQUD: . Solvefor the area:
I
A '"' Ht. x Perimeter
A ... 2.00 x 71 m.
'.,. 142 m, one face

Two faces; 142 x 2 = 2M,sq. m.

Using Class B mixture .
=
cement: 284x .192 54.5 say 55 bags
sand: 284 x.016 = 4.54 say 5 cu. m.
 28 29
Footing of posta •.60 x .60 aq. . Q. PJuteriDC of the .-.t:
Compute for the volume of footing
v. txwxl 1. ' Take the aurface area of the post less the area occupied by
v •• 15 X .60 x .60 x 20 posta the CBB (0.20 x 2.00)
v. I.OS cu, m. 0.60 x 2.00 ht. x 20 posts
= 24 sq. m.
Using olass "~ Illbrture
Cement: L08x 7.5 .. 8.1 bag 2. Using class -S- mixture.
Sand: I.OS x .50 ••5 cu. m. Cement: 24 x 0 .192 = 4.8 bags
Gravel: LOS x 1.0 • 1.08 Sand: 24 x 0.016 = 0.3&4 cu. m.
E. CBB l'ootJDc: Summary:

1. Tota11ength ~fthe fence ~ the space occupied by the poet CBB = 2.130
footings (.~ x .~ m.) Cement =196
75 m - (.~x 19 posta) Sand = 16
a .95-11.40
Gravel = 6.34
• 83.8m.
Specify the use of 15 em. CBB for a Construction of fire wall
Instead of 20 poets we used 19 pes. only. Whenl the two .having a dimension of 30 m long and 6 m high with class "B"
post at the gate entrance where In only one half footing
occupies by the cas footing. mixture of mortar. Prepare a bill ofmatertals for both CBB and
reinforcement for the same phase,
Using 40 kg. cement cl;Iss "B"
MIxture 10 x 40 em. foottng. FIGURE:
~ent: 83.8 x_.~(f= 25 bags.
Sand: 83.6 x .02 -="1:67 cu. m. OO·o M
_ _ _ _~ < . . U . L _ ~

, 83.6 x .04 • 3.34 cu. m.

Gravel:

1'. Cencnte .-o.t:

Solve for the volume
0.20 x 0.20 x 2.40 x 20 posts
= 1.92 cu. m,

Using class "B" mtxt~ 40 kg. cement

Cement: 192 x 7.5 = 14.4 bags
Sand: 1.92 x 0 .50 =0.96 cu. m.
Gravel: 1.92 x 1.0 ';' 1.92 cu. m.
. I
30
31

8OUJ'I'ImI:
A. For a 15 x 20 x 40 em. CHB wall:
1. FInd the area of the wall: ,- 1) For concrete hollow blocks
a-30x6
-180sq. In. a) FInd first the area of-A-
2. Compute for the requJred CHB: A - 5.50 x (3.0 + .50 + :60)
180 x 12.5- 2.350 pes. - 22.55 sq. In.

~ Cemeat Monu: 'r' / b) F1nd the area of -a-

a) Using Class "B" mbrture 40 kg. ce~nt:. i • a- 3.5 x (3.25 +.40 + .60)
Cement: 180 x l.013 ~ 182.34 say 183 bags - 14.886 sq. m, '
sand: ~80xO.08438 -15.18 cu.m. say 16 'cu. m, Therefore the total area is:

8. . .ery: vf. I '", "" . - 22.55 + 14.88

, I df:I rz: j e n. - 37.43 sq. m,
CIiB 15 cm..•..•.........................
I
2.250•.·pcs. d b ,._ ~.EOltC ~

Cement 245 ~s 1""'&1"

c) Minus the area of the windows:
Sand ••..•••....•••••.••••••: 20.3 Cu.m. , " < ,
w-l - 0.65 x 1.10 =0.72 sq.jn.
n '} JP,{L r.' 1'01 F{ . I );. [ .0 >·u :: h ~
w-2 -2.00 x 1.10", 2.20 sq. m.
~ .r:~t · _ .. MASONRY ,.e ) oLn ', D ... the total area ofw-l and w-2
. '. 1 1-1 . ..,. 1. '10 , " . 1 =w-l +w-2
From the figure shown below p~ tlie bill offuatel1aJs using =0.72 + 2.20
Class -a- and Class -C- mortar. = 2.92 sq. m,

J'IGURE: Total net wall area:

· ·V
"'-'--1 o·ib
,.
-- -
Total wall area - total area w-l and w-2
... Total net wall area =34.51 sq. m.

- 0 .~ d) Referrtng to table multiply:

rn'OM OIO~
ForCHB:
34.51 x 12.5 = 431.38 say 432 pes.
~15 ~
!>.OOM
2) For Cement Mortar.
O·Q8~ 1.oou at Refen1ng to table using Class ·C- mixture '40 kg .
cement
I:A~ 1:.0.' For Cement: 34.51 x .759 =26.19 bags
a..c.n u. ... e-eo»: sand: 34.51 x .08438 '" 1.51 cu. m .
, roat\NG-

\
32 33
3) For CementPlaster:
a) Referring to table using Class "c mbrture FIGtJU:
For Cement: 34.51 x .144 .. 4.97 bags
~d: 34.51 x .016 .. 0.55'cu~ m.
~.COM.
"r
4) Footings:
=
a) Total length of wall .. 3.50 + 5.50 9.0 m .
b) . Referring to table for a (15 x 40)fOOtlng using Class "B"
concrete mixture.
For Cement: 9.0 x .450 .. 4.05 bags "rl2. UNl::
Sand: 9.0 x .030 0.27 cu. m,
:It

.Gravel: 9.0 x.06O .. 0.54 cu. m.

.. .
j

I
Comparative cost analYSis between a reinforced concrete wall
and a concrete hollow block wall:

This question Is ordinary wherein some of the consultants sownON:

4U"C confident enough when asked by a client which is cheaper to
construct A reinforced concrete wall or a concrete hollow block 1) Fora 15 x 20 x 40 em. CHB wall:
wan? Usually their answer Is the concrete hollow block wall. a) Find the area of the wall
Then the client asked how sure are you that a CHB wail Is cheaper As 35x7.0
than a reinforced concrete wall? The consultant answered. I'm A .. 275 -sq. rn.
certain and surefor.1t Is already a proven fact s ir. The clIent with _ b) Referring to table:
a laymen view believe whatever the consultant says; The 275 x 12.5 .. 3,437.5 pes,
recommendation Is approved. construct the fire wall With a 15
cm. Concrete hollOw blocks. . For Cement Mortar:
a) Referring to table using Class "B" mixture 40 kg. cement
PROBLEM: For cement: 275 x l.013 .. 278.56 ·say 279 bags
Sand: 275 x .08438 .. 23.20 say 24 cu. m .
A fire wall has '. a dimension of 35 meters long a nd
7 meters high specIfY the use of 15 em. Concrete hollow For Cement Mortar:
. locks with ClaSs "S" concrete mortar mixture. Prepare a a) Total area to be plastered
comparanve bill of materials for both CHB and a reinforced for 275 x 2 faces .. 550 sq. m.
the same wa11. b) Referring to table using Class "B" mixture 40 kg . cement
For cement: 550 x .192 = 105.6 say 106 bags
Sand: 550 x .016 .. 8 .8 say 9 cu. m .
34'

Summary: . . . .
STAJ'DAPD WBIGJIT OP JlLUlloa~, ..,
Concrete hollow block 15 cm = 3,438 pes. ROUJIID at.......
Cement =385 bags
Sand = 33 cu. m. TA8l&a-l

.CIa , ,)
METAL REINFORCEMENT SIZE ' 5.Om 8.0m 7.5m 9.0m 10.5m . 12.0m 13~5.m
8mm0 1.98 2.37 2.98 , . 3.156 4.15 4.74 5.33
STEEL REINFORCEMENT: 10mm0 3.08 3.70 4~82 5.64 6.47 , 7.39 8.32
12 mm0 4.44 5.33 6.66 7.98 9.32 10~66 11.99
Steel is widely used reinforcing material for almost all 13mm0 . 5 .2 1 6.25 7.83 9.38 10.94 12.50 14.0'1
types of concrete construction. It Is an excellent partner of 16mm0 -7.90 9.47 11.84 14.21 16.58 18.95 21.32
concrete in resisting both tension and compression load and 2Omril0 12.33 14.80 18.50 22.19 25.89 29.59 33.29
hundred times stronger In tensile stresses. 25mm0 19.27 23.12 28.90 34.68 40.46 46.24 52.02
Concrete design assumes that concrete and steel reinforce- 28mm0 24.17 29.00 36.25 43.50 50.75 58.00 65.25
ment act together In resisting load and likewise to be in the state
3Omm0 27.75 33.29 41.62 . 49.94 58.26 66.69 74.91
ofslmuItaneousdeformation. otherwise, the steel bars might slip
' 32 mm 0 31.57 37.88 47.35 56.82 66.29 75.76 85.23
from the concrete In the absence of sufficient bond due to
exceeetveload. 36mm0 39.96 47.95 58.93 71.92 83.91 95.89 107.88

D£II'ORllATlOJlf IlJ:QUIIIBIIE1ft8

......
unit: m,m .

,....... ..... .,
/

IIaz.V....
1f0lDlDal IIu~A"...
8. .cm,"'~
"",-t
MI. . . . . .m=_ 8IuDIaatIoa
r.-.
8 7.0 0.3 0.6 6.5
10 7.0 0.4 0.8 7.8
12 8.4 0.6 1.0 9.4
13 9.1 0.8 1.2 10.2
16 ' 11.2 0.7 1.4 12.8
20 14.0 1.0 2.0 15.7
25 17.5 1.2 2.4 ~9.8

'. T
28 19.8 1.4 2.8 22.0
30 .2 1.0 1.5 3.0 23;8
e;, Typa of Deformed Ban
32 22.4 · 1.8 3.2 25.1
38 24.6 , 1.8 ' 3.8 · 27.5
36 37

LENGTH 011' STEEL REJNlI'ORCEMENT FOR 8OW110N:

CONCRETE-BOILOW BLOCK WORK
Solve for the Area of Fence:
TABL&'3-2 A .. length x height
A =4.00 x 3.00
VERIlCAL REINFORCEMENT HORIZONTALREINFORCEMENT A= 12 sq. rn,
Spacing Length ~f 8aIa in Meter Spacing Length of Bars In Meter For vertical reinforcement of 80 em. a.c.
In Per Per In Per Per
an. Block Sq.M. Layers Block Sq. M. Referrtng to table by square meter or area method.

:40 0.235 2.93 2 0.264 3.30 MULTIPLY:

.60 , 0. 17 1 2.13 3 0.172 2.15
.80 0.128 1.60 4 I 0 .138
,
1.72
,
12 X 1.60 D 19.2 meters

Convert this value to commercial length of steel .):)are

ranging from 5.00 to 1'3.50 meters. ~lect the most econOmical
From the figure determine the number of J 0 ern . CHB and length avoiding extra cut.
the vertical remforclng bars apaced at 80 CIR On center
select 4 pes. 10 nun. x ·5.00 m, long
including the hortzontal bam at every three layers
Horizontal bars at every after 3 layers from table: multiply
12 x 2.15 = 25.8 meters
Adopt: 4 pes. @ 5.00 m arid 1 - @ 600 m long.
C.HI'i!r-,. ./\.er~, R~f~ ' /!I 0 , Be ..., c .;:;. 'j
Order: 8 pes. 10 mm, x 5.00 m, steel bars
t--~T :i\l.~ 1-10 nun x 6.00 m, steel bars.
-+ 1
ANOTHER'80UJTION:
I 11
First: Solve for thearea of fence:
f\
I .I I I I\. A=4x3.00 .
A = 12.00 sq. m.
T Determine the number of CHB
1-1 -· 1 T T n 12 x 12.5 = 150 pes.
=4= I I r '1. Referring to table:
a) Vertical reinforcement per block 0 so. m : a.c.
l .OM,
. Multiply:
150 x 0.128 =19.2 meters
Select: 4 pes 10 mm x 5.00 m, long

•
 39
38
2. Total cut-bars in one footIng
b) HorIZontal bars for-e'iery after 3 layers 6x2 -12 pes.
Referrtng to table multiply ,
lSOxO.172 .. 25.8 m.
3. Total cut-bars for 20 foottngs
c) Convert tocommerda1length 12 x 20 - 240 pes.
Adopt _ 4. Total length of all the bars
240 x 1.20 ... 288 meters
4 pea. 10 mm x 5.00 and 1 • 6.00m. long , 5. Dtvide the above result by.the length one steel bar say .6.00
Order: 8 pes. 10 mm x 5.00 m. and .
1 - 10 mm x 6.00 m. steel bars meters.

~=48pes.
6.00 .
PROBLEM:
urder: 48 pes. of 12 mm x EtOO m. steel bars
Determlne the number01'12 mm steel bars and the tie wire
in kilogram Itthere are 20 pes. Independent square footing with ANOTHER80UTnON:
a general dimension of 105 x 1.15 meters. · . .
, 1. Net length of one reinforcing bar « 1.20 m.
FIGURE: 2. Total bars in one footing:
./ 6x2 = 12 pes.
c
,... .....
'"
....
- 3. Total for 20 footings
12 x 20 =240 pes.

-
V 4. Divide one steel bar by the length of one cut'bar

(
// 6.00 = 5 pes.
1.20
I This means that 5 pes. at 1.20 meter long re1nforetngbar
could be taken from a 6.00 meters long steel bar then.
( 5.. Dtvidethe total cut bars for 20 footings by 5

240
5
=48 pieces
- .

. LATERAL TIES:

1,15 7 The spacing of the Ues sbaUnot exceed:

8OW110N: 1. 16 x the Longitudinal bar c:ltameter .
2. 48 x lateral tie bar diameter or
1. De~e the net length of one reln!ol'ctng cut bar 3. at least dtmenslooD of the co1wnn
1.00 m, + .20 m .• 1.20 m. .
 41
40
S11RIlUPS FOR BEAMS AND GIRDERS:
8AIIPUC PROBL&II:
StirrUps - the structural reinforcing member that holds or binds
Determine the spacing of the lateral tie for a tied column as together the matn reinforcement ofa beam orgirder to a designed
shown. position.
nGURE: There are two typea of atlrrupe that Ie commonly uecl

a. Closed stirrups b. open stirrups

LATE ~A\.... Tle'7

COLUMN ~eINf.

SAMPLE PROBLEM:

A concrete beam with a cross sectional dimension of25x 40

. em, required 10 mm open stirrups spaced as shown. Prepare the
order of 10 mm. steel bars for stirrups of 8 beams with the same
category.

FIGURE:
BOumON:

1. Diameter of the main longttudlnal bar =20 mm.

2. Diameter of lateral ties 10 mm
I:Z

3. Multiply:
16 x 20 =320 mm.
48 x 10 =480 mm.
I I oo LJ,)lli IJ
\OMM 9TIRR'Jp';
Shortest side of the column =300 mm. I I
4. Adopt 300 nun OK 30 em. 's pacing:
 42 43

8OUJTION: SOUJTIOllf:

A. By direct counting there are 24 stirrups at 98 em. say 1.00 A. Spiral reInforcement
Io,tg. 1. Ftnd the total length of the 14 columns
B.. Total number of sUnups
7 x 14 .. 98 meters
24 x 8 beams • 192 pes. .
c. Using a 5.00 m long steel bars for a 1.00 III long sUnups. 2. From Table fora 50 em. column diameter
DMde: 5.00 em. pitch
192 Multiply:
-5-" 38.4. pes. 10 mm x 5.00 m,
98 x 3.223 .. 315.8 say 316 pes.
or using a 6.0 m. long steel bars 3. Order: 316 pes. 10 inm x 9.00 m. steel bars
DlYtde: B. 1beWlre ·
192 1. Ftnd the number of vertical bars per column • 12
-6- : I 32.0 pes. 10 nun x 6~00 m.
2. Referring to Table 3-7 for a 5 em. pitch
D. Order. 32 pes. ono mm x 6.00 m steel bars Multiply:
1~ x 21 turns per meter. 252 ties
PROBLEM:
3~ Total tie wire for 14 column bar Intersections at
A spiral column with a cross sectional diameter of 50 em. 7.00 m, ht.
Requires 10 mm spiral reInforcement as shown In F1~~re.
?52 x 7.00 m x 14 .. 24.696 pes.
Ifthere are 14 columns at 7.00 meters hIgh each. find the number
of 10 mm steel bars needed for a 5.00 em. pitch. 4. Total length of the wire at .30 m. long per tie wire
254.696 x .30 .. 7.409 m.
5. Convert to kilogram at 53 m, long/kilo
,:.;
....... ....
.
l:: Col. Ralnf. ----.....
DMde:
.-., c::. ~

Ie.
1""
1"1 ..
.~

a:""
~
--
~.

. •
... .::
Iooi
~
I:0oI
- Spiral ties . -----11-.
7409 ... 139.8 say 140 kilos
53 .

~, ~
~.0 em. pitch
.

""..
...k!"F"'" ~

- ,,' ...t: .... SPIRALCOLUMN

 44 . 45 '

REINFORCEMENT . WEIGHTS AND BOOB: ALLOWANCE OF ROD

PIIILIPPINE STANDARD
Available lengths of commercial bars:
20 ft. (6.0. m) 25 it. (7.5 m) 30 ft. .(9.0)
TABLE 3-4
WEIGHTS AND BOOK ALLOWANCE OF ROD:
BarNo. Bar Designation Kg.Mt. Hook All. 60 x 2
TABLES-3 (mID) (mID)

2 6 0.222 72
BarNo. BarDta. Kg.1M. Hook Allowance
3 10 0.616 120
,2 1/4 0.249 . 3
4 12 0.888 144
3 3/8 0.559 4.5
5 16 1.579 192
4- -1/ 2 ' 0.993 6 .0
. 6 20 ' 2.4 66 240 \
5 t5 / 8 1.550 1. 5
8 25 3.854 300
6 3/4 \ 2.230 9.0
9 28 4.833 336
7 7/ 8 3.040 10 .5
10 32 6.313 384
8 ,I 3.970 12.0
12 36 7.991 432
9 11/8 5.030 13.5
13 40 9.864 480
10 1 1/ 8 6.200 15
16 50 15 .413 600

NOTE: No. of pes. of lateral tie in one 6.0 m, bar

Kg. x O.OQ11 02 =ton
Lb x 0.453 ='kg

lleWire: ,
No. 16 G.I. tie wire = 20 kg./ton ofrebar .
, .= 0.02 x total weight of rebar
=35 kgs. per roll
,
 46
47
LATERAL TIE DIMENSION
ROUND VALUE TO NEXl' 10.
TABLE 3-5
ForWlre:
No.ofPca. Let N = No. of kilos of tie WIre required.
W L In ODe Bar V = No. of vertical bars
(In) L :c Length of tie wire/tying points
5 In. 0.125 5 in 0.125m = 12 inches =0.30 m. on the ave.
9
7 0.1 75 8 T :: No. of tying points :: n..//8 + 1) V
9 0.225 7 1 Kl. No. 16 tie wire :c 53 ~. app.
11 0;275 6 0
.. 13 0.325
N = L- T + 53 = 0;3 .n../ 8 + 1) V
5
7 In. 0.175 7 0.175 7 L , )
9 0.225 6 N =0.00566 (8+ 1 V
11 0.275 5
13 0.325 5
15 0.375 4
gin. 0.225 9 LENGTH OF SPIRAL PEINFORCEMENT
0.225 5
11 0.275 5 TABLE 3-6
13 0.325 4
15 .375 4 Col. Pitch Length of Col. Pitch Length
11 In. 0.275 11 0.275 Diam.
4 Spiral/M. Diam. 8piral/M.
13 0.325 4 Ht. Ht.
15 0.375 4
12 2- 14.85 20- 2- 28.05
21/2- 12.03 21/2- 27.71
LATERAL TIE AND,TIE WIRE COMPUTATION BY 3~ 9.9 3- 18.69
DIRECT COUNTING METHOD: · 13 2- 16.50 21 2- 29.70
21/2- 13.35 2 ~/2 24.M
Let . N = No. of pes. of bars required 3-
14 11.10 3- 19.80
n :: No. of pes. in one bar
14 2- 18.15 22 2- 31.35
L :c Total length of all columns
• S =spacing of lateral tie 21/2- 14.70 21/2- 25;37
3-, 12.10 3- 20.89
N =(..1... + l) + 1 15 2- 19.80 23 2- 33.00
8
15 21/2- 16.05 23 21/2- 26.70
 48
49
15 ' 8- ' 13 .20 23 8- 22.01.
CBB - REIlU'OIlCEIIENT
16 2- 21.45 24 2- 34:64
16 21/2- 17.37 24 21/2- 28.04 TABLE 3-7
16 3- 14.30 24 3- 23.10 , .
17 2- 23.10 25 2- 36.30 Spacing ofVert1cal Length of Bars in Meter Per
17 21/2· 18.70 25 21/2- 29.40 Bars In Meter Block Sq. Meter
, 17 3- 15.40 25 3- 24.19 3.0 '
0.4 0.25
IS 2- 24.75 26 2- 37.95 2.1
0.6 0.17
IS 21/2- 20.03 26 21/2- 30.72 1.5
O.S 0.12
IS 3- 16.50 26 3- 25.29
Horizontal Bars

°U
Every 2 Layers 2.7
3 0.15 1.9
4 0.13 1.7
CONCRETIt SLAB REINFORCEMENT '5 0.11 1.4

TABLE 3-7
NOTE: , Rebars for spiral column. slab and -CHB- Indicated In ,
Bar One Way Slab 1W~.Way Slab the tables Delude the allowance for bending spUctng and

I,
Spacing
Inches ,
20 Bar
Per Sq. M.
TIe Wire
Kg./Sq.M.
20 Bar I
TIe Wire .)
Per Sq. M. Kg./Sq. ¥
end hook.

CBBREBAR
4 3.350 0.21S 4 .150, .I 0.45~. ,
(JAcKBILT SPECIFICATION)
i 5 2.S·~2 0.175 3.440 0,3S9
6 2.450 0.152 '" =r:0 40 \ 0.2S2 TABLE 3-8

\
.S7 2.250
2.08::
0.129
0.113
2.550 '
2.350
0.198
0.132 · VERTICAL BAR SPACING
, ~9 I.S84 0.10~ 2.020 0.105
,I , {.;,
Block 1 160.C. 240.C. 320.C. ' '40 0 .C. 480C~
flO 1.762 O.OSO I.S20 ·0.OS3
1hickness 0.40 0.60 O.SO 1.00 1.20
iR ll 1.669 O.SO 1.710 0.069
': -,12 4- 3/S-0 3/S~0 3/S-0 3/S-0 3/S-0
1.5S6 0.074 1.600 0.056
, " 6- 3/S-0 3/8"0 3/S-0 3/S-0 1/2- 0
S- 3/S- 0 ' 1/2-0 1/2-0 5/S-0 5/S-0
 50

HORIZONTAL BAR SPACJlIfG 1.1'

...' .~
LlJIIBER
. i;*,,}~
. Block EvetyThIrd Every Fourth EveryF1fth " ,fl!l
Thickness Course or 0.60 Course or 0.80 WOOD
Course 0.0 '!1'
4- . ; 3/8-0. ' 3/8-0 3/8-0
6- 112-0 1/2-0 Wood is that flbrous substance which compose the trunk
1/2-0
8- 1/2- 0 and branches ofthe treethatlies between the pith and the bark.
1/2 -" 1/2-0
The versat1l1ty of using wood In the 'construction has lifted It to
Its present importance and high. demand In almost all types of
ELECTRICAL ES11IIATES construction ' ,
Class of Work Even With the Introduction and acceptance of new matert- ,
Unit Labor- Hour als and methods of construction. wood is evidently much In use
Electrician Helper wood because of its strength; nght in weight. durabtlity and ease
Install thin-wall conduit
of fastening has become one of the most important building
With outlet boxes 1/2 and 3/4 In
material.
100 L.F. 4- 6 4-6
1.0 in. 100 L.F: 4.3-7 .4.3-7
1.25 In. DEFINITION OF TERMS
100 L.F. 4.5 -7.5 4 .5-,7.5
1.50 100 L.F. 5.5 -9 5.5-9 Lumber - is the term applied to wood after it is sawed or sllged
Install flexible conduit Into boards. planks. tlmber etc. .. . . ,
With outlet boxes Rough Lumber.- is the term apPll,ed to unplaned or undressed
I
1/2 and 3/4 In. 100 L.F. lumber. ' '
" 3-5
Land 1.25 In 100 L.F. Surface or Dreued Lumber - is a planed lumber having at least
4-6 one smooth side. . ,
Class of Work Unit 828; S4e - are dressed lumber where in In the number connotes
Lab our - Hou r the number of smooth side such as s 2s me ans smooth'on two
Ins tall Se rvice Entrance ' Electrician Helper
, Cap and conduit Each sides and s4s for four sides. · \
0.5 - 1.0 0.5 - 1.0 Slab - is a kind of rough lumber which is cut tangent to the
In stall condui t and
fuse panel Each annual rings running the full leng th of the log and containing at
0.5 - 1.0 0. 5 - 1.0
Install heavy rigid conduit least one flat surface. . ,
With outlet boxes Tlmber- is a piece oflumber five inches or 13 em. or larger In its
1/2 and 3/4 In. smallest dimension. .
100 In. ft. 5.0 - 10 5.0 - 10
I and 1.25 in. 100 In. ft. Plank - is a wide piece oflumber from 4 to 13 em , thick.
5.0 - 11 6 .0 - 11
1 1/2 in 100 In. ft. Board - is a pie ce of lu mber less than 4 em thick With at least 10
3.0 ,- 13 , 3.0 -13
2 in 100 In. ft. em. wide.
12- 17 12 -17
2 1/2 In 10 <;> Ln . ft. FUtch..., Is a thlek piece of lumber. '
15 - 21 15- 21
3 In I OO.m. ft. Fine Grained - when the,ann ual rings are small the grain or
20- 28 20 -28
4 In 100 In. ft. 25 - 35 markin g which separates the adjacent rings Is said to be ,fine
25 -35 gra ined . When large. it 15 call ed coarse grained.
. '" ..........'" . :. '. -~ . "
 \
52 53
stral&ht Grained - when the dIrection of the fibers are nearly 6. Natme of the lI1U'face when ..wed
parallel With the side and edges of the board. it is said to be I a. plath
straight grained. . b. grained
Ci'ooked or Crou-Gralned - is a lumber taken from a crooked c. .figured or marked
tree. .

CIASSJIl'ICATION OF WOOD
LUMBERING
Wood used in building construction are those wood which (BOARD MEASURE ~ BOARDJ.lT.)
grows larger by addition of layer on the oltter surface each year
known to Botanist as exogens. . " TAB~ 4-1

WOOD ARE CLASSIFIED ACCORDING TO: .

SIZE L E N G , T H S
1. Mode of Growth _. 6' 8' 10' 12' 14' 16' 18'
a. Exogeneo~ - are those outward growing trees which I" x 2" 1 1.33 1.66 2 2.33 2.66 3
are most prepared for lumbering 4 2 2 .66 3.33 4 4.66 5.33 6
b. Endogen~ous - are those tnstde growing trees which 6 3, 4 5 6 7 8 9
are not preferred for lumbering because they produced 6" 8" 10" 12" 14" 16" i8"
a soft center core , 8 4 5.33 6.33 8 9.33 . 10 .66 !2
2. Density - density is either 10 5 6 .66 8.33 10 11.66 13.33 15
a. soft ' 12 6 8 10 12 14 16 18
,' -" /
b. hard 4.66)
2" x 2" 2 2.66 3.33 4 5.33 6
3. Leaves- the leaves of the tree is either 3 3 4 5 I·' 6 7 8 9
a. needle shape
4 4 5.33 6.66 8 9 ;33 10.66 12
b. broad shape
6 ' 6 8 10 12 14 16 18
. 4. Shade or Color
a . wh ite 2" x 8" 8 10.66 13'.33 16 18.66 21.66 24
. ,' .

b. yellow 10 10 13.33 16.66 20 23.35 21.66 30

. c. red 12 12 16 20 24 2.8 32 36
d. brown 3" x 3" 4.5 e 75 8 10.50 12 -'13.5
e. black, etc. 4- 6 8 10 12 14 16 18
5. Grain .6 9 12 15 IS 21 24 '};I,
a . straight
b. cross
'. 8
10
12
15
16
20
20
24
24
30
28
35
32
·· 40
36
45
c. fine 54
12 18 24 30 36 42 48
d. coarse
4" x4" 8 10.66 13.33 16 18.66 21.33 24
5"x5" 12.5 16.66 20.83 25 29.66 33.33 37.5
I
,
54 56

, FLOO RJOI8T8 T a: G FLOORING I

(BOARD IT. 01' FLOOR JOIST PER SQUARE IIETER)

TABL&44

T.:ABLE 4-2
.. StockSize ' No,/M. JWn BeL Fl./Sq. M.
I " x3" 18.30 20.00
SIZE SPACING ON CENmR l "x4" 12.50 13.70
INCHES ~ 10' (0.2S) 12- (0.30) 14" (0.3S) I" x 6" 8.0 10.80
2x4 12.26 10:18 9.50 l"x8- S.8 8.34
2xS 18.08 13.81 11.74
2x6 18 .11
• Solve gross area and subtract all openings.
16.10 14.08 I

2x7 21.12 18.78 ' 16 .42

EXT'ERNAL SIDINGS
2x8 24.15 21.33 17.72 .

.2x.I 0 30.18
/

26.73 23.47 TABLE """

•
3x4 18.11 16.10 14 .08 stock Size Effective Width Bd. Fl./Sq. M.
3xS
3,,6
22.63
24. 18
20.12
24.1S
..
i 7. 60
21.12
" I " x3-
I -x,."
21/8
3 1/8
16.22
14.83
3x 7 31.70 28.17 24.65 l "xS" 41 / 8 13.34
- -_.
3x8 ~6.22 32. 20 . 28 .17 1- x6" 51/8 13.00
'-'--+--- - l ~x8" 61/8 12.86
3x 10 4S. 27 39 .00 35.21

Stepe: S'nJDS BOARD FT. OF STUDS PER SQUARE METER

1. Subtract all floor opent ngs frail?- gross floor area. TABLE·"
2. Round total to 100 bel .ft.
3. For girts, girders, past, etc. - Estltnateby direct counting ~K S P A C I N G
SIZE 0.40 x 0.40 0.40 x 0.60 0.60xO.GO
2x2 6.410 5:50 4. 50
2x3 9 .630 8.40 6.8 0
2x4 12:840 10.90 9. 00
~

I
I
\ 57
56
3. For components of shorter lengths. compute according to
CEILING JOIST their sizes combined together and adjust to commercta1
size.
TABLE 4-8 , 4. Lumber over 24" shall have splicing with S-1 /2 diameter
bolt per splice.
Stock , BOARD FT. PER SHEET OF CEllJNG P~L
5. Add 20% for waste and splicing or 15% for waste alone.
6. Round to 10 bd. ft. for each truss or rafter,
Size 3" x6" 4"x 8" S" x 10-
7. Truss bolt size = 12 diameter minimum.
18"x24" 18" 24" 24"x 18" 16 24"x20- 20 S. Minimum truss bolt requirements:
o.c o.cbw. o.cbw. o.c, o.c, bw o.c, o.c.bw a. top joints = 5 bolts
I" x 2~ 3 .85 4.4 5.862 7.326 8.800 10.076 11,00 b. end joints = 2 bolts
2" x 2" 7.70 8.8 11.726 14.~
.' ,
17.400 20.152 22.00 c. . Intermediate at bottom chord = 1 bolt
2" x 3" 11.55 18.20 17.600 22.000 26.4()() 30.250 33.00
d. Intermediate at top chord =~ bolts
quantttyofnails per 1000 board ft.
2" x 4" 15.40 17 .60 ,29 .460 29.330 35.200 40.300 44.00
QUANTI1TOF NAILS PER 1000 BRD. FT.
~

CEILING BOARD TABLE 4-8

I

TABLE 4-7 Rafters 6kg 3"- 4!' ewn

Purims 9-10 kg 3" , cwn
Size No. ofPcs'/Sq. M. Siz e No. ofPcs./Sq. M. Floor Joist llkg 4" cwm
Flooring 1- x2- 5kg ~- , ewn
11.30 x 24- 2.S3 "

7/S"x2- 9kg 1 1/4"- 3- ewn

16" x 16" 6.35 x6" 0.65 11/2-x2" 14 kg 3- ewn
w 1- x4- 10-12 kg 3- ewn
2.S2 xs 0 .3S
1- x6- Skg 2 ,1/2- ewn
CEILING JOIST Skg 2 1/2~ ' ewn
Stud3 4kg 3- ewn
z
TRUSSES AND RAFTERS Sidings Skg 2" cwn
Baseboards 7kg 2 11,2- fin. n.
1. Estlmate by direct count'ng and measuring ~ethod. Door and Wdw. Frame 1/2 kg 21/2" ewn
2. Make a check Itst of components: Bridlng 1- X 4" 14 kg 21Y2" cwn
a. top chord 2" x4- 23 kg 3- ewn
b. bottom chord 'Trusses 10 kg 4" ewn-
c. collar plate - Fascia Board llkg 21/2- ewn
d . strut or web member Balustrade Skg 21/2- 'fin. n.
e. brace ) ,, T&GForms 7kg 21/2 ewn
f. wind or .sway bracing I
I
59

UIIJ'I,&.JIIlOIILDI:
8IZBOPPOBT
FInd the total board foot of lumber that could-be dertved
from a 28lnchea diameter log by,20 feet long. .

As Required by the Department of Engtnee11ng- of the CUy of

Manila. (Ipll or Its Equivalent)

~ofBldg. Max. Ht.

1st FIr.
(M)
Max Total Max SpacIng Req'd
Ht. (M) of Post (M) Min. Size
of Poet
-bd
'\

~ ......
~
~
-. . ._...
--- ....
\ ( .
'

------~---- _ .
.
~- _ ._~~

~
.

.c --
-
----
': -- -
--
-
~

..,.,-
-
- ._c;
_\

....01

4-x4- ~--~._- -- . -- : - --
one storey 3.00 5.00
I
ODestoMy 4.00 4.00 4-x4- .
5-x5- 8OUJTl()lIi:
one storey 5.00 4.00
Chalets lOO-1SO 5.00 3.50 5-x5- (2S :- 4)2x 20' ,. 720 bd. ft.
16 '
two storey 300 6.00 3.00 5~x5-
--
a-x6- LUMBERING
two.torey 3.50 7.00 4.00
,two storey 4.00 S.OO 4.50 TxT .8AIIPLB PRoBLEII:
tWoatoMy 5.00 9.00 4.50 S-xS-
- S-xS- Compute the need~materta1sfor ~~ floor syste~' sh~Wn
three ~torey 4.50 10.00 4~50 usIng.i. x a- fiool1ng supported by 2- x 6 joist spaced at .12 on
house 4.50 10.00 40()-500 9'x9' .center.
house · 5.00 12.00 5.00 10!"x 10- fICIUIIE:
.-. f . 1 I I I II l- 'D

~o
I

,- .'
,
-;
, I

60
61
8OUJ"I1Olt:
ROOFINGS
I. For r x Er'.T4GFtoorIng:
Refen1ng Table ~-3.0.8beL ;tI~-m. ROOF 1I'ITCB AND PERCENTAGE ADDmON
Total bf. 10.8 (3 x 6) .. 194~4 bel-A.
TABLE 5-1
N - 2 x Er'x 16~ + 2 • 194:,N. 24 peL
Percent Addltlon:to Flat
2. For 2- X 6- X 12- FIoorJoiat Pitch Area for Trusses and Rafters ,
From Table 3-216.10 beI.ft./sq. m.
Symetrlcal Unsymetrtcal
'lata! bf. 16.10 (3 x 6) - 289.8 bel ft.
N - 2- x 6- x 12 + 12 - 289.8. N" 24 pes. 0.32 5.5 2 "

0.36 6 3
8AIIPL& PROBLBII:
0.40 8 4
, .
Compute the needed materla1a for thecell1ng frame shown. 0.45 10 5
Use 3- x 6- joist IS- O.C. ' 0.50 12 ' 6
"
0.55 ' 14 7
BOUJTION:
0.60 16 8
1. DMde 4 + 0.9 .. 5: 10 + L8 .. 6
.
0.70 22 11
x
6- 30 ~
Pes. of CeIlIng Panel .. 5
0.80 28 14
2. For CeIlIng Joist: 0 .90 35 18
ReferrtDg to Table 3-6 8.S bd, ft./Sbt.
No. of pes. without consldertng cutting
00 42
~ 21
I
Wastage = (4 x 10) + (9 x 1.8.,25 pea.
Total bf = 25 (8.8) = 220 bd. ,ft.
N - 2- x 2- x 12 + 12 =220, N • 55 pes. Formula for Pitch:
NaU from Table 3-8 '
=
No. of Ids (I 1/2) ewn 8(334.4) x 10 - 2.7 Ida
Pitch =R-
S
62 63

POJIUlII8 I'OR.81'AIIDAim:COItJtUQATBD 0.1.-001'8

' t"QR TJW88B8 ROT ,QIIBA'1'BR T.IIAII 8.0 ..
4.. Solve forpurllnbased on Table 5-2 and round up to 10 Bd.
Ft. ,
' Olf CBlti Dtl . S. Solve for rooftng sheets adn round up to:l0sbeets

TABI. . . .
ROOJ1lllG IlA'RDWARE8
PurlIna'Size 2.WD SJock Bel. 2- x2·~ ·WdC"t,
Ft./Sq.M. Bf/Sq. :M~ Rooftng RIvets • 180 pes. per kgs~
Er Corr. G.I. Sheet - 6 RIvets Per Sheet
2 w,x3w 3.271 3.440 ,T·CorY. 0.1. Sheet - 9 Rivets' Per,Sheet
2 w x 4w
4-..369 4.511 tr Corr. G.I. Sheet - 9-12 RIvets Per Sheet
wxSw 12; ColT. G.L Sheet - 12 RIvets Per Sheet
2 .5.321 5.453.
Lead Washers '" 96 Pes. Per KIlo
W
2 xfr' .6. 335 6.500 Plate (Washer) • 152 Pes. Per KIlogram

CORRUGATED ROOFING 8IDlZT8 PLAIN G.I. STRAPS PER8HEET

lEJ'n:cTIVB COVEUGB) (38" X 8" - 0")

TA8tB'U TABLE 5-4

-
Commercial 10~ End -Lap '2~ Corr. 12~' EDd Lap 2~ Corr.
Strap Size No. of Strap .
SkleLap , SIdeLap , PurIms SIze=-_-+~--=-7:?-==-----':'-+ ---;;~_1
Size Eng1fsh Metric 2"xS w l"xS" 3S0
English Metrfc
32~x6~ 2Tx5~-2" l.03Sq.M. ' 2rx5~ 1:05 Sq. M. 2"x4" l"x 10" 340
32~xr 2T x6"-2~ 1.29 Sq. M. 2T·x6" l.255Sq.M. 2"xlf' 310
32~ x 8' 2T xT.,..2~ 1.50 Sq. M. 2T.xT 1~465Sq.M. 2"xS"_ _L- ...I-- 285 --'

32~x 12'!' 2Tx 1l~-2~ 2.335 Sq. M. 2Tx .ll~ 2.300Sq.M.

, • I aOOPJKG NAILS:
, I'
ESTDIATING PROCEDtJItB 102 Pes. Per Kg. 21/2
188 Pes. Per Kg. 2 1/2
1. Solve tor total Bat area, . .
NO. or ROOPJlllG NAILS:
2. Add pitch raclor(see'nlble 5-1 for roof pitch) .
6', T and S' Length = 12 Pes. Per SHeet
S. Sum of 1 and 2 1s ea11C:d ~pe area whlch lathe actual
covered area,.' . " 9' and 10' Length '" IS Pes. Per Sheet
12 Length. 18 Pes. Per Sheet
 II

64 65

NO. or W.A811ER8 Pal sllE&T c 110. OJ' IUV&T8 lOR 6. Ardex Ughtwelgbt cOrrugated Sheoets
S PUltI.JNs/G.I. SHEET a. Standard Arda b . Super Ardex:
12 Straps
7 Pes. RIvets Non Engaging
26 PeS. ~ts Engaging TECHNICAL DATA
For 4 Purllns Per G.I. Sheet
16 Straps, 7 Pes. Rivets Non-Engaging Standani Corrugated Sheets
32 Pes. Rivets Engaging Length =4 .to 10 Ft.
Non-Engaging Rivets 3/8- x 1/4- .. 189 Pes. Per Kg. End Lapping: Below 20" = 0.30M
. Engaging Rivets 1/2' x 1/4' .. 153 Pes. Per Kg. Above 20" = 0.15 M
WIdth: Effective Length = 0.838 M
RIVETS NEEDS: Gutter Effective Length =2 .336
2 .' - , G.I. Washers OUtside Flashing = 2.286
l' . . . . . . . .. . . . . .. Lead Washer lDPRoll .. 1.676
strap Needs
2 Pes. Rivets Engaging ' JlOT'E:
2 Pes. Lead Washer
2 Pes. ,G.I. Washer Other accessories, estimate by direct counting.
2 Pes. 1 1/2 Flathead
Nails 0.06 Kg. Per Sheet
2 Pes. 2 i /2- Roof Nalls 4-V CORRUGATED SHEETS
0-082 Kg. Per Sheet . !
Plain G.I. Gutter, Ridge Roll. Facia Flashing
Standard Length = 8 Ft. F1gure'2
Standard Length .. 2.438M.
No. of Sheets Req'd. =Total Unear Mtr. x 0.44 =0.965 M.
EffeUve Width
NikoUte Soldering Lead: =0.965 M.
Ridge ROll. Effective Length
Gutter =2.286 M.
Outside Flashing
No. of Bars = No. of Pes. of Gutter + 4
Downspout ---
No. of Bars = No. of Pes. of Downspot + 5
Muriatic Acid .. 10 cc, Per Bar
~--- __0.-,0 .<9& __"_' 1
KINDS or ASBESTOS ROOrING:
1. Standard Corrugated Sheets
2. 4-V Corrugated Sheets
3. Kanaletas
4. Plaea Romana
5. Tencor Corrugated Sheets
66 67

TENCOR CORRUGATED 8BEET8

Standard Length StandaId Length .. 2.44M

.. .
Effective Width
Eaves Flasliing
Lapping
EffectIVe Length
,.. 0.3OM
.2.14M
Outside Flashing Effective Length Effectl~ Width 0.875M
:II:

Other Accessories. Estimate by Direct Counting Method Standard Width .. 0.748 M

.r O.~
Outside Flashing
Minus FlashlIig
Ridge RoJl"
• 5 to 10 Ft. Long
". 8 Inches
= 0.951

0·748
.j
~...--_ _r . . L : . l l L b L - - - _ -

PLACA ROHANA
ARDEX CORRUGATED SHEETS
Standard Length = 0.812 M
Effective Length = 0.600 M TABLE 5-6
Standard Width = 1.80 M
Effective Width 1.100 M Measurement
End Lap = 0.200 M StandaId~uper
. Side Lap = 0.080 M StandaId Width 0.52 1.05
Ridge Roll Effective Length = 1.100 M Effective Width 0.45 0.95
Outside Flashing Effective Length = 2.286 M Nominal Length 2.5-10.5 Ft. 8-12 Ft.
Ridge Flashing Effective Length = 1.100 M Outside 'Flashing 5 to 10 Ft. 5to 10Ft.
Eaves Flashing Effective Length = 1.100 M Ridge Roll Effective Length 0.9525M. 0.9525
OtherAccessories. Estimated by DirectionCountingMethod Side Flashing 6 Inches 6 Inches

\.\0

\.\00
.~t-L- .
68
69

CERAMICS ROOFING TILES QUANTl"lT OF ROOI' ACCESOIlJE8 IN KILO

TABLE 5-8 TABLB IS-8

Descrtption Wt./Pc. Pes. Req'd Per NUMBER OF PIECES PER KIW

MATERIALS
Marceille Type (Flat) 3.5~: Sq. M. 14
On du la Type (Wavy) . 4.0 Kg. Sq. M. 15 G. I. Roofing Nalls 120
Sr (Std. Ridge) - 2.8 Kg. Lin . M. 2. 5 G. I. Rivets 180
Half Marceille 2.0 Kg. Line 1.0 G, I. WaShers 126
Jrt - 1 3.0 Kg. Sq. M. 13 Lead Washers 75
Jrt-2 3.75 Kg. LIn.M.4 120 -
Umbrella Nail
Jrt - 3 3.2 Kg. Line 1
Jrt - 4 !
3.2 Kg. Line 1
SAIIPLE PROB~M:
Jrl - 5 2.2 ~{g. LIn.M.4
" ~m the figure find the number of corrugated G. I. meets .
and the umbrella nails required If the G.I. sheets are laId at 2 II
2 corrugations with ,30 m. end lapping Joint. .
E F FECTIVE COVERING OF CORRUGATED G.I.
S HEETS, NO. OF NAILS. a: RIVETS Pl!fR SHEET
FIGURE:
. AND SpAcING OF PURLIMS

TABLE 5-7

Length Effective Width Covertng Distance No. of Nalls

In Side Lapping l'urllns or Rivets
Feet Meter 1 1/2Corr. 2 1/2 ,Corr. Inm. per sheet
6 1.80 .70 .60 .75 14
7 2.10 .70 .60 .60 18
8 2.40 .70 .60 .70 18
9 2.70 .70 .so .60 22
10 3.00 .70 .60 .67 22
12 ~ 3. 60 .70 .60 .6a 26
70 71
sownOllf: Sloped area • 36 + 36 (0.055) • 37.98 sq.m.
from p. 28. effective coverage a 1.05 sq.m./sht.
1. Corrugated GJ. sheets
a. Refen1ng to Table 5-7 No. of sheets = 37.98 + 1.05 =36shts.
.From pp. 64 and 65 USing 3 purIins per sheets pes. of straps ..
-18.00
- - . . . 30 pes. 13 x 36 ... 468 pes. . .
.80m no. of engaging r.tvets = 2x 468 = 936 pes.
b. The length of the rafter is 6.00 m or a combination of no. of kUos ... 930 + 153 '"' 5 kIs.
3.60 and 2.70 m. sheets with 30 meters and lapping. Lead washer: 86 pes. per kUo
no. of pes. = 936. no of kUos ::: 936 + 86 := 11 kls.
c. Multiply each sheets length by the result of step 1. G.I. Washer: 152 pes. perldlo .
no. oCldlo = 2 (468) + 152 .. 6 kls,
30 pes. - .80 m x 3.60 m corrugated G.1. Sheets
30 pes. - .SO m x 2 .70 m corrugated GJ. Sheets 1 1/2- F1athead Nalls '"' 36(0.06) =2.5 kIs.
2 1/2- Roofing Nails = 36(0.082) .. 3.0 Ids
2. Umbrella Nalls: Wood block referring to table 5-2
a . Referring toTable 5-7 detenni~ethe number ofnaUs for total bd, ft. = 37.98 (4:369) - 166 bd. ft.
the 3.60 m. and 2.70 m. sheets. N- 2- x 4- x 10' + 12 = 166. N ...25 pes.
Wood Cleats: referring to Table 5-2
30 sheets x 26 .. 780 pes. Total SF = 37.98 (4.511) = 171 33 bd. ft.
30 sheets x 22 .. 660 pes. N - 2- x 4- x 10' + 12 = 171.33;N .. 26 pes.
Total = 1.440 pes. Purltns: by direct counting
42 pes. of 2- x 4- x 10'
b. Soive for the wnbrella nail in kilograms referring to
Table 5-3
1.440 12 kg ' TlLE WORK
120'" .
This are the following list of finishing materials and their
costs will be useful when making an ttlmlzed computation.
As shown in the figure, find the marts needed using 32- x
6- corr. g.t with 12- end lapping and two corrugatton for-side PLOOa I'INI8BES:
lapping. and 2- x 4- purlins.
1. IlaJble 111_
SOWnUN:
Marble tiles are usually available in 20 m x 40 m size
Pitch = 1.28 + 4 .. 0.32 beige installation costs about P 280 per sq. m, labor and
From Table 5-1. percentage addition for pitch ... 5.5 matertalsincluded. Italian marble and other htghquality
Flat area ... 4 x 9 ... 36 Sq. m . marble costs P 400/sq. meter installed. .
72 73

2. , Ceramic m. , WALL FINISHED

Ordinary wh ite 4- x 4- cetamlc~s cost 1'2.00 per ,
piece. Colored Ules with designs vary in cost from P 3.00 to ' 1. Synthetic Adobe . . ,
Installation costs around P 60/sq. m. Excluding costs
6.00 each. Materta1 and labor cost around PI90 per sq.
meter, of portland cement. wh ich is minimal.
Larger ceramic ttles (9- x 12- or larger) are priced at P 2. Marble chips wash out " ,
240 to P 300 piece. . Per square-metercosts is P SO labor and materials ,
To cover an area measuring one sq. meter. you need included.
about 96 pieces of 4- x 4;' tiles or 16 pieces of 8-x 1r tJIes. 3. -Anay~ deslgD. plaster finish
Materla1 and labor cost around P ISO per sq. mete,', Multiplywall area to be covered by P 40/sq. meter. This
3. CI'IlBJ"-eut lIIarble , quotation covers both labor and, materials. '
Cos t of Mater1als plus labor is usually tagged at P 200/ 4. ' Adobe Rubble
sq.m. Sllghtly expensive at I SO/ sq. meter for materials and
labor. .
4. GnmoUt hlc
Us ing marble chips with copper Unlng. poured-In-place 5. Brick tUes veneer
Ins tallation costs about P 240/sq. meter labor plus mate- Using 2- x 8- tiles. The going rate is P l00/sq. m. '
rials. including both materials and labor. '
5. Ashe.t oe VlIl)i mea ROOF COVERING
Installation ofpla1n-colored tiles costs Pl 00/ sq. m. for
multi -colored and designed tiles. P 150/sq.ltl. Both 1. Long span coloroof (metal forming)
quotations cover materials ,and labor. Materials and installation cost about P 2SO/sq. meter.
Quotations for other brand names and designs are slightly
6. Parque t Wood m.
higher.
Those come in different sha pe and designs. For narra
parqu et tiles. installation costs around P l SO/ sq.m. for 2. Ordinary corrugated O.I. sheets (GA, 26) .
tanquUe tiles P 140/sq.m. costs inclu de labor and mate- Materta1s and installa tion cost abou t P ISO/sq. meter.
rtals, Placa romana asbestos roofing.
3.
7. Washout PInlah . About P I SO/sq. meter. mater1als and mstallauoncoet
, Black pebble washou t cost Pl00/sq.m. WhIte pebble included.
washout. PI40/sq.m. Boracay shell washout PI60/sq.m. 4. Spanish Ondula Roof TIles . '
cost include labor and materta1s. Beautiful but requires a large budget. About PSOO/
8. . Brlck 111ea . sq.m. matertale and installation tneluded.
These tiles are usually available In 2- x 8- size. instal- 5. Spanish tegula illes (concrete) "
lation will cost around P ISO/sq. m.labor plus materials Installation cost Is P600 sq.m. covering both materta1s
included. and labor. t,
I
74
75
DOORS AND WINDOWS
TILE WORK
1. Panel-type door, Dana '
A door measUJ1ng l 'ln x 2.10 m COI9ts about P 3OOO/sq. TABtIt8-1
cost of course increases With complexity ofdesign.
CLASSIFlCATION SIZE (IN.) PCS./SQ. M.
, 2. Panel-type door tanguUe ; ,
cement 11les 4x4 100
Starting cost Is Pl.200/set for a Lm x 2.10 m. door.
cement 'nIes 6x6 44
3. Ftush-type door ,
8x8 25
Usual quotation 1$ P3OO/set for a 1m x 2.10 m door. '
/
lOx, 10 16
4. Aluminum sliding door 20x20 4
Materials ordinarily consist of aluminum frames and Vetr1fted 11les 3x3 178
1/4- thick gJasspaneJs. A unit measurmg 1.80 x 2.10 m
costs around P500(} , Mosaic 11les 4ic4 100
4 1/4x4 1/4 86
5. Steel wmdows; casement type
6x6 44
Materials used are steel for frame and 1/8- thlckglass
, panels. Measures \1'indow area and multiply by P450/sq. 12x 12 12
meter. Hexagonal tiles 2 x2 480
6. Jalousie windows 3x3 190
,
Jalousie Windows with alumtnwn frames and glass 41/4x41/4 95
blades are priced at P350/sq. meter: Those with wooden Pcs./Un. m,
frames and blades cost halfas much (p350/sq~ meter). 5-pt.Hexag<>nal 2' 20
7. Sliding \1o'indows 4-pt. Hexagonal 2 16
Those With alummum frames and 1/4- thin glass capping 4'1/2 9
panels are available at lOOO/sq. meters. ' Internal Bead 41/2 9
8. Wrought-Iron grills:
The asking price for W.I. grills used to secure Windows
with ord1nar1lly sluts at P400/sq. meter. '
1. Round values to 50 ,pes. except for 20 x 20 cement tlle,
capping and internal bead which are to be rounded to 10
TOILET AND BATH
pes. .,
Some homeowners may want to Install an additional toilet 2. 11lecement mortar shall be 1 em. thick.v al f til
3. ' Mortar vol, shall be based on rounded ~e~o es.
bath say, adjacent to the masterbedroom. A compIete T & B, With
fixtures and t1lings. may be Install for PI 5,000. 4. Aggregates for mortar shall berounded as s0bagsWS.
Cemelit • S bags: Sand .. 1 cu. m./Urne .. , . '
 77

JlAIIPLE PROBLEM:
5.
6'.
Uses 5-polnts hexagonal tiles along longer iengths.
Use 4-points hexagonal tiles along shorter lengths.
FInd . the quantity of tllework mat~ for a ~athroom
shown. Use 12- x 12- musatc tiles and 4 1/2 x 4 1/2 uglazed .
7. Forwamscoaung comer moulding. estimate bydirect count
whlle cement filler mortar = 1 kl . per sq. meter tiles.
portland cement paste = 0.08 bag/sq. meter.
n OUD:

PRECAS1' TERRAZO AND GRANULIT,uC Tn,ES

TABLE 6-2

Stock Size Pes. Sq. M. Cement Bag Sq. M. Sand Brass

Cu.M. Ow.
Class A Class B sq.M.
8" x8" 25 0.34 0.22 0.018 11.00
9" x9" 20 0.34 0.22 0.018 10.00
10" x 10" 16 0.34 0.22 0.018 9.00
12" x 12" 12 0.34 0.22 0.018 8.00
14" x 14" 8.5 0.34 0.22 0.018 6.00
,
16" x 16" 6.5 0.34 0.22 8.018 5.90
eoUJ'nO!l:
VINYL AND RUBBER TILES: Musalc TIles: Refer to Table 6-1 .
A.
a" 1.15 (2.25) =2.59 sq. m.
Stock Size Pieces/Sq. M.T. Gallons of Asphalt/ No. ofpcs. = 2.59(12) = 32 pes.
Sq.M.T.
B.
1/8"x8"x8" 25.00 0.042 . Glazed
. ADil-TIles: ) 9 15 .
1.5 (2. x 2.5 + 1.15 + 0.45 = . . sq.m. .
No. of pes. = 9.15 (95) = 870 pes.
1/8"x9"x9 19.75 0.042
1 "
1/ 8" x 10" x 10" 16.00 0.042 c. External Bead: 4 T
1/ 8" x12" x 12" 11.11 0.042
Unear Meter .., 1.5 + 1.5 =3.0 m
No. of Pes. - 3(9) =27 pes.
 79
,j 78
IA"ICIIIII a level stage In a shaft at which cages are loaded and
, 1 - discharged. "
D. Internal Bead: 4 """2
Pitch _ the distance between stmilar elements arranged In a
patterned orbetween two points of a mechanical part or an angle
L.M. =2.25 x 2 + 1.1 5 + 0.45 =6. 1 m.
No. of pes. = 6.1(9) = 55 pes. of inclination of the horizontal of the stairs.
R1IIer _ a board placed ve rtically beneath the tread of a step in a
E. Capping: stair case.
RUe _ the height of a flight of stairs from landing to landing or the
L =: 6.l m; No. ofpcs. ,; 6.1(9) = 55 pes.
height between successive tre ads or staf rs. .
F. Internal Comer angle bead =4 pes. Run _ 't he horizontal distance from the first to th e last riser of a
stair flight. ' ,
G. Internal comer angle capping =4 pes. Stairway - one or more flights of stairs connected by landing.
H. External com er angle bead :0: 2 pes. , Step _ a stair'which consis ts of one tread and one riser. I
'I. Portland cemen t paste : refer on 38 DESION OF STAIRWAY:
No. of bags =0.08 (2.59 + 9.15) =,1 bag
Detennlne the length of the stringer:
J. White ,Ceme nt Mortar:
No. of Ids . == 1(2.59 + 9.15) ... 12 kls, Run'Distance =3.0 In
HeightofRlse = 1.75 m
I

K. Materials for !letting preparation: Class -A-

Cement =0.012 (11.74) (8.5) .. 2 bags T floor line
sand ...0.012 U1.74) (0.9) II: 0.5 Clb m.
Lime = 0.012 (11.74)(8.5) '.2 bags ,

STAIRCASE OR8TAIRWAY

The bullding required a number of st8lrwaya, and mimy 01 .

.the details. are govemecU();l large extent by the provision. oftbe '
governing code "of the ' bumllng. Among other .tbtngs, tIieee '
'provisions stipulate the maxItiwm dlstante frOm the moet reo:
mote point In the four areaof'the Matrway. The JDIimnum width
ofstatrway. the max. ht. ofstratght f1IghtandinaxlmumdistaDee~

and elic10ees the

.,B aIuater - a pest which .supports a handrails =1.75/3.0 =30°5'
open sections of a stairway. ' ,
B81uatrade - theraillng assembly of a stairway consisting oftbe J

handrail balusters. and usuallY a bottom raJt

80

SO~ON:

Using the Formula: PAINTING ·

. . .
~tr1nger Length =V(RUN)2. + (RlSE)2 PaInt - a mixture ofa pigment and a vehicle, suelfas all or water
that together form a liquJd or paste that can · be applied to a
surfaee to provide an adherent coating that imparts"color to ad
y '=" (3.0)2 + (1.75)2 often protects the surface.
Y =V(9.0) + 3.00 PaInt Clay - a light yellow to dark reddish - brown iron or
manganese bearing clay that mixes easily with linseed all.
Y = V12.06
Paint Remover - a liquid or paste formulation used to remove
y= 3.47 m. drted paint, varnish. enamel or lacquer; its contain
ANOTIiER SOLlmON:
KINDS OF PAINT
By Sine Law:
Aap halt Roof Paint - asphaltic matertal disolved in volatile
solvent With or without pigments. drying oils. resins and so on.
sinO 30"15' =~
y
As phalt - asbestos roof paint.
Y=3.5m.
Conver to Feet: PAINTING WORKS

3.5 A. WOOD:
0.30 =11.57 1. FIrst coating for wood = 1 gal. per 20 sq. m.
2 . Second coating for wood = 1 gao per 25 sq. m .
SoM ghn g for the number of steps uSing the standard ..._
h et t 18 em. . ..ser B. MASONRY:
1. First coating for wood = 1 gal. per 25 sq. m .
2. Second coating for wood = 1 gal. per 30 sq. m.
1.75 . Inside for wood - use interior flat paint
~ =9.72 say 10.steps Outside for wood - use exterior glass paint
Masonry for wood - use monokote paint
For calmi ng - interi or fla t or exterior/glass pai nt
- tinting color (assorted)
Masonry paint for coloring . . :_ agricolor ·1
. Paint Thinner - 2 gals . per 20 gals . of paints
Linseed oil- 1 gal. per 20 gals, ofpa lnts.
82 .83

SPREADDfG RATE OJ'PADn' KINDS OF PAINT

(NO. OF sg. )I. COVERED·BY OD GAL.)
TABLE 8-2
TABLB8-1

KbuIe of hint Character of Surf. 1 Coat

KInd of PaInt Character of Surface 1 Coat 2 Coat 3 Coat
Asphalt Roof Paint Rough Wood 13.54
on Paint Smooth Wood 55.76 30.20 20.96
Glass Paint Rough Wood 32.53 18.50 lUi6 Asphalt Asbestos
Roof PaInt Smooth Wood 9.29
Metal 65.05 31.80 21.37
Plaster. 41.82 23.23 18•• . 5 Lbs Powder Cold
Hard Brick 37.17 20.91 14.87 Water PaInt Smooth Wood 27.88
Soft Brick 32.53 19.58 1~.94

. Smooth Cern. Slue. 32.53 18.58 13.94

RoUgh Cement Slue. 18.58 9.29
PAINT COVERAGE (Sq.M/Gal.)
Enamel Paint Smooth Painted with
under coat 46.50 23.29 - = 9.30 - 1 coat
Exterior Varritsh Smooth Wood 46.50 . 22;~ 18.58 Wood Preservation
Interior Varnish ' Smooth Wood 41.82 . ~.23 18.28 Outside Lead Oil
\
= 27.88 - 2 coats
Shellack Smooth Wood Flat White Paints = 27.88 - 2 coats
Rough Wood F100r au Paint Stain '" 55.76 - 1 coat
Shingles Stain Smooth Wood Enamel Floor '" 23.23 - 2 coats
Oil Paint Smooth WaIl Wood Bd. = 27.88 - coat
Wall Side Forwall Board
Plaster
Aluminum = 46.50 - 1 coat
Hard Brick
VarnIsh . = 55.76 - 1 coat
Soft Brick
Rough Cern. Slue.
~alciriine Plaster
5-Lb Powder Wood
WhiteWash Brick
4-5 Hydrated Ume
84

LABOR B8TD1ATB 18. InataDatIoD of Q.LPIpe 1/2 0 x 20"

2 men IDatall20 lIghta/day
1. Concreting of PlalnF'loOrlng: 19. InstaUatlon of Doors and Window Jamp: , ,
2 men pour 1.2 eu, m. concrete/day 1 maD InStall 3 pes. '2" x 5·x 16" '01' 40 bd, il/~
2. Concreting of ReJnf. F1oortng: 20. InataD8t1on OfDoOr (Complete of IIIngee and £nOb):
2 men pour 0.84 cu. m. conc./day 1 i;nanJnatan 2 pea. doOr/day ' "
3. Concreting of Column and Beam: 21. Fabrication ofD00r8 (Excluding P1annlngofFriunesl:
2 men Pour 0.50 Cu. m. conc./day 1 man makeS 3 fiC!J./daY . "
4. FInishing of F100rlng (rough) 22. PIannJDi Rough Lumber (including ~nt): , "
2 men tln1s~ 72 eq, m./day 1 man Planes 4 pes. 2·:it.' ~ 18' 01' 48 bd. ft./day
5. . FInishing of CHB Joints: ' 23. P1annJDg Rough LJ,unber (NoAUgnlnent) , '. '
" 2 men tln1shes 420 pes./day I man PlaneS 10 ,pes. 2":;1t ,4~X 18" orl20..bd. ft"./day.
6. Pla,stertng of CHB: 24. lilataJlatJon of PlYWood
BOard: , ,
2 men plasters 8 sq. m/day '2 men Jnstalll5 sheets 4" x S"/day
7. LayIng of CHB: 25. In8ta1lat1on of Wooden Post: '
2 men Jay 100 pes/day 2 men Install 6 pes. 4" x'4" x 'I2 or 96 bd. th/day
8. Breaking old R-C F1ooi1ng: 26. InstallatIOn of wood Jalousies WIndoWs:'
2 men break. 0.30 cu.m./day , l'Inan lnstall2 Pes. 30" x 45" or lS,75 sq. ft/day
9. LayIng of glazed We 4" x."
2 men Jay 100 pes./day
10. LayIng of glazed We 6" x 6" CORsTRUCTlON WORK eAPAC1TIE81N MAN HOURS
2 men Jay 72 pes./day
11. Installation of Wat~ Closet: , I. J:uth Work:
2,men Install I -set wc/2 days a. ExcavauOn - IS2 to 2.89 man hours/cu. m.
12. Installation of Lavatory: b. B8ck Fdl- ,I34 man hours/cu. 'm.
2 men Install I -set Lav./ i 1/2 day
13. Installation of GJ. Sheets 32" x 8" on Steel Framea IL rona Work:
2 men Installs n sheets/ day 'L Footing, grade, colwnn -:- 2.5 man hours/sq. m.
14. Installatnon of GJ. Sheets 32" x 8" on Wooden Frames b. Beams. bond beams. door slab - 2.8 man hrs./sq..m.
2 men lnsta1l20 shee ts/ day , . ' c. ROof beams and bond beams - 3.01 man hrs./sq.m.
15. Installation of G.I. Sheets 32" it 12" on Steel Frames d,'Roof slabe- 3~34 man hours/sq. m,
2 men Install 10 sheets/day e. Retaining ~ - 2.4 man hours/sq.m.
16. Installation ofGJ. Sheets 32" x 12" on Wooden Frames f. StaJr8 and ~dIng'" 2.48,man hours/Sq. m.
2 men lnstallI5 sheets/ day g. Form oU application - 6.0 man hOum/IO sq. m,
17. Fabricating and Insta '.tation of Gutter Downspout. RIder
Roll: m. lle1DfoJceIDent:
2 men fabricated fustall 5 sheets: 32'"x 8" OJ. sheets/
a. Reinforcement of footings, up to-roofmg average 9.0
day , man hours/ I OO kilos.
86 87

b. Grade slab EWP - 13 mliUl hours/l00 sq. m,

c. Floor membrane - 15 man hours/l00 sq-.m .
d. Roof beams and bond beams- 2.88 man hours/cu. m.
e. Stairs - 2.6 Irian houra/cu. m,
f. Roof slab - 2.91 man houra/cu. m.
,
...
1. dazen
...,..01...-
a. deanng
b. striPPing
5OOaq.m./hr.
200sq.m./hr.
g. Curing (water) - 2.0 man hours/day for 7 days C, excavation 25 eu.m.Zhr,
h. Equipment: d, quanytng 50 cu.m./hr.
L Vibrator - 16 mtn/cu.m. e. pushing 3 sq.m/hr.
2. Crane With concrete bucket - 4 cu. m./man 'hour
2. grader a. sub-graving 300sQ.m./hr.
b. spreading 40 cu .m.Zhr
qAPABD.,ITIES OF MANUAL LABOR PER HOUR
3. pay-loader a. loading 30 eu.m.Zhr
Unit Type of Work. CApabWty
4. crane shovel a. loading 35 cu.m.Zhr
1. man , a. Excavating Loam OT sand 0.76cu.m.
b. Excavating Clay or Heavy 5. sheep's foot a. static ro~
.SoU 0.61 cu.m. 12 paaea - 15 em. 11ft)
C. Excavating Rock 0.3Scu . m. roUer b. ' vibratory rolling
d. Backfilling 1.22cu.m. ,(4 ~es -' 15 em 11ft) 135 em./hr.
e. Spreading. tamping and
Grading 2.09cu.m. 8. n~. 3w road roller · a. static rolling 24 cmph
f. Placing escombro ftll 2.0 cu. m. (6 passes ~ 20 em . 11ft)
g. Placing binders 4.0 cu. m,
h. Cleaning undergrowth and 7, tractor - <b'awn
small blush 20 sq. m. I'9ller (1 - d) a. vibratory rol1lng
I. Cleaning .u nde rgrou nd and (8 passes .,..20 cm .Uft) 240 cmph
brush 12- 0 20 sq. m,
8. tandem roller . a, static rOlllrig
2. 1 Mason ~. Laying of CHB and adobe 22 pes. '(8 puees - 20cm. 11ft) ; 24 cmph
&
1 Helper b. Cement fmtsh , 28 sq. m. 9. 5-T dump truck a. haubngcommon
. ,b onow 3.5 cmpt
3. 1 Carpenter a . Erect Ing forms I.86S<}. m, b. : hauling selected
& borrow base course 5cmpt
I Helper b. Removtng forms 1.86 sq. m.
NOtE: CmPh . cum/hour:cmpi ~ Cu.m/truck
 89
88
INSIDE DIMENSIONS OF THE DIGESTION CHAMBER
10. 2-1/2-T a. hauJlilg common
borrow 2.5 cU.m./trip, No. of Person 'Depth (M) Width (M) Length (M)
dump truck b. hauUng sbbe 2.0 cu.m./trip 10 1.20 0.90 1.80
15 1.20 0.10 2.20
, n. buggy a. haultng cone. mixer 0.17 cmlltrip 20 1.20 1.25 2.50
25 1.20 1.40 2:80
12. wheel borrow a. haullng aggregates 0.07 em./trip , 30 1.30 ' 1.50 3.00
35 1.30 1.60 3.20
13. water truck a. waterlog 1000sq.m./hr. 40 1.40 1.65 3.30
45 1.40 1.80 3.50
14. asphalt a. spraying asphalt 50 1.50 1.80 3.50"
distributor pnme 300 sq.m.Zhr 60 ' 1.50 1.90 ,3.90
70 1.60 2.00 4.00
15. 16-5 cone. mixer 9. cm.j'hr. 80 1.60 2.20 , 4.40
90 1.80 2.20 4.40
16. : rock crusher a. crushing mixed 100 1.80 2.30 4.60
sand and gravel ao cu.m./hr.
17. concrete vibrator a. vibrating cone . mix 40 cu.m.Zhr. IMPORTANT FEATURES 'OF SEPTIC VAULTS

18. cone. floor 1. Sep~c tanks are no longer allowed In ~ where the
finisher a . finishing cone . floor 140 s.m.Zhr, sanitary sewer Is now In operation. They may still however.
,be of great service in sub-urban communities.
19. scraper towed a . haullng heap 11 cu.m./trip 2. Location: no septic tank shall be Installed within or under
1 2 r:y cap capacity the house.
3. Tanks must be butlt water tight of concrete. Stone or brick.
20. scraper tour- a . hauling,heap 22 cu .m.Ztnp 4. Both compartment are provtded with manholes and tight ,
mapull 45 ton capacity covers for cleaning and necessary repairs.
5. Inlets and outlets are submerged In such a way that neither
21. percussion a. dr1llIngs hard rock '0 .23 m/hr. , scum or sludge be unduly disturb. '
b. drlllings loose rock 0.30m./hr. 6. Inlets and outlets are arranged so as to deltver the Sewage
c. drUllngs Umestone 0.38 m./hr. the
, to middle third of the tankdepth. FOI;lnstance.1n a tank
d. ' drtlllng s ticky clay 0.49m./hr. 1.20 m deep. the Wet and outlet IX: submerged '0.40
e. drtlllng loose clay 0.76 m./hr. meters.
7. The vault Is vented thru the sanitary fees In the Inlet and
outlet, havtngtop ends open and. screened to make - tank
1 metric toil of asphalt cone. covers 8 sq. of pavement 0.05 m. mosquito - proof.
thick or 0.43 cu.m, of asphalt concre te.
 91
90

8. The bottom of the tank sh~ 1:10 min. toward the - 3. Field Office: rental. telephone. electricity. office supplies
m8nhole in the center to factl1tate cleaning. 4. Temporary Factlltles; light and power. water. sanitary
9. Not Iess·than 0.20 m. ofairspace should be left between the facilities. fuel. gas for welding; roads. stairs. barricades..
top of the ~e and the u nderpart of the rank.cover. runways. fencer. tool shed.rwarmlng lights.
5. Permit. bulldtng, streets. sidewalk, water sewer fo~ trans-
porting heavy loads over city streets. For use ofcitydumps.
ROUGH ESTDIATES 6. Quality control: soU compaction test and boring. concrete
tests for aggregate. slump and strength. manufacturers
100 bd. ft./cu.m. form lumber and materials suppliers certlftcations and samples.
Cement - IO .bags/cu. In plaster . 7. Meetings and submittals:. as -built drawtngs. progress
Steel relnf. - 100 to 130 kgs./cu.m. of concrete photographs. shop schedules. progress report. Job meet-
Roofframtng- 14 bd, ft./sq.m. of roof area tng,
Cetltng framing -7 bd. ft,/sq.m. cetltng 8. Transportation and freight: railway. trucking. demurraged,
Natls - 20 kgs./lOOO bd. ft. " u ruoadlng. .
Studding. 2- x 3- - 4 bel. ft/sq.m. 9. • Coordinating: Cutting and patching. tnspecticmg subcon-
tractor work.
Siding - ~O.7 .bd. ft./sq.m.
Ftoortng - 10.8 bd . ft./sq.m. 10. Final clean ' up: Patching. touch up. Janitorial work.
handling debris. ftnal inspection. \ I
FloOrjol8ts...., 2- x 6- - 15 bd. ft./sq.m.
11. bonds: s~ty labor and matertal payment bond. perform-
Ce1l1ngjolsts - 2- x 2- - 4 bd. ft./sq.m. .
ance. bld, completion. supply.
Purltns - 2- x 4- - 4.4 bd. ft./sq.m.
12. Insurance:generalliablllty. fire. damage etc.
G.I . sheets - 32- x 8- - 0.7238 pcs./sq.m.
13 . Protection: safety requirements. etc.
Roof-tiaUs - 2 1/2- - 0.082 kg./sq.m.
14. Repairs: side walk. streets. and curbs.
Roof cement - 0.042887 gal/sq.m.
15. Miscellaneous: professional fee for engi neer. a ttorney.
Straps - 3~ x 8- :- 0.0452377 sht./sq.m.
general companyoverhead. real state taxes. contengencles.
RIvets - 3/8- x 1/4- - 0.Q069 kgfsq.m.,
G.I.washer- 1/4-'0. 15888 kg/sq.m.
I
GENERAL CHECKLIST FOR ESTIMATE
.CHECKLIST OF I'1"BII8·TO BE CO:NSJDERED:
SITE CHECKING:
. "ob. ~:
Check site condition and loca tion . check avallabUlty of
1. EqUIpment: rental. deltvety. Iandtng. erecting. and des- . transportation water supply electricity. etc . Before proceeding to
'estima te (consider an 'additional-fee for hauling materials, ad-
mantling .
2. Pel'l!lOnnel: salaries. fi1ngebeneflts; and payroll taxes for justmentoflabor cos t for non -avaUabUity of manpower and other
superintendeQt. foreman, time keeper. clerk etc. . fa ctors that w1ll affect construction operation due site).
92 93
8OILT1:8T
.
Verify soU condition If needed to be tested first before pro- 8TEELREIlDORCEllENTCONCRETEAND IIASONRTWORK
ceeding to planningpreparaUon of If needed to poison the sotl,
1) Fence
PREPARATION OJl' PLA.NSAND DOCUJIENT 2) Zoca1o Wall
3) .Concrete
Consider also as estimated cost for the preparation of plans
and documents and other allied fees. FOR OONCR.E'i1KG FOR FOmmATION
-

AQUl81TION OJl' BUILDING PERMIT a) Column . a) Footing lumber

b) Beam. b) Footing concrete
Knowing the approximate size. construction materials to be c) Slab c) . Footing hardware
used a buUding use to what category it will fall. .Ah estimated d) Septic tank d) Post
butldtng permit fee can be easily estimated for consideration. e) Form work e) Impost (short post)
f) foundation f) Earth fll1 basecourt
SITE CLEARING
,
4) Masonry
a) Demolition or transferring of existing structure
1) Window casing
b) Site clearing
2) Door casing
c) Cut and flll to elevation required
3) Base board
4) Oeneral moulding
MOBIIAZATiON
5) Special moulding
a) Construction of the following 6) Millwork hardware
1. Storage bodega
2. Security outpost ELECTRICAL AND PLUMING ROUGHING IN MECHANICAL
3. Staff field office 1. Ali- conditioning (centralize or Individual)
.4. Electrical and mechanical room 2. Hot and cold water connections
5. Installatfon of water and electrical supply 3. Wallinsulatlon
STAKE-OUT BUILDING ACCOUSTIC.AND SOUND PROOFING
a) Surveyors fee
.b) Form for batter board ROOFING
c) TIe-wire. nails etc.
1. Truss
EXCAVA110N AND BACK Jl'ILLIN'G 2. Rafter
3. Wind bracing
a) Heavy Equipment
4. Purims
b) Manpower
5. Roofing sheet
6. Roofing hardware
 /

94 95

7. P.G.I. ready made components STOCK PAlUL

/ a) Ridge roll 1. Extertorsldlng
b) Ridge 2. Interior siding
c) Valley 3. Partftlon
d) Gutter 4. FIoortng
e) Downspouts 5. Ce1JIng
f) Flushing
III Stainer TILE WOlDt
8. P.G.I. hardware
9. Special roofing-long span 1. Floortng We
2. Weens coating We
LUMBER PRAllE WOlDt 3. .M ortar
4. Pla'ster
1. girder 5. SpecJal Masomy Finish
2. Joist a. Washout
3. Girt b. GranoUthlc
4. Ceiling joist c. Synthetic
5. Ceiling nailing strip d. Sum blast
6. Siding stud e. Gnmatle
7. Partition stud f. . Bagulo stone .
8. SoUd brtdgtng
9. FramIng hardware - ROUGH IL\IlDWARE
a) Screw
b) Nail 1. Nail 4. Trun buckle
c) Tension nail 2. Bolt 5. W.I. strap work ,
d) Bolts 3. . Tension bar . 6. Wire .

STAIR I'DII8ImIG IlARDWARES

1. Stringer 1. Fenestration
2. Tread a) HInge e) SpecJallock
3. Riser b) Door l u c k f } Pull Chain
4. Handrall c) Barrel bolt g) Automatic closer
5. Newel post d) Chain belt h) casement hardware
6. . Ballusters of framing 2. cabinets and Closets (Check Above Itemsl
7. Paneling 3. Plumbing
8. Stair hardware a) , Floor drain d) Stock cock
9. Concrete base b) Special Drain e) Shower head
10. Grille work c) Barrel bolt ,

...
96
4. Electr1cal 'WOrk
a) Receptacle c) Swttch box ' 8tJB.C01II'I'RA WORK
. b) Swttch d) Fueebox . 1. Labor exmvaUon 6. Electdcal ·
2. carpentry 7. Grill work
FIX1t1RE 3. Maaomy 8. PaInting .
1. Water closets 6. Bidet 4. 11Damlth1ng 9. Floor sanding
2. Lavatory ' 7. Kitchen sink 5. PllIIX\blng 10. Haulage
3. , Bath tub 8 . Slop sink
4. Shower stall 9~ General toderaccesaodea
5. ' Urtnat 'l"DiiHO IIBTER8
1. Stuwy
PENESTRAnON 2. Water Meter
1. Window sash 5. Window glass 3. EleCtrIcal Meter
2. Door sash 6. Door glass 4. GasMeter
3. Window fu!untng 7. Window grUl 5. Concrete Sample
4. Door framing 8. Doorgdll 6. CUB and Other Masonry Sample

SPECIAL LUMBER WORK

" SELLING PRICE AND COST COMPONENTS
1. Cone Ught 4. Serving Partition
2. Closet 5. Built-In unit
3. Cabinet 6. Panelling SellIng Pdce (SP) • CC + Set-up

WATER PROOFING AND WOOD PRESERVATIVES ~ CC + SU

1. Fllnkote · 4. Sol1gnum Where: CC =Construction Cost

2. 3-ply hot process 5. Sika prestment
=Be+GE
3. Sahana 6. and other chemical
adhesive , Where: at .. Bare Cost for Labor. Matedals !4-ulpment
and Others.
PAlNT'NG AND VARNISHING
OEa General. Expense + Escallation +
JOB OVERHEAD Contingencies
1. ' Project Engineer 7. Ccnsumption for the 11':
2. Project Inspector ' a. Electdc
3.
4.
Security Guard
Insurance
b. Water ·
c. Gas
'Ihelefore: ISF "",Be + GE + SU I~ General Formula
5. Workmens Compensation 8. Representation
6. Operator
,· 98
I
99
GENERAL EXPENSE MAY INCLUDE AIIOJIO~: ,5, Hall roads, distance and con~t1on
a) From barge back facl11ty --'- _
a) MobUizatlon and DemobUizatton
b) Job Salaries b) From various materials sources _
c) Security and safety 6. Power Connection
d) Medical-Dental a) Closest InstaIlation and capacity Description _
e) Temporary Facl11tles or TemfacU b) Cost of extension or installation of job _
fl1'ransportatlon, M~terial, Equipment, Personnel c) Person to contact for Installation _ _--"~. _
g) 5SS-Medlcare, or Fringes . 7. Telephone Communications:
h) Insurance, Bonds a) Person to contact for.Installation _
I) Taxes
8. Land rental, ownership and avaUabUtty If owners does not
J) Home Office Overhead
supply adequate working area
a) Project: _
SET-UP PROFIT INCREMENT OR MARKED..tJP AND PROFIT
MAYBE 9. Housmgravaflabtltty, adequacy. Location With reference to
job site ---"'-- ~

a) Opportunity cost of money advances 1O. TraUer Factltttes: location; adequacy; avatlabUtty
., Payroll Money
- Equipment Operation Cost
- Materials Purchases 11. Local sub contractors or suppliers:
- Prepaid Insurance a) Adequacy of plant; method of delivery; reputation '
.b) Proportionate share on the company's real property depre-
elation cost or outstanding loan Payment. '
Construction material suppliers '-- _
Lumber _
Aggregate _
SITE VISIT REPORT
ROck and rtprapmaterials '--'--_ _
Cleartng ---:-_
Patntlng--,-" _
Mechanical _
Electrical _
Ready,MIx Plants _
Rental haul trucks _
Grouttng _
5eed1ng and Sodding _
Bituminous surfacing and road work _
Well drillers _
 100 101

12. Visit Cllents Oftlce,: 17. DeterQWte If terrain and working cond1t1ons wtll allow or
requ1re spec1al1zed equipment. - -_ _-
a. List names and titles: telephone, numbers of persons
contacted.
Name _ 18. Emergency 5elV1ces(ambulance, hospitals etc.) _
TItle " Phone
Name _ ------ 19. Notes and Comments
TItle Phone - - - - - -
Name _
TItle ' Phone _
b. Discuss general Job requirements; , UNIT MAN HOURS
Check when completed
c. ' Clarlfylng questioned Items In specifications check Form Lumber ... 110-140 bf per cubic meter of concrete
,when completed Form Plywood - 0.8 pieces of 4' x 8' plywood form per cubic of
d. ExamIne special reports. etc. secure copy If possible; concrete. ' ,
otherwise make extracts of pertinent features check Assorted Nalls - 1 keg: ofassorted naUs per 2000 bf of nall1ng
when completed. .surface
13. Descrlbe site: Take photographs of all borrow areas; plant
area; general construction areas extent of clearing and 45 kilos of nails - 1 keg.
grubbing required. _ 1 keg - 100 lbs. - 45 kg.
14. Determine avallab1lIty of potable ,water
a. secure approximate costs of dr11llng and casing well
FORMULAS TO FINDAPPROXIMATE'NUMBER I

, 1 5. Recommend locations of contractor's workslte: OF NAILS REQUIRED (REF. U.S. ARMY

ENGIN1!ZR FIELD DATA)
a. LOCate office. shot and sheds
b. Estlmate work required to prepare site
. c. Locate batch plant and aggregate area
1. Estimate site preparation
Number of Pounds (12 d + 60 d, framing) = ~ 'x ~
. '

2. Determine foundation condltlons " .' ' d h

d. Locate storage areas for matertals
g)
Nwnber of Pounds (2d to 12 • s eatln • Td x
BF
100
e. Recommend temporary roads
Where:
f. Islocal road swfacing material pit available?
Yes No . _ d • Size of desired naU In penriles
16. Investigate ground-watereondmone, naturaldra1nage areas I BF • Total board feet to be naUed
and features which may revised or relocated to assist In JilaIn-
t:aInlng dewatered operation: .,.- _
 103
UNIT IIAN HOURS ITEII OJ' WORK CAST IaOW PIPE .

MH 2-0 66.1 MH/l00 IF

1. Common Excavation (Manual) 6.0 M3 4-0 100;2 MH/lOO LF
MH 6- 0 150.3
2 Common Excavation (Machine) .5 M3 8-0 200.4
10-0 300.6
3. Hook Excavation (Manual and ~chine
MH
S.O M3 12-0 317.3
14- 0 367.4
4. Structural BackOll (Manual) MH 16-0 417.5
5.0-W
· I S- 0
5. Structural Backftll (Maclul.e 2.0~, PVC PIPI!:8

·6. Hauling Spans MH 20.MH/loo Bll'

1.0 M3 1/2-0
3/4- 0 20MH/lOOBF
7. Trenching by Hand MH 1" 0 22.5
6.0
M3 1-1/2- 0 22.5
MH 1-1/2- 0 25. ,
S. Trenching by Machine 0 .2 M3
2-0 25.
9. ~plngInsUillation 2--1/2- 0 SO.
3- 0 33.
ASBESTOS CEMENT PIPE UNIT IIAN HOURS 3"-1/3" 0 35.
4"0 40.
1/2- e 20.00 MH/loo BF 5"0 50.
3/4-0 20.00 MH/loo BI<' · 6" 0 75.'
1- 0 20.50
1--/4-0 22.50 CONCRETE FOtJNDATIONAND ELEVATED CONCRETE
1--1/2-0 25.00 UNrr MAN B01JR.8
2-0 25.00
2--1/2-0 1. GRADE MEMBER
30.00
Forwork 2.54MH/W
3-0 33.00
Concreting S.54MH/W
3--1/20 35.00
RebarsWork -.,-_ 0 .071 MH/Kg.
4-0 40.00
Flntshtng ~.4MH/M2
104 105

2. SUSPENDED MEMBER 4. FLOORFlN.

Forwork 3.28MH/M Plain Cement 1.33
Concreting 16.70MH~ Colored cement 1.40
RebarsWork O.08MH/KG Peble Washout 2.86
Fln1shtng O.80MH/MS Granul1th1c 2.86
Marble11le 2.86
ROOF1NG AND SIDING Vln¥l 1.67
Metal Roofing O.09MH/FP Unglazed 4.00
Non-Metal Roofing 0.10MH/Ft' Asphalt 1.67
Metal Sidings 0.117 MH/Ft.1
Non-Metal SldIngs . 0.133 MH/Ftl 5. CEIUNG INCWDING FRAMING

ARCHI1EC1URAL SPECIALTIES 1/4"1hk. Plywood 0.171

Acoustic TIle with Plywood
1. Door Excluding F1nlsh Hardwares' &cklng 0.286
HC Plywood Flush Type Concealed Acoustic Tile Ceiling wtth
0.29MH/Ft2
SC Plywood Flush Type" Alwn - T- Runnes 0.286
0.286 MH/Ft2
Steel Sl1ding 3/16" Thk. Asbestors 0.171
0.86MH/FtI
SteelHtnge 0.715 MH/Ftl
Alwn. Roll-up STRUCIURAL SlEEt
(Manually Operated) 0.715 MH/Ftl
Cyclone Wire Sl1ding Door Ught Structural Steel Frame 168
0.715 MHIFt'
Heavy Structural Steel Frame 64
2. WINDOWS MIscellaneous Iron
Ftxed Glass on Steel Frame (platforms-Walkways)
0.286 MH/Ftl
Ftxed G.I. Louver Stairs. stringers. handrails _ _ 112
0.429 MH/Ftl
Stair. treads, gratings 20
Ftxed Asbestos Louver 0.429MH~
Painting of str, stl. frame Crew 5 M/day wit
Metal Louver 0.286 MH/Ftl
Concrete demol1tion Breaks - 2.5 M
3. 3/day
PARITIlON (INC. FRAMEWORK)
1/2" Thk. Single Wall Plywood _ _ 0.23 MH/i0'\2
1/4" Thk. Double Wall PIywood _ _ 0.314 MH/Ftl
Wooden Louver 0.314 MH/Ft'
\, Cyclone WIre 6a , 10 ParUtion _ _ 0.0236 MHfFtS
 106 107

1II8CEI.oLAKB01J8 LA'qOR OUiPUT ROOI'UlG MmB2 PROOFING

Insts. .ASbestos Rooflrig'" 18 Shts/md
Insts; Alum. or G.I. Roofing 10 Shts/Iild
Ex:caYaUor1 1.35M81lDday
Insts. G.I. Gutter # 24 16 IF/md ,
BackFIll 3.81W/mday
Cooper Cladding Roof Deck 52IF/md
Disposal of Spoils 4.70 Install Membrane H2 Proofing ,-:...--'- _ 29m2 / md
For,Worlt 2.'70 Fabricate GJ. Gutteps 2~3 Shts/md
Stee!Worlt 10kg./m~
ConcreUng .91 m3 / md TRUSSES
FlrWlhIng 11.8M3/md · , TrusS Fabrication 46 bf/md
see, Anchor Bolts 16.5Kg/md Truss Erection 40 bf/md
set. Anchor Boxes 4.4Unlts/md Posts 6O-90bf/md
Demolition (Adobe Wall) 0.5M3/md Girts 50-75 bf/md
Plates 90-120 bf/md
Excavation Crane and Clamshew w /0
Purlins 40~60bf/md
Lab. and 2 Operators 8O.0M'/md 25-35 bf/md
FadaBoards
CHB ZocalO Wall 2.4M2/md "
G~FIll , 3.87M3/md
CABINETS
Ground Floor Slab (Concreting) ..,.-_ _ 1.00M3/md Framing 30-60bf/md
.' Wood Columns 70.00BF/md Boarding _ _ _~ .40-80 bf/md
75~150 ft2/ md
Tag Flooring 112~OO BF/md Plywood Sheat1ng
Plywood Partitions 80 Frimd , Cabinet & Doors 40-80 ft2/ md
ceUFramIn
, g' 44BF/md
Siding FramIng 6OBF/md DOORS. WINDOWS
Inst. Wooden Windows 39 ft2/ md
Stone Cut Siding 112 .BF/md 75ft2/md
Inst. Sash Glass
RQafFram1ng , 33BF/md 17 ft2/md
Inst. steel Window
G.I. Roofing GA26 105 Bt2/md lost. Wood Panel Doors 22 ft2/md
GJ. Gutter (Cut and Shape) 50IF/md Inst.Lock Set 5 sets/rod
G,I. Butter Unstall) 18IF/md lnst, Wood Flush Doors 20 ft2/ m 9
G.I. D.S. (Cut and Shape) 27IF/md Inst. Flush Bolts 2 Palrs/md
GJ. D.S. (Install) 6O/mdLF/md Inst. Astragal _ _--'--- . ,80 If/md
1.34 m 2/md
Verttfled 1lle Ftoor Fin. 1.5m2/md Vitrified the Wall Fin.
00-300 ft2/ md
lost. Casing Plates 45IF/md Painting
Ftoor Hardener 2m21md
lost. Steel Sliding Door 10P/md
Copper~O Stop Cut & Shape _ 60 If/rod
Place Metal Nosing 3 Steps/md 38/md
Copper '8 ,0 Stop. Install
 109
108
»tr:MOLl'I1OK
EXCAVATION
1IA1UIOUIi8 J'BIl1JlUT UBIBD
Hand Excavation
SoU Excavation Man Homs/CuM. MANHOURS,
DIy 2.50/cum. untt Laborer AIrtool Total
Soft Clay Operator
Wet 3.51
Hard Medium DIy 4.90
Wet 8.50 eq.m. 0.16 0.48 0.62
With Pneumatic Breabi'
Hard Adobe Dry 13.50 ~m. 3.24 3.24
By Hand WIth Sledge
Wet 13.50

BUNATBD su.
cum. 3.28 2.72 6.00
BACKFILL WlthPneumaUc Breaker
UDlt ' , cu.m. 16~24 16.24
IlaDBoan By Hand WIth .sledge
Labo&' Optr on Total
Hand Placed '& Tamped CO!ICRB1'B WALLS '
By Hand CU. in. 2.77 ' 2.77 cu.m. 1.03 2.06 3.09 '
Wlth.Pneumatic Breaker
Loader & Tamped cu.m. 14.41 14.41
By Hand With Sledge
By Vibratory Roller cu.m, 0.40 0.02 0.42

GRAVEL FILL UIIOVB COlfCltETB CURBS

Lom. 0~36 0.36
With Pneumatic Breaker
Hand Placed & Tamped Lom. 1.48 1.48
By Hand With Sledge
'0 ~ Vibratory Roller eu.m, 1.42 0.33 0.02 1.77
;..~
.;
8Eu;cTED I1LL CUT COIICRBTB 0PEl0NG8
cum. 7.96 7.96
.~~!I Pneumatic ,Chisels
cu.m, 18.84 18.34
Hand Placed & Tamped Hand ChIselS 7
ByRo1ler cu.m. 3.30 0.33 0.02 3.65
LOader & Tamped By
Vibratory RoUer cum. 0.40 ' 0.02 0.42
Preparation of SOF s.m, 1.70 1.70
 110
III
POlUIWORKS
COlfCltETlNG
IIANIIOURS PER SQUARE IIB'I'BR
MANHOURS
rIEMS MANHOURS lte. Laborer Carpeater Optr. ou.. Total
Carpenter Laborer Total Continuous Wall1YPe Ftgs. .
1. ConUnuous Wall1}rpe 0.70 0.40 1.10
Job Mix 5.10 0.05 0.05 5.20
(CHB)
2. Foundation on PfJe Caps 1.50 0.65 2.15 Chute 0.75 0.05 0.80
3. Grade Beam or FIB 0.75 0.40 1.16 Buggles 0.98 • 0.98
4. WaIlS Ground to 8' HfgIi l.10 0.72 2.92 Spread 1YPe F~Ungs
6. Walla 8' to 16' High 1.21 0.78 1.99 Job Mix s.to 0.05 0.05 5.20.
6. Walla 16 to 20' High 1.35 0.90 2.26
7. Columns Chute 0.86 0.07 0.93
· 1.22 0.80 2.02
8. Beams A Gfrders 1.90 1.22 3.12 Buggies , 1.14 1.14
9. E1c:vated Slabs (Word Shorea) 1.15 1.16 2.31 Footing ne Beam
10. EIevated·Slabs (Adjusted Shores) 0.70 0.90 1.60 Job Mix 5.1d 0.05 0.05 5.20
' Chu te 0.90 0.07 0.97
BuggIes 1.48 .148
~POLDJNG
Foundation or Basement Walls
LENGnf MANHOURS PER SECTION JobMtx 5.10 0.05 0.05 5.20
1 or '2 Section Hfgh More than 2 Sec. High Chute 0.90 0.07 0.97
Erect Dfs- Total Erect Dis- .Total Buggies .1.48 1.48
mantle mantle
Col11D1Il8
l ·to 2 section Long 1.20 0.35 2.06 1.40 1.00 2.40 By Hand &. Pulley 8.51 8.51
3 to 6 section Long 0.75 0.60 1.26 0.86 0.60 1.45 Porta-Uft 6.35 0.08 0.08 6.51
6 IICCtfon Or'JDore iong 0.65 0.35 0.95 0.75 0.40 \.15 Crane, Bucket &. Buggies 2.02 0.16 0.16 2.34
Reta1nJng Wallto 10' HIgh
IlB-1J8B .FACTORB By Hand &. Pulley 12.71 12.71
Porta-Uft 10.60 0.08 0.08 10.76
Carpenter Laborer Total Tooled Joint F1nfsh 3.67 1.22 4.89
RePaIr 1st re-use 0.01 0,003 0.G13
Repafr 2nd re-u.e Plain cement F1nfsh
0.02 '0 .004 0.024
Repafr3rd re-* 0.03 0.006 0.036 (Louver Blocks) 4.00 0.47 4.47
&pair subsequent re-use 0.04 0.007 0.047 Glazed TIles 6.38 2.13 8.51
OIlIng after each use 0.05 0.006 0.006 Rubbed Concrete 4.27 0.11 4.38
 112 113
-CAIU'J:lIf'I'KI a IIILLE WORK
SUB-JI'LOORlNG:
STRUC'nJRAL LlJIIBER
Ta.GLaId~ Mtbm 15.00 4.66 19.66
Item v.nbo_ Per l'boU88Dd (100) Ft. T &: G LaId Diagonal Mtbm 16.88 4.66 - 21.54
.BoUcl Meuare ManhoUd F1ywood Sub-Flooring S.M. 0.10 0.04 . 0.14
Plank F100ring Mtbm 10.79 4.19 14.98
carpenter Helper Total
NOTE:
Sills 18.75 5.12 42.52 1.000 root board measure
Bracing 23.44 6.06 29.50
Floor Jotst 15.94 7.00 22.94 WALL COVERINGS:
Roof Jotst 17.00 5.44 22.44
Beams 9.40 7.00 16.40 1Iem lIaDhoun Per UDlt Listed
UDlt carpenter Helper Total
Columns & Post 31.88 ' 8.88 40.76 Wall Papers . Sq.m. 0.13 0.13
Girders 11.73 9.35 21.08 Gypsum Board Sq.m. 0.32 0.16 0.48
Ordlnary Rafters 21.56 6.06 27.62 Asbestos Cement Bd. Sq.m. 0.60 0.16 0.76
Plywood PaneWng Sq.m. 0.60 0.16 0.76
Hlp & valley Rafters 34.00 6.44 40.44
Sq.m. 0.40 0.16 0.56
F1bcrboard
Bridging & Blocking 44.69 8.5.6 53.25
.
/
1h1sses 37.50 8.63 46.13 INTBRIOR TRIM:
Purl1ns 17.00 5.44 22.44 lIaDhoun Per UDlt IJated
Natlers 30.00 8.05 38.05 Item UDlt carpenter Helper Total
Baaed Board L.M. 0.20 0.05 0.25
Beam Casing L.M. 0.16 0,05 0.21
LOADING DOCKS: Mouldings L.M. 0.11 0 .03 0 .14
Knocked Down Wood
Carpenter laborer Total Panellng Sq.m. 0.78 0 .22 1.00
Door 'Casing L.M. 0.16 0.01 0.17
Framing Mtbm 18.75 4.19 22.94 .Door Stops Opening 0.94 0 .04 0.98
Door Saddles . Each 0.25 0.03 0.28
Roof Decking Lumber. Mfbm. 13.12 6.06 19.18
,
WIndow CasIngs L.M. 0.16 0.01 o. 17
Roof Oecktng Plywood S.M. 0.13 0.07 0.2 WIndow Stools & Apron L.M. 0.05 0.01 0.06
Bumpers Mfbm 45.00 22.94 67.94 Window Stops L.M. 0.14 0.01 0.15
I, .
Wood Handrail L.M. 0.66 0 .05 0.71
Prefilb Wood Stairs Plight 0.40 0.05 0.45
 114
115
WAUS 6: CEILING:
SITE DRAINAGE PIPE
llaDhoun Per Sq. Meter CONCRETE DRAIN PIPE
Item CupeDteI' Helper Tohl
6.68 2.22 8.90
PipeS" Set 6: AUcn Pipe Grout Joint
Double Wall Partition
Inchee Perlleter Each
Plywood CeUing 7.15 2.38 9.53
4" 0.23 0.26
~ustic TIle Out Runner 5 .63 ' 1.87 7.50
6" 0.26 ,0 .29
Accoustic TIle on Plywood Cetltng 1.37 1.37
S" 0.33 0.35 '
Wire Mesh Pat. on Wood Rame 4.67 1.56 6.23
10" 0.36 0 .43
Wire Mesh Partition 4.21 1.40 5.61
12" 0.49 0.65
15" 0.66 0.93
DOORS II: WINDOWS IS" 0.95 1.20
21" 1.05 1.45
Item CUpeotel' , ' Helper Toni 24" 1.15 1.79
Steel Awning Window 7.94 ' 2 .65 10.59 27" 1.21 2.01
Steel Casement Window 6.35 , 2. 12 8.47 30" 1.2S 2.15
Aluminum Sliding WJndow 4 .12 1.38 5.5 33" 1.44 2.37
Jalousie Windows on Alum.
Frame 1.73 0 .57 2.3 FACTOR Il'OR COMPU'.I1NG TIES Il'OR COUJMNS
/
Hollow Metal Door Single Swing 12.61 4. 79 16.8
0
Fixed Glass on Wood Frame 1.73 0.57 2.3 8. . of Co1'UIDDS EffectlYe Length Numbera of Ties/
Hollow Metal Door Double Swing 12.61 4.79 16.8 'of Ttea In Feet ,'Bar Length
Steel Sliding Doors 9 .45 3.15 12.6 20' SO'
Aluminum Door Single Swing 6.30 2.10 8.4 .20x .20 S"xS" 1.33 15 22
AlumJnum Sliding Doors 4.72 1.58 ~.3 .20x.25 S"xl0" 1.66 12 19
Wooden Panel Door , 11.63 3.87 15.5 .25x.25 lO"x 10" 2.00 10 15
Wood~'Flu8h Door 11.63 3.87 I5.q .25x .30 10";If: 12" 2.33 S 12
Wooden Sliding Door 8.72 2 .9 1 10.91 .30x.30 12" x 12" 2.66 7 11
.30 x .3 5 12" x 14" 3.00 6 10
.35 x .3 5 14~ x 14" 3 .33 6 9
.35x.40 14" x 16" 3.66 5 S
.40x.40 16" x 16" 4..00 5 7
.40 x .4 5 16" x IS" 4.33 4 6
.40 x .4 5 IS" x IS" 4.66 4 6
.45x.50 lS"x20" 5.00 4 6
 I~ I

I
116 117

FACTOR POR COIlPl1'l'lKO a..- S'I1RRups.

PORM'D
Cement - ta one of the moat useful mater:la1s in modem
Meet LeDctJa JIamber of n .., a
building. By ltsellt Is soft pOwder. .But ~hen.
of n.. In re.t ~LeDcth
It Is mbced with water and allowed to harden.
cement can bind sand orgravel Into a hard. Solid
20' SO' mass.
.15x.30 6" x12- 2.66 7 11 - It Is also used chiefly as an ingredient of mortar
.15x.35 12-x 14- - 3.00 6 10 and concrete.
.15x .40 12- x 16- 3~33 6 9 Mortar - It Is a mixture of cement. sand. and water. used
.15x.45 12' x IS- 3.66 5 S for laying brick or masonry, It Is too weak to be
~20x.30 S-x 12- 3.00 6 10 . used by Itself as a material for building.
.20x.35 ' S-x 14- 3.33 ... It Is also used to make a protectiVe coating called
6 9
.20x.40 S-x 16- stucco, which, Is put on the outer walls of
3.66 5 8 buildings. Sometimes It Is used ' for interior
.20x.45 S-x IS- 4.00 5 7 decoration. .
.20 x. 50 S- x 20- 4.33 4 6 . c.crete - Is the same mixture with gravel or broken stone
.20x.55 S- x 22- 4.66 4 6 aded to It. It Is very strong because of the gravel
.20x.5O S-x24- 5.00 and stone mixed In It. When concrete Is poured
5 6
.25x.40 10- x 16" 4.00 · Into molds. or forms. and allowed to harden. It
5 7 wt1l stand by Itself.
•25x.45 10- x IS- 4.33 4 6 - It Is often used to make walls. -floors and many
.25x.55 lO-x22- 5.00 4 6 part of the building and bridges.
•25x.5O 10- x 20- 5;33 ' 3 5 MId,.. Water - the water use In making should be clean and
.25x.65 lO-x26- 5.66 3 5 . free from injurious amount of oil. acid. alkali•
.25%.70 10-x28- 6.00 3 5 organic materials or other deleterious sub-
.~x.50 12-x20- 5.00 stances. In general. any drinking water free
4 6 from pronounced adoror taste Is satisfactory for
.30x.55 12-x22- _5.33 3 5 use as mixing water.
.30x.5O 12-x24- 5.66 S 5 . .&gg:regatu - the materials held together by the paste formed
. .30x.55 12- x 26- 6.00 3 5 of cementand water are the aggregates. It Is an
.30x.70 12·x28- 6.33 3 4 inert matertals natural sand. crushed stone•
.30 x .75 12- X 30- 6.66 pebbles, emders, and slag. It Is measured as 3/
J
3 4
Sin diameter. The matertal smaller than 3/Sln
.30x.SO 12- x 32- 7.00 2 4 diameter Is called fine. There are two kinds of .
.30x.85 12- x 34- 7.33 2 4 aggregates. the fine and coarse aggregates.
 119
118

Pine ~tee - such as crushed atone sand. cmahed Concrete Slab a flat, reinforced concrete structural
gravel sand or natural sand with par- member, relatively sizable In length and
ticles paslng on a 5 mm ~Ieve. Width. but shallow In depth. used for
floors. roofs. and bridge decks.
Coane 4an..... - suehascrushed stone. cfushedgravelor
natural gravel with particles retamed on 1
,Concrete steel - steel used In reinforced concrete. which
a5 mm·sleYe. . should comply with standard spectftea-
nons for prestressed concrete.
Concrete Beam - a structural member of a reinforced
concrete, placed horizontaUy over open- Concrete Vibrator - vibrating device used to achieve proper
.Ings tocany loads. consolidation of concrete; the three types
are Internal, surface. and form vibrators.
Concrete Block - a soUd or hollOw block of precast con-
crete. Reinforcement - a strengthening concrete, plaster or mor-
tar by embeding steel rods or wire mesh
Concrete Bucket - a container with movable gates at the
bottom that Is attached to power cranes In it.
or cables to transport concrete. Reinforcing Ban - steel rodsthat are embedded In building
materials such as concrete for reinforce-
Concrete BuQY - a cart which carries up to 6 cUbic feet
(0.17 cubic meter) of concrete from the ment.
mlxeror hopper to the fol'lil8. A1soknown RelDforced Beam a concrete beam provided with steel bars
as buggy; concrete cart. . for longitudinal tension reinforcement
.Concrete Co11111Ul - a vertical structural member made of and .sometimes compression reinforce-
reinforced or unremforeed concrete, ment and reinforcement against diago-
.n al tension.
Concrete I'Inlsh
- the texture orsmoothDess on the surface
'Ofhardened concrete.· Relnfo~ Column - a long concrete column reinforced with
longitudinal bars with ties or circular
Concrete ~DIJ' - Bulldlngunitscompoeedofhollowblocka,
spirals.
brtcb or the laid by masons. .
.Concrete IOzer - a machlnewtth a rotating dromlnwhlch .
the components of concrete are Dmred. . I

Concrete PDe - a reinforced pl1emade Qfooncrete,eltber

concrete precast and c:lmen .Into the
ground oreast In place In a hole bored
Into the ground,
Concrete Pipe . - a purous pipe made ofconcrete and use
principally for sub-eoll dr8Jnage; dlame-
ters over 15 Inches (38 cenUllieteralare
usually reinforced.
120 121

CONDUCTORS
AUXILIARY TOPICS
Feeders
SYMBOLS
Branch Circuit - CeWng & Wall

~ RADIOOUI1.ET -------
,I"
Branch Circuit - F100r
3 & 4 WIres Circuit No. Mark
N01E: F<>t wall Install and place circle near wall and connects
II
•• Indicates 2 WIres
it by a Ifne see fan outlet. .
Crossing Wires
G) Floor OUtlet Connecting Wires
q Crossing Wires
=@ Duplex Convenience OUtlet Connecting Wires

-8WP WeatherproofOutlet
OU'I'LBTS

(0 Lamp Holder

=§WP OUtlet and SwItCh

0 LIghting OUtlet
»,

=®s Range OUtlet

D Recessed Cellfng Outlet
Dashes Indicate Shape of Ftxture
\

Special Purpose OUtlet c:()==:J Fluorescent Lamp

@ Function Indicated
By Subscript Letter @PS Lamp Holderw/PU ~Sw1tch

81QlfAL SI'STEII @ Clock Outlet

0 PushButton ® Drop Cord Outlet

-® Fan Outlet

CD Bell
~ Chime

0 Buzzer
0- Annunciator
122
COMMON NAILS AND SPIKES
SWITCHES
SlEEL CUT NAILS AND.SPIKES
Sl Single-Pole Switch Penny
Size
Length
Inch
. No. Per Kilo
Nalls Spikes
.,
4d 1 1/2 690
S2 Double-Pole Switch
sa 13/4 590
6d 2 390
S3 Three-Way SWttc~ 7d
8d
1 1/4
21/2
350
190
lOd 3 130
S4 Four-Way Switch 16d 31/2 72 37
20d . 4 50
-,
30
,SC3 Circuit Breaker 30d
40d
41/2
5
35
26
22
19
50d 51/2 2~ 17 .
Swp Weatherproof Switch 60d 6 17 . 15

SlEEL WIRE NAILS AND SPIKES

SW
C3 Weatherproof Circuit Breaker
Penny Length
-,
No~ Per Kilo
Size Inch Nalls Spikes
r::::;;J Oisconnect Switch
4d 1 1/2
5d 13/4
MISCELLANEOUS
6d 2 345
,
ughttng Panel 7d 21/4
8d 21/2 215
Power Panel 10d 3 150
16d 3 1/2 107 66
Fuse 20d 4 68 50
30d 41/2 52 37 .
Watt-Hour Meter 40d 5 89 28
50d 5 1/2 30 22
Transfonner 60d 6 24. 19
--
124
125 .
STANDARD CONVERSlOJIf POR WELDING
EDlpee ........•.•••.•.•• '. . . Area ,. 0;7854 x short
pc8./pack pacbjboz q.jboa . . diameter times
Cerlicon 60 . lOng diameter
N
.CyI1Iider . '. . . . . • . " .•. , ••••• Surface ~ length x clrcum-
5/32 0 127 4 20
ference plus area of
3/16 0 N
81 .. 4 20 ends
1/6 0N
185 4 20 Volume .. 0.7854 x length x
. (dlal)2
Chamber Rod pes./box Cone .••... . ' .' ..........• Surface .. 1/2 slant height x
1/6"0 123 4 circumference of
5/32"0 76 4 base (curved only) '
Sphere ..•..•.•••• ~ •....... Surface .. 3/1416 x (diameterj-
Superclto 70 .. circumference x
N
5/32 0 76 4 20 diameter
1/8" 0 . 110 4 20 Volume =0.5236 x (dlameter)2
.. 1/6 circumference x
Arcair pes./box (dla)2
N
1/4 0 50 .. 2/3 volume of
N
50 circumscribing
5/16 "
cylinder
Oencord pes./pack '.
6013
3/16 0 N
50 4 20 MATERIAL SYMBOLS .

PLANS • SECTIONS

MENSURATION FORMULAS Earth

Concrete Block
Triangle Area = 1/2 base x altitude Brick
Parallelogram Area =base x altitude Plaster or Sand
Trapezoid Area = 1/2 sum of parallel G)'Psun TIle
side times altitude Insulation (Loose or Rigid)
Circle . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Area = 0.7854 x diameter Ceramic TIle-Large SCale
. = 3.1416 x radius" Ceramic nIe-SmaU Scale
Circumference = 3 ..1416 x diameter Glass-Large Scale
= 6.2832 x radius Glass-Small Scale
Structural Steel
 ".

127
126
NOTE:
MATERIAL 8YIIBOLS
One foot of water at 620' Fahrenheit equals .433 pound
Steel and Iron-Large SCale pressure per square Inch for any feet head not given In the
Steel and Iron-Small SCale table' above. multiply the feet head by .433: '
Aluminum . _ / -
Wood-ConUnou8 WATER PRESSURE TO FEET BEAD '
Wood-Finish (Section)
Wood-Ftn1sh (Plan) reet Pounu reet
Po1UUIa
Plywood-Large, Scale Square Head PerSquare " -Head
Concret.e (N0I'DJ8I) Inch Inch
Concrete' (HIgh Densltyt
Wood Bloc1dng . 1 2.31 100 280.90
2 4.62 110 253.98
FEET BEAD 01' WATER TO PSI 3 6.93 120 277.07
4 9.24 130 300~16
po1lDu 5 11.54 140 323.25
reet reet u
Po....
6 13.85 150 346.34
Bead PerSquue Bead Per ......
Inch Inch
, 1 16.16 160 369.43
8 18.47 170 392.52
1 .43 100 I 43.31 9 20.78 180 415.61
2 ~87 110 47.64 10 23.09 200 461.78
3 1.30 120 51.97 15 34.63 250 577.24
4 1.73 130 56.30 20 46.18 300 692.69
5 2.17 140 60.63 25 57.72 350 808.13
6 2.60 150 64.96 "
- 30 69.27 400 922;58
7 3.03 160 ' 69.29 40 92.36 500 1154.48
'8 3A6 170 73.63 50 , 115.45 600 1385.39
9 3.90 180 77:96 60 138.54 700 1616.30
10 4.33 200 8S~62 70 ,16 1.63 800 1847,;20
15 6.50 250 108.27 80 184.72 900 2078.10
20 8.66 300 129~93 90 207.81 1000 ' 23W.00
25 10.83 350 151.58
30 12.99 400 173.24 NOTE: '
40 17.32 500 216.55 One pound of Pressure per square Inch of water equals 2.309
50 21.65 300 259.85 ' feet of water at 62 Fahrenheit Therefore. to find the feet head
60 25.99 roo 303.16 .ofwater for any pressure not given In the table above. multiply
70 30.32 800 346.47
80 ,the pressure pounds per square Inch by 2.309.
34.64 900 , 389.47
90 38.98 1000 433.00
 129
128
CONVERSION FROIiINCHES TO METER
{,:'
SDtfPLIFIED TABLE FOR CONVERSION . TABLE 11-2

TABLE 11-1 ..1

Inch e s Meter . Inchee Meter
Inches Meter Inchee Meter
l' .0254 21 .5334
1 .02 5 21 .525 2 .05 08 22 .5588
2 . .050 22 .550 .0762 23 .5842
3:
3 .075 · 23 .600 . 1016 24 . .6096
4 . ...
~

4. . 10 0 . 24 .6 2 5 25 . .63 50
5 .1270
5 . 12 5 25 .625
, ·····6 .1524 26 .6f?04
6 . 15 0 26 .65 0 .'

7 .1778 27 .6858
7 .175 27 .675
8 .2032 28 .7112
8 .200 28 .700
. 29 .725 9 .2286 29 .7366
9 .225 ,
10 .250 30 .750 10 .2540 30 , .7620
11 .27 5 31 .775 11 .2794 31 . .7874
12 .300 32 .BOO 12 .3048 32 .8128
13 .32 5 33 .8 2 5 13 .3302 33 .8382
14 .350 34 .8 50 .3556 34 .8636
14
15 .375 35 .875 35 .8890
15 .3810
16 .400 36 .90() 36 ~9144
16 .4064
17 . .425 37 .925 .9 398
.\
17 .43 18 37
18 .450 38 .950
.4572 38 .9652
19 .47 5 39 .975 18
.4826 39 .9906
20 .500 40 1.000 19
.50BO 40 1..0160
20
I-

NOTE: Conversion

meter to feet =divide the length by .30 • Values given are accurate from English to Metric . .
ex: 6. 0 0 + .3 0 = 20 ft,
feet to .meter = multiply feet by .30
.E x: 30 It, x .30 =9.00 meters
 131
130
FIllIN,G MATERIALS:'
CODE OF ETHICS FOR CONSTRUCTION . -Estimating.Proc
CONTRACTORS
A. Find first th fiUed up w x h x 1
! B. Determln ttl \ling materials as shown on the
1.0 TO ·UPHOID THE HONOR and digntty of the construction
table.
industry. .A Contractor should be' fair and honest In his
C. Multiply th d In procedure one by the cor-
business dealings. His practices and acttvttles should be
gutded by the principles ofJustice and eqUity. respondtn pel'CCIJ'IA~le uf additional volume.
, D. Add th In procedure one to obtain the
2.0 ?UFOS-IER GOOD UNDERSTANDlflG.a Contractorshould pact volu
conduct himselfwith honor and dignttyln his relations with
his fellow contractors. He should cooperate with them for I IaIs Table·
the protection and advancement ofthe construction Indus':
try. It is highly unethical to speak malictously of the work.
reputation or ability of (} Fellow Contractor. . ADDITIONAL PERCENTAGE TO
MATERIALS
3.0 CLIENTS AND OwNERS are entitled to quality service and (VOL LOOS ) OnTAIN COMPACT VOLUME
faithful ' performance of . the undertaking. ContracttDg
should be- carried on a hig.~ ethtca1level. EARTHFILI. 23%
EARTH and 18%
4.0 ITIS NarONLY IMPROPER but also immoral for a Contrac-
tor to advertise his firms business in misleading terms and SELECTED 00111\0'11 15%
false representations. The Contractor upholds the prin-
ciple of truth In advertising.
5.0 A CONTRACTOR'SHOULD BE FAIRandJust to his employ-
ees and Sub-Contractors. .
SAMPLE PR
A lot II. lire requires filling. Compute th e
0.0 UNFAIR COMPE1TI10N is a dtsservtee to the construction earthfill rna
industry. Any attempt to supplant a fellow Contractor who
is in the employof the owner or to prevent a Contractor from
undertaking that Which the owner has engaged him to do.
ts a practice Inconsistent with the Honor and Dignity ofthe
Industry. A Contractor should therefore refrain from such
practice. . · · i Jl?·O
I
M
7 ;0 A C9NTRACTOR should hold himself dedicated to the
proposttlon that the construction Industry should bend of
20 .0 M .~
-:
Indtvlduals whose reputation. conduct and practices are I
Inlmlcal to the Industry and to the publlc In general. .
 132 133

SOLUTION: SAMPLE PROBLEM:

A.) Determine the volume of A A commercial office building has an occupancy of 800 per-
/ 15.0 x .2 0.0 x 0.·50 = 150 cu.m. sons.
B.) Find the volume of B
15.0 x 20.0 x 0.65 195 cu.m. SOLUTION:
Total Volume 345 cu.rn,
C.) From Table: 800 x 3.8 = 3,040 gal. per hour
345 x 23% 79.35 Tanks s!t0uld have: 150 gal./1/2 hour supply
Volume Req'd = 424.35 cu.m. Pumps should have: 3040 gal. per hour or
506.6 gal. per minute.

• WATER TANK DESIGN·

DESIGN OF WATER TANK
If the height of a building requires water pressure in excess
of that in the city main. To provide sufficient pressure. The bot- FIGURE:
tom of the tank must be elevated 20 ft. above the highest fix-
ture.

Tanks may be constructed of either wood, steel or con- - El

crete. The required capadty of a tank varies with the capacity ~
and running time of the house of fill pump. .
~
- WATER CONSUMPTION IN OFFICE BUILDING-

BUILDING lYPE CONSUMPTION GALl __---"',()(NeK

HOUR/PERSON ,5.0 M· SLAt?> .

Commercial, No airconditioning 3.8

Commercial, with airconditioning 7.3 -9.2
Owner occupied with kitchen and
laundry, no airconditioning . 7.3 .
Other occupied with kj.tcheri,.lawidry .
and with airconepiioning ·. 9.0
134 135
Req11l.~M:
SOLlITION: As ... 0.0060t gOO) (100)
.:. ~rom
Solve for wh:
wh = 1.5 (9.81 kn/m~
3
= 14.72 kn/m REINFORCEMENT BARS:
Taking I-m strip of the slabs
wh = 24.72 kn/m Use 12romq> bars;Ab ... 113:1 mm2
For maximum moments: S = 113.1 (1000) ... 176.72 mm.
-M =; WL2 = 14.72 (l.5p = 6.56kn.m . .~
22 · I

Nb = 1000 = 5.66 SAY 6 BARS

design MlJ = 16.56 kn-m 176.72

lteqllired Rta: TEMPERATURE BARS:

Rta = MlJ (l~ Use 10 rom ; bars; Ab = 78 rom/'

tP bd2
As = O.002(1000)h; where h... 100 + cover
Asswne: d = 100 rom = 100 + 25 ... 125 DUD

Rta = 16.56(10 b
0.90 (1000) (100)
= O.OO~~1000)(125j
,
= 250 mm
2

S = 78(1000) ... 312 SAY 310JDm

RlJ = 1.84 MPa 250
c;:omplJdngAetwl1 P;
Nb = 1000 ... 3.3 SAY 4 BARS
. P = 11m [1 -/ 1 - 2m Rta] 310
fy
THEREFORE:
P "" 1/14.72 [1-/1- 2 (14.72)(1.84)]
300 Adopt: 125 rom thick stabs with 12 nW 0 minimwn f'Oil1lft),.
P • 0.0064 . ~ . /
cement and 10JDm 0 tempera.tlll'e ban.

pmax > p > P min. O.K. -,

-138 139

EQUIYALENT VALUES 1 SQ. KILOMETER = 247.1055 ACRES

ISQ.M. = 10.7639 SQ. YRDS.
1 CENTIMETER '= 0.3937 IN. 1SQ.M = 1.1960 SQ. YRDS.
1 METER = 3.281 Fr. 1SQ.M. = 0.155 SQ. IN.
1 METER = 39.37 IN. lINCH = 2.54CM.
1 METER = 1.0936 YARDS 1 CABLE LENGTII = no Fr.
1 KILOMETER = 0.54 NAlIT. MILE 1 FATIIOM = 6 Fr.
1 KILOMETER = 0.6214 STAnrrE MILE 1 LEAGUE = 3. NAU. MILES
1 NAlITICAL MILE = 6080 Fr. 1 SPAN = . 9 INCHES
1 STAnrrE MILE = 5280 Fr. 1 VARA = 33 1/3 INCHES
1UfER = 0.22 BRITISH GALS. 1 MIL = 0.001 INCH
1 LITER = 0.2642 U.S. .GALS. g = 32.2 Fps2
1 GALLON g 9. 8 mps 2
= 4 QUARTS
1 QUAIn' = 2 PINT . g 980cmjsec2
1 QUAIn' = 0.95 LITERS 1 RPM 60RPS
1 GALLON (US) = 231 CU.IN. 1 RPM = . 120 IT RAD/SF.C.
1 GALLON (BRITISH) = 277.42 CU.IN. 1 BTU = 778.26 Fr.LB.
1 BRITISH GAL = 1.2 U.S. GAL , 1 WAIT 1 JOULE/SEC.
1 POUND = 16 OUNCES 1 WAIT = 107 ERGS/SE .
1 QUART = 32 FLUID OUNCE 1 ERG = 1 DYNE·eM.
1 TON =, 2000 POUNDS 1 JOULE = 1 NEWfON·M
1 LONGTON = 2240 LB. 1 TIIER = 100,000 BTU
1 METRIC TON = 2200 LB. 1 HP = 0.746KW
1 ROD 5.5YDS. 1 HP = 33,000 FT.W/
=
4 RODS = 1 CHAIN = 22 YRDS. 1 HP = 550 Ff·LB/S
1 FURLONG = 40 RADS = ' 220 YRDS. 1KW = 1.34 HP
1 MILE = FURLONG , 1760YRDS. 1 BOIIJ R II I'. = 33479 B1V!1
=
1 FURLONG 20l.1684M. 1 MECII . II.. 424 BTU/M
=
1 CU. METER = 1000 LITERS lKW = 56.9.BTU/M
1 CU. METER 1 METRJ 11.1 . = 0.986 U.S. I
= 35.5 CU. Fr. '
1 CU. Fr. 1NEWI N = 100,000
= 7.48 GALLONS
1 CU. Fr. 1 NEW!' ) N = 102 GRAM
= 28.3 LITERS
1 HECfARE = 10,OOOM2 1 NI I N = 0.102 K
1 N WI N = 0.2248
1 ACRE = 43,560 SQ.Fr.
 Blk . Block
142 Brg
Br .
.. . Bearing
Bedroom
ABBREVIATION B.M.
Bet. .
= BenchMark
Between
ACI = American Concrete Institute
Blkg = Blocking
Blo = Blower
AP
Act
Acs t
..Access Panel
Actual
Acoustic
BP
Bd .•
= BluePrint
Board
Add
Adh
= Addition
Adhesive
BIr
as . Boller
Both Sides
Brk = Brick
Aggr = Aggregate BnJ = British Thermal Units
AGC = Associated General Contractors of America Inc. Brz = Bronze
AOA
AC ..
= Activity On Arrow
Alternating Current
BC
BL
=
=
Broom Closet
BuUdlng Line
AON = Activity On Node DC = Celsius Temperature
.AI = Aluminum Cem = Cement
A~lM = American Society for Testing and Materials Con = Concrete
Amp = Ampere Col = Column
AB Anchor Bolt
Apt:
Appd
Apartment
Approved
CFM
Const
Corr.
..
=

=
Cube Feet Per MInute
Construction
Corrugate
Arch = Architectural CPM '= Cycle Per Ml.,ute
Approx Approximate cPS
Atr Cond.
A
= Air Condition
= Area
Cu
Cu.Ft.
.
=
= Cycle Persecond
CubiC
Cubic Foot
Ash = Asbestos Cab = Cabinet
Asph = Asphalt C Cone. z Cast Concrete
@
= At
Auto
Ave '
= Automatic
= Avenue
CI
cat ..
a Cast Iron
catalog
Celllng
, Avg CIg =
= Average
.Balc = Balcony
Ctr = Center
Basmt = Basement
CL '" Center Line. CI08
B = Bathroom
CtoC '" C toC
Bt = Bathtub
Cer "" Ceramle '
err = C1rcle
Bm = Beam Ckt = CircUit
Bbl
Bd. Ft.
I
..
= Barrel
Board Foot
B ke Horsepower
I ,,,n In
144 14
, CirBkr. ~, Circuit Breaker
Elec = Electric
Circ = Circumference
Clr
Ctd
=
=
Clear
Coated
EI
Enam .
.= Elevation
Enamel
Comb Combination
· Ent = Entrance
Com = Common Eel = lr-qual
EqUip = Equipment
Comp = Composltlon
Conc
Cnd
=
=
Concrete
Conduit
Est
Exc
ExIst
..
= Estimate
Excavate
ExIsting
Cont = Continue 'EXt
Contr = Contractor = EXterior
C = Courses
Fab ' • Fabricate
x-Sect
CuIn
~
=
Cross Section
Cubic Inch
(.) Ft
FBM .
"" Feet
Feet Board Measure
CuYd
Cum
= Cubic Yard
Cubic 'Meter
Fin
of .= Finish
Fahrenheit Temperature
Dmpr
:I

= Damper
Fin. Nail = FInIshing NaIl

....
Fprf :I FIreproof
DP = Damp Proofing FIx Flxture
DL = Dead Load Fl Floor. F'1ashfng
(O)Deg = Degree F.O.B. '"' Free on Board
DSgJl = Design Fl'M = Feet Per MInute
~t·, = Detail Feet Per second
f1>S :0:

Diag = Diagonal. Diagram Ft' :II Foot

Dta = Diameter , Ft-Lb :I Foot-Pound
Dlin = Dimension m .. .FlOor Drain
DR = DlnlngRoom F1g • Flooring
Ow
Do
Div
=
=
DIshwasher
Ditto
Division
Fluor
Fe
Ftg
..•
• Fluorescent
Foot Candle. Furred CeU1ng
Footing
Dr = Door Fdn • Foundation
Dbl = Double FS • FuU ITA:
DH = Double-Hung Oalv • 1Ze
Dn = Down 01 lvanlze Iron
Os
Dr
=
=
Downspout
Dnlin
Oar
0 . lrder
Dwg = Drawing 0
01
D = Dryer
I
E :I East
 146
147
GPM = Gallon Per Minute
Uon RevIew TecImJque
H = Hall
Foot
Hdw = Hardware
lMulM'e Foot
Hd = Head
IIQl llalrc Inch
Hp = Horsepower
Hr HOUT .
Htr Heater
Ht Height
Hor Horizontal
HB Hose Bib
HW = How Water
Hse- = House
C = Hundred
(~) In - Inch
Int = Interior
I = Iron
Jt = Joint
Kw· = KUowatt
Kwh = KUowatt Hour
Kip uooon» = K
Kit = Kitchen
KI = Kilo
Lbs = Pounds
Lam = Laminate
Ltr = Liter
Lin. Ft. = UnearFoot
M = 1,000
M = Meter
M3 Cubic Meter
1M. fit. . Per Meter Height
Max Maximum
- MFBM :;: ·1,000 Feet Board Measure of Lumber
Min .= Minute
MM = Millimeter
MPH = MUes Per Hour
Op = Operation
PeS./KgB. :I:: Pieces Per KUograms
P ./ Sq. M. • Pieces Per Square MUes
 ~:: :J . /0
lo ~ t- ~?,

V--z\ X uJ X ~
f C/,f -c ~ -)0 X I, -3 X~
.~ t 1oX' l. q) :(.. ~o l 13
r

';). "I0 )( /. £7 '3 -:::. h

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....
-