Microwave Lab Manual For R16 - NBA
Microwave Lab Manual For R16 - NBA
Aim: To study the characteristics of the reflex klystron tube and to determine its electronic tuning
range.
Apparatus required:
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Setup for
study of
Klystron Tube
Precautions:
1. Keep all the knobs in minimum position before going to switch ‘ON’ the power
supply of VSWR / Klystron power supplies.
2. For klystron power supply “HT” should be ‘OFF’ before switching ‘ON’ the
main supply.
3. Beam knob should be completely in anticlockwise direction and repeller voltage
knob should be completely clockwise direction.
4. Switch on the main supply and give some warm up time to get current / accurate
reading.
5. After the completion of experiment, before going to switch off the mains keep all
the knobs in minimum position (i.e.) as those are in rule 1.
6. If the main supply failed in the middle of the experiment, come to 1st condition
(i.e.) keep all the knobs in minimum positions and switch off main switches.
7. Don’t increase the repeller voltage more than -70V(i.e.) it should be between
-70Vto - 270V.
Applications:
1. In radar receivers
2. Local oscillator in microwave receivers
3. Signal source in microwave generator of variable frequency
4. Pump oscillator in parametric amplifier.
Result: Hence the characteristics of the reflex – klystron has been studied
Viva voce:
1. Explain the operation of the reflex klystron tube.
2. What is the basic principle involved in microwave tubes.
3. What is the difference between velocity modulation and current density
modulation?
4. What happens to the power output as the repeller voltage increases?
5. What are the various modes of operation in the reflex klystron.
6. How electronic tuning is achievable in klystron.
7. What changes occurs in the frequency due to the repeller voltage variation.
8. What is the maximum theoretical efficiency, frequency range of the reflex
klystron?
9. How bunching is achieved in reflex klystron.
10. What is the advantage of reflex klystron over two cavity klystron?
Apparatus required:
1. Gunn oscillator
2. Gun Power Supply
3. PIN modulator
4. Isolator
5. Frequency meter
6. Variable attenuator
7. Detector mount
8. Wave guide stands
9. SWR Meter
10. Cables and accessories.
Theory:
The Gunn Oscillator is based on negative differential conductivity effect in bulk
semiconductors, which has two conduction bands minima separated by an energy gap
(greater than thermal agitation energies). A disturbance at the cathode gives rise to
high field region, which travels towards the anode. When this high field domain
reaches the anode, it disappears and another domain is formed at the cathode and
starts moving towards anode and so on. The time required for domain to travel from
cathode to anode (transit time) gives oscillation frequency.
In a Gunn Oscillator, the Gunn diode is placed in a resonant cavity. In this case the
Oscillation frequency is determined by cavity dimension. Although Gunn oscillator
can be amplitude modulated with the bias voltage. We have used separate PIN
modulator through PIN diode for square wave modulation.
A measure of the square wave modulation capability is the modulation depth i.e. the
output ratio between, ‘On’ and ‘Off’ state.
Procedure:
1. Set the components and equipment as shown in the figure 15.
2. Initially set the variable attenuator for maximum attenuation.
3. Keep the control knob of Gunn Power Supply as below:
Gunn Bias Knob : Fully anticlockwise
Pin bias Knob : Fully anti-clockwise
Pin Mod frequency : Mid position
Mode switch : CW Mode
Setup for Study of V-I
characteristics of Gunn Diode
I-V Characteristics
of Gunn Oscillator
Note : Do not keep Gunn bias knob position at threshold
position for more than 10-15 seconds. Otherwise due to
excessive heating, Gunn Diode may burn.
Sr. No. V (Volt) I (A)
Precautions:
1. Do not keep Gunn bias knob position at the threshold position for more than 10-15
Seconds
2. Reading should be obtained as fast as possible otherwise due to excessive heat Gunn
diode may burn
3. Care should be taken such that the bias voltage should not exceed above 10V
Applications:
1. In radar transmitters.
2. Broadband linear amplifiers.
3 Low and medium power oscillator in microwave receivers.
4. Fast combinational and sequential logic circuits.
5. As pump sources in par amp.
Viva Voce:
Aim: To study the characteristics of multi-hole directional coupler by measuring the following parameters:
Coupling factor and directivity of coupler.
Apparatus required:
1. Microwave source
2. Isolator
3. Frequency meter
4. Variable attenuator
5. Slotted line
6. Tunable Probe
7. Detector mount
8. Matched Terminator
9. MHD coupler
10. Wave guide stand
11. Cables & accessories
12. VSWR meter
Theory:
A directional coupler is a device with it is possible to measure the incident and reflected wave separately. It
consists of two transmission line, the main arm and auxiliary arm, electromagnetically coupled to each
other. Refer to the figure. The power entering port 1 the main arm gets divided between port 2 and 3 and
almost no power comes out in port 4. Power entering port 2 is divided between port 1 and port 4.
Directional Coupler
With built-in termination and power is entering at port 1. The directivity of the coupler is a measure
of separation between incident and the reflected wave. It is measured as the ratio of two power outputs
from the auxiliary line when a given amount of power is successively applied to each terminal of the main
lines with the port terminated by material loads.
Hence
Procedure:
Applications:
1. It is used to measure incident and reflected powers
2. It can sample a small amount of micro power for measurement purposes.
3. Provides signal path to a receiver.
Result: The multi-hole directional coupler characteristic has been studied by measuring its parameters.
i. Coupling factor
ii. Isolation
iii. Insertion loss
iv. Directivity
Viva Voce:
Apparatus required:
1 Klystron Power Supply
2 Klystron tube
3 SWR meter
4 Isolator
5 Frequency meter
6 Variable attenuator
7 Slotted line
8 Tunable probe
9 Wave guide stand
10 Matched Termination
11 BNC cable
12 S-S tuner
Theory:
It is a ratio of maximum voltage to minimum voltage along a transmission line is called SWR, as ratio
of maximum to minimum current. SWR is measure of mismatch between load and line.
The electromagnetic field at any point of transmission line may be considered as the sum of two traveling
waves: the 'Incident Wave' propagates from generator and the reflected wave propagates towards the
generator. The reflected wave is set up by reflection of incident wave from a discontinuity on the line or
from the load impedance. The magnitude and phase of reflected wave depends upon amplitude and phase of
.the reflecting impedance. The superposition of two traveling waves, gives rise to standing wave along with
the line. The maximum field strength is found where two waves are in phase and minimum where the line
adds in opposite phase. The distance between two successive minimum (and maximum) is half the guide
wavelength on the line. The ratio of electrical field strength of reflected and incident wave is called
reflection between maximum and minimum field strength along the line.
Where
EI = Incident Voltage
Er = Reflected Voltage
Reflection Coefficient, ρ is
Precautions:
1. Keep all the knobs in minimum position before going to switch ‘ON’ the power supply of VSWR /
Klystron power supplies.
2. Note: For klystron power supply “HT” should be ‘OFF’ before switching ‘ON’ the main supply.
3. Beam knob should be completely in anticlockwise direction and repeller voltage knob should be
completely clockwise direction.
4. Switch on the main supply and give some warm up time to get current / accurate reading.
5. After the completion of experiment, before going to switch off the mains keep all the knobs in
minimum position (i.e.) as those are in rule 1.
6. If the main supply failed in the middle of the experiment, come to 1st condition (i.e.) keep all the
knobs in minimum positions and switch off main switches.
7. Don’t increase the repeller voltage more than -70 V (i.e.) it should be between -70V to -270V.
Applications:
Viva Voce:
1. Define VSWR.
2. Define reflection coefficient
3. What are the maxima and minima values of reflection coefficient?
4. What are the maxima and minima values of VSWR?
5. Mention the different techniques in measuring the VSWR.
6. Which method is used to measure VSWR>10.
7. What is the relation between VSWR and guided wavelength?
8. Explain about SS tuner.
9. Why standing waves are obtaining from transmission.
10. How to reduce standing waves?
5. WAVEGUIDE PARAMETER MEASUREMENT
Aim: To measure the frequency of microwave source and demonstrate the relationship among free space
wave length, guide wavelength and cut- off wavelength
Apparatus required :
1 Klystron Power Supply
2 Klystron tube
3 Isolator
4 Frequency meter
5 Variable attenuator
6 Slotted section
7 Tunable probe
8 Wave guide stand
9 SWR meter
10 Matched termination.
Theory:
For dominant TE10 mode in a rectangular waveguide the wavelengths λ 0, λc and λg are related by the
following equation
Where λ0 is the free space wavelength given by c/f and c=3*1010 cm/second
λc is the cutoff wavelength given by 2a where ‘a’ is the broad side measured inside the waveguide
Procedure:
5. Switch on the klystron Power Supply, SWR meter and cooling fan.
6. switch on Power Supply and set beam voltage at 300V with the help of beam voltage knob,
current around 15 to 20mA.
7. Adjust the reflector voltage to get some reading in SWR Meter.
8. Maximize the reading with AM amplitude and frequency control knob of Power Supply.
9. Tune the plunger of klystron mount for maximum reading.
10.Tune the reflector voltage knob for maximum reading on SWR meter. Tune the probe for
maximum reading in SWR meter.
11. Tune the frequency meter to get a 'dip' on SWR meter and note down the frequency
directly from frequency meter and detune the DRF
12. Move the tunable probe along with the slotted line to get the reading in SWR meter. Move the
tunable probe to a minimum reading position. To get accurate reading, it is necessary to increase
the SWR meter range dB switch to higher position, record the probe position i.e. d1
13. Move the probe to next minimum position and record the probe position again i.e. d2.
14. Calculate the guide wavelength as twice the distance between two successive minimum
positions obtained as above.
λg = 2 (d1- d2)
16. Measure the wave-guide inner broad dimension 'a' which will be around 22.86 mm for X band
and Calculate
λc = 2a
Precautions:
1. Keep all the knobs in minimum position before going to switch ‘ON’ the power supply of VSWR /
Klystron power supplies.
2. Note: For klystron power supply “HT” should be ‘OFF’ before switching ‘ON’ the main supply.
3. Beam knob should be completely in anticlockwise direction and repeller voltage knob should be
completely clockwise direction.
4. Switch on the main supply and give some warm up time to get current / accurate reading.
5. After the completion of experiment, before going to switch off the mains keep all the knobs in
minimum position (i.e.) as those are in rule 1.
6. If the main supply failed in the middle of the experiment, come to 1st condition (i.e.) keep all the
knobs in minimum positions and switch off main switches.
7. Don’t increase the repeller voltage more than -70 V(i.e.) it should be between -70V to -270V.
Applications:
Result:
Thus the frequency and wavelength of rectangular waveguide has been determined.
Frequency = ________
wave length = ________
Viva Voce:
Apparatus required:
1 Klystron Tube 2K25
2 Klystron Power Supply
3 Klystron Mount
4 Isolator
5 Frequency meter
6 Variable attenuator
7 Slotted Line
8 Tunable Probe
9 SWR meter
10 Wave guide stand
11 S.S. Tuner
12 Matched Termination.
Theory:
The impedance at any point of a transmission line can be written in the form R + jX. For comparison
SWR can be calculated as
Reflection Coefficient
Where
Zo = Characteristics impedance of w/g at operating frequency
Z = Load impedance at any point.
The measurement is performed in following way :
The unknown device is connected to the slotted line and the SWR = S o and the position of one
minima is determined. Then unknown device is replaced by movable short to the slotted line. Two
successive minima positions are noted. The twice of the difference between minima position will be guide-
wave length. One of the minima is used as reference for Impedance measurement. Find the difference
of reference minima and minima position obtained from unknown load. Let it be’d’. Take a Smith chart
taking '1' as center; draw a circle of radius equal to So. Mark a point on circumference of chart
towards load side at a distance equal to d/ g. Join the center
with this point. Find the point where it cut the drawn circle. The coordination of this point this will show
the normalized impedance of load.
Procedure:
1. Keep all the knobs in minimum position before going to switch ‘ON’ the power supply of VSWR /
Klystron power supplies.
2. For klystron power supply “HT” should be ‘OFF’ before switching ‘ON’ the main supply.
3. Beam knob should be completely in anticlockwise direction and repeller voltage knob should be
completely clockwise direction.
4. Switch on the main supply and give some warm up time to get current / accurate reading.
5. After the completion of experiment, before going to switch off the mains keep all the knobs in
minimum position (i.e.) as those are in rule 1.
6. If the main supply failed in the middle of the experiment, come to 1st condition (i.e.) keep all the
knobs in minimum positions and switch off main switches.
7. Don’t increase the repeller voltage more than -70V(i.e.) it should be between -70Vto -270V.
Result: The unknown impedance has been determined using smith chart.
Viva Voce:
1. What are the various methods used for the measurement of impedance?
2. How impedance can measured by using slotted line?
3. How can you determine whether the impedance is inductive or capacitive?
4. How impedance can be measured by using magic tee?
5. What is the purpose of slotted line for the measurement of impedance?
6. How impedance can be measured by using reflectometer?
7. What is the purpose of variable attenuator?
8. How impedance can be determined by using directional couplers?
9. Why standing waves are produced in the wave guide?
10. What is meant by reflection coefficient and how impedance can be determined?
Aim : To study the properties of magic tee and determine the scattering parameters of magic tee.
Apparatus required :
1. Microwave source
2. Isolator
3. Variable attenuator
4. Frequency meter
5. Slotted line
6. Tunable probe
7. Magic Tee
8. Matched termination
9. Wave guide stand
10. Detector mount
11. SWR meter and accessories.
Theory:
The device magic Tee is a-combination of the E and H plane Tee. Arm 3, the H-arm forms an H plane Tee
and arm 4, the E-arm forms an E plane Tee in combination with arm 1 and 2 a side or collinear arms. If
power is fed into arm 3 (H-arm) the electric field divides equally between arm 1 and 2 in the same phase,
and no electrical field exists in arm 4. Reciprocity demands no coupling in port 3 (H-arm). If power is fed
in arm 4 (E-arm), it divides equally into arm 1 and 2 but out of phase with no power to arm 3. Further, if
the power is fed from arm 1 and 2, it is added in arm 3 (H-arm), and it is subtracted in E-arm, i.e. arm 4.
Magic Tee
The basic parameters to be measured for magic Tee are defined below
1. Input SWR
Value of SWR corresponding to each port, as a load to the line while other ports are terminated in matched
load
2. Isolation
The isolation between E and H arms is defined as the ratio of the power supplied by the generator
connected to the E-arm (port 4) to the power detected at H -arm (port 3) when side arms I and 2 are
terminated in matched load.
Hence,
P4
Hence, Isolation(dB) = 10 log 10 P3
C. Coupling coefficient,
It is defined as C ij = 10 – α /2 °
Where α is attenuation / isolation in dB, i is input arm and ' j* is output arm.
Pi
Thus α = 10 log 10 Pj
Precautions:
1. Keep all the knobs in minimum position before going to switch ‘ON’ the power supply of VSWR /
Klystron power supplies.
2. For klystron power supply “HT” should be ‘OFF’ before switching ‘ON’ the main supply.
3. Beam knob should be completely in anticlockwise direction and repeller voltage knob should be
completely clockwise direction.
4. Switch on the main supply and give some warm up time to get current / accurate reading.
5. After the completion of experiment, before going to switch off the mains keep all the knobs in
minimum position (i.e.) as those are in rule 1.
6. If the main supply failed in the middle of the experiment, come to 1st condition (i.e.) keep all the
knobs in minimum positions and switch off main switches.
7. Don’t increase the repeller voltage more than -70V(i.e.) it should be between -70Vto 270V.
Applications:
1. Used for the measurement of impedance.
2. It is used as a duplexer.
3. Used as a mixer.
4. Is used in microwave discriminator, Microwave Bridge
Result: Thus, we have studied the functions of magic tee by measuring its parameters.
Viva Voce:
Aim: To study the properties of 3-port circulator and determine the scattering parameters of circulator.
Apparatus required :
1. Microwave source
2. Power Supply for source
3. Isolators
4. Circulators
5. Frequency meter
6. Variable attenuator
7. Slotted line
8. Tunable probe
9. Detector mount
10. SWR meter
11. Test isolation and
12. Circulation and accessories
Theory:
Isolator: An isolator is a two-port device that transfers energy from input to output with little attenuation
and from output to input with very high attenuation.
Circulator: The circulator is defined as a device with ports arranged such that energy entering a port is
coupled to an adjacent port but not coupled to other ports. Refer to the figure. A wave incident on port 1 is
coupled to port 2 only, a wave incident at port
2 is coupled to port 3 only and so on.
Following are the basic parameters of isolator and circulator for study
1. Insertion loss
The ratio of power supplied by a source to the input port to the power detected by a detector in the
coupling arm, i.e. output arm with other port terminated in the matched load, is defined as insertion
loss or forward loss. .
2. Isolation
It is the ratio of power fed to input arm to the power detected at not coupled port with other port
terminated in the matched load
3. Input VSWR
The input VSWR of an isolator or circulator is the ratio of voltage maximum to voltage minimum of
the standing wave existing on the line when one port of it terminates the line and other have matched
termination.
Note: When port which is not coupled to input port is terminated by matched termination
it marks as Isolator. (Two port device).
Procedure:
1. Input VSWR Measurement
a Set up the components and equipments as shown in the figure 37 with input port of
isolator or circulator towards slotted line and matched load on other ports of it
a. Remove the probe and isolator or circulator from slotted line and connect the detector
mount to the slotted section. The output of the detector mount should be connected SWR
meter.
b. Energize the microwave source for maximum output particular frequency of operation. Tune the
detector mount for maximum output in the SWR Meter.
c. Set any reference level of power in SWR meter with the help of variable attenuator and gain
control knob of SWR meter. Let it be P1.
d. Carefully remove the detector mount from slotted line without disturbing the position of set up.
Insert the isolator/circulator between slotted line and detector mount. Keeping input port to
slotted line and detector at its output port. A matched termination should be placed a third port
in case of circulator
e. Record the reading in the SWR meter. If necessary change range -dB switch to high or lower
position and 10dB change for one step change of switch position. Let it be P2.
f. Compute insertion loss on P1 – P2 in dB.
g. For measurement of isolation, the isolator or circulator has to be connected in
reverse i.e. output port to slotted line and detector to input port with another port terminated
by matched termination (in case circulator) after setting a reference level without isolator or
circulator in the set up as described in insertion loss measurement. Let same P1 level is set.
h. Record the reading of SWR meter inserting the isolator or circulator as given in step 7. Let
it be P3.
i. Compute isolation as P1 - P3 in dB.
j. The same experiment can be done for other ports of circulator.
k. Repeat the above experiment for other frequencies if required.
Precautions:
1. Keep all the knobs in minimum position before going to switch ‘ON’ the power supply of VSWR /
Klystron power supplies.
Note: For klystron power supply “HT” should be ‘OFF’ before switching ‘ON’ the main supply.
2. Beam knob should be completely in anticlockwise direction and repeller voltage knob should be
completely clockwise direction.
3. Switch on the main supply and give some warm up time to get current / accurate reading.
4. After the completion of experiment, before going to switch off the mains keep all the knobs in
minimum position (i.e.) as those are in rule 1.
5. If the main supply failed in the middle of the experiment, come to 1st condition (i.e.) keep all the
knobs in minimum positions and switch off main switches.
6. Don’t increase the repeller voltage more than -70 V (i.e.) it should be between -70Vto -270V.
Applications:
1. Used as duplexer for a radar antenna system.
2. Two three port circulators can be used in tunnel diode or parametric amplifiers.
3. Used as low power devices as they can handle low powers only.
Result:
Thus, the circulator has been studied. The scattering matrix has been founded. The insertion loss and isolation
have been measured.
Insertion Loss = _____dB
Isolation = ________ dB
Viva Voce:
1. What is the principle involved in circulators?
2. What is Faraday rotation?
3. Why the power applied at one port is given to the next clockwise port only but not to other ports?
4. Explain briefly the construction of circulator?
5. Where circulators are extensively used?
6. What is the peculiar property of ferrites?
7. What are the types of polarized waves present in circulators?
8. Given expression for angle of rotation.
9. What are the microwave devices that make use of Faraday rotation?
10. What are the differences between circulator and isolator?
9. ATTENUATION MEASUREMENT
Apparatus required:
1 Microwave source
2 Isolator
3 Frequency meter
4 Variable attenuator
5 Slotted line
6 Tunable probe
7 Detector mount
8 Matched termination
9 SWR meter.
Theory:
The attenuators are two port bi-directional devices which attenuate power when inserted
into the transmission line
Note :
For measuring frequency sensitivity of variable attenuator the position of micrometer reading of
the variable attenuator should be same for all frequencies in operation.
Variable Attenuator:
Attenuation = P2 – P1 (dB)=
Precautions:
1. Keep all the knobs in minimum position before going to switch ‘ON’ the power supply of VSWR /
Klystron power supplies.
2. Note: For klystron power supply “HT” should be ‘OFF’ before switching ‘ON’ the main supply.
3. Beam knob should be completely in anticlockwise direction and repeller voltage knob should be
completely clockwise direction.
4. Switch on the main supply and give some warm up time to get current / accurate reading.
5. After the completion of experiment, before going to switch off the mains keep all the knobs in minimum
position (i.e.) as those are in rule 1.
6. If the main supply failed in the middle of the experiment, come to 1st condition (i.e.) keep all the knobs in
minimum positions and switch off main switches.
7. Don’t increase the repeller voltage more than -70V (i.e.) it should be between -70Vto 270V.
Applications:
Attenuators mainly used for
Viva Voce:
Aim: To determine the frequency and wavelength of a microwave source in a rectangular waveguide.
Apparatus required:
1 Klystron Power Supply
2 Klystron tube
3 Isolator
4 Frequency meter
5 Variable attenuator
6 Slotted section
7 Tunable probe
8 Wave guide stand
9 SWR meter
10 Matched termination.
Theory:
Procedure:
5. Switch on the klystron Power Supply, SWR meter and cooling fan.
6. switch on Power Supply and set beam voltage at 300V with the help of beam voltage knob,
current around 15 to 20mA.
7. Adjust the reflector voltage to get some reading in SWR Meter.
8. Maximize the reading with AM amplitude and frequency control knob of Power Supply.
9. Tune the plunger of klystron mount for maximum reading.
10. Tune the reflector voltage knob for maximum reading on SWR meter. Tune the probe for
maximum reading in SWR meter.
11. Tune the frequency meter to get a 'dip' on SWR meter and note down the frequency
directly from frequency meter and detune the DRF
12. Move the tunable probe along with the slotted line to get the reading in SWR meter. Move the
tunable probe to a minimum reading position. To get accurate reading, it is necessary to increase
the SWR meter range dB switch to higher position, record the probe position i.e. d1
13. Move the probe to next minimum position and record the probe position again i.e. d2.
14. Calculate the guide wavelength as twice the distance between two successive minimum
positions obtained as above.
λg = 2 (d1- d2)
16. Measure the wave-guide inner broad dimension 'a' which will be around 22.86 mm for X band
and Calculate
λc = 2a
1. Keep all the knobs in minimum position before going to switch ‘ON’ the power supply of VSWR /
Klystron power supplies.
2. Note: For klystron power supply “HT” should be ‘OFF’ before switching ‘ON’ the main supply.
3. Beam knob should be completely in anticlockwise direction and repeller voltage knob should be
completely clockwise direction.
4. Switch on the main supply and give some warm up time to get current / accurate reading.
5. After the completion of experiment, before going to switch off the mains keep all the knobs in
minimum position (i.e.) as those are in rule 1.
6. If the main supply failed in the middle of the experiment, come to 1st condition (i.e.) keep all the
knobs in minimum positions and switch off main switches.
7. Don’t increase the repeller voltage more than -70 V(i.e.) it should be between -70V to -270V.
Applications:
Result:
Thus the frequency and wavelength of rectangular waveguide has been determined.
Frequency = ________
wave length = ________
Viva Voice:
1. How slotted line technique is used to measure frequency and wavelength?
2. What is the purpose of slotted line in the microwave bench?
3. What is meant by guide wavelength?
4. Bring out a relationship between the guide wave length and cut of wavelength?
5. How the guide wavelength can be determined by using the slotted line?
6. What is the purpose of crystal detector probe?
7. Which technique is preferable for the measurement of frequency?
8. What is the cut of wavelength of the dominant mode in the wave guide?
9. How waveguide acts as a high pass filter?
10. What type of wave is propagating in the wave guide?
E-PLANE TEE
AIM:To study the properties of E-plane tee and determine the S-parameters of E-plane tee.
APPARATUS :
1 Klystron power supply SKPS – 610
2 Klystron tube 2k25
3 Klystron mount xm-251
4 Isolator XI-621
5 Frequency meter XF-710
6 Variable attenuator XA-520
7 Detector mount XD-451
8 Waveguide stands X4-535
9 VSWR meter SW-215
10 Movable short XT-481
11 Matched termination XL-400
12 Slotted section XS-651
13 Tunable probe XP-655
14.E-Plane Tee
DESCRIPTION OF EQUIPMENT:
The model Klystron Power Supply SKPS-610 is general purpose laboratory power
supply which is specially designed to use for reflex klystron tubes of S to X band frequency
range. It is reliable power source with very high regulation and low ripple contents.
The klystron power supply SKPS-610 has built in modulation facilities of amplitude
and frequency modulation. Amplitude modulation can be applied with 0-110V (p.p.) Square
wave and with frequency of 500 Hz to 2.5 KHz. This amplitude modulation is generally used
along with VSWR measurements in slotted line technique. Frequency modulation is used for
direct study of klystron modes on the Oscilloscope. Pure carrier wave operation and in
external modulation facilities is also provided with the instrument for generalized use.
The klystron power supply also provides all the other D.C. Voltages required for
operation of reflex klystron tube such as beam, heater and reflector voltage. The ranges of all
these voltages are given in the specification data sheet.
2. Klystron tube 2k25
The klystron tube 2k25 is a single cavity variable frequency microwave generator of low
power and low efficiency. It consists of an electron gun, a filament surrounded by cathode
and a focusing electrode at cathode potential. The electrons emitted by the cathode travel
towards the reflector through an anode kept at higher potential compared to the cathode.
When they approach the anode, the electrons form bunches and the bunches ultimately return
towards the anode cavity after traveling a small distance towards the reflector. The power is
taken from the anode reentrant cavity.
3. Isolator XI-621
It is a two port device which provides very small amount of attenuation for transmission from
port 1 to port 2 and provides maximum attenuation for transmission from port 2 to port 1. It
is very much desirable when we want to match a source with variable load. It allows power
flow only from the generator towards the load and suppresses any reflected power.
It is also called wave meter. Usual construction of it consist a cylindrical cavity mounted on a
shaft. By rotating the shaft the volume in the cavity is changed and it becomes resonant and
gives minimum impedance at the resonant frequency. The scale calibrated and the resonant
frequency can be directly read from the scale after observing a dip in the output meter.
This is a wave guide piece having a groove on the lateral side. By rotating the screw the
depth of penetration of resistive pad changes, there by introducing some attenuation.
Attenuators are commonly used for measuring power game or loss in dBs for providing
isolation between instruments for reducing the power input to a particular stage to prevent
over loading and also for providing the signal generators with means of calibrating there
outputs accurately. Variable attenuator provide continuous or step wise variable attenuation.
AVSWR meter basically consists of a high gain, high Q low noise voltage amplifier normally
tuned at a fixed frequency at which the microwave signal is modulated. The VSWR meter
uses the detector signal out of the microwave detector as its input, amplifies the same and
provides the output on the calibrated volt meter. The meter itself can be calibrated in terms
of VSWR
7. E plane tee
It is a three port device port one and port two are collinear arms and port 3 is E arm. A
rectangular slot is cut along with broader side dimension of along wave length and the side
arm is attached forms e plane tee. Port one and Port two will have phase shift of 180 degrees.
THEORY:
A rectangular slot is cut along the broader dimension of a long waveguide and a side
arm is attached. Ports (1) and ports (2) are the collinear arms and port (3) is the E-arm. When
TE10 mode is made to propagate into port (3), the two outputs at port 1 and port 2 will have a
phase shift of 180 degrees. Since the electric field lines change their direction when they
come out of port 1 and port 2 it is E-plane Tee. E-plane Tee is a voltage or series junction
symmetrical about the control arm. Hence any signals that is to be split or any two signal that
are to be combined will be fed from the E-arm.
The scattering matrix of an E-plane Tee can be used to describe its properties. In
general, the power out of port 3 is proportional to the difference between instantaneous
powers entering from ports 1 and 2.
Also the effective value of power leaving the E-arm is proportional to the phasor
difference between the powers entering ports 1 and 2. When the power enters through the
main arm, the maximum energy comes out from the port 3 or E-arm. Since it is a three port
junction the scattering matrix can be derived as follows.
BLOCK DIAGRAM:
I. PROCEDURE:
i. Set up the components and equipments.
ii. Energize the micro-source for particular frequency of operation.
iii. Set any reference level of power on VSWR meter with help of variable attenuator
gain control knob of VSWR meter and note down the reading (reference level let x)
iv.Insert the E-plane tee as shown in figure with detector to the port 1 and input as port 3 and
matched termination to port 2 without changing position of variable attenuator and
gain control knob of VSWR meter.
v. Note down the reading on VSWR meter on the scale with the help of range dB switch if
required.
vi. Without disturbing the position of variable attenuator and gain control knob. Carefully
place the E-plane tee after slot frequency meter and matched termination to port 1
note the reading of VSWR meter. Let it be S32.
vii. Determine the amount of power coming out of port 1 or port 2 due to input at port 3.
viii. The same experiment may be repeated for other ports also.
ix. Repeat the above experiment and other frequencies.
II. OBSERVATIONS:
Matched
Input Port Output Port Termination Power
outputs
1 2 3 P2
1 3 2 P3
2 1 3 P4
2 3 1 P5
3 1 2 P6
3 2 1 P7
1 1 2,3 P8
2 2 1,3 P9
3 3 1,2 P10
III. CALCULATIONS:
Insertion Loss = P1 – P2
IV. GRAPH:
V. RESULT:
We observed the properties of the E-plane Tee and also determined the various scattering
parameters of E-plane Tee.
VI. INFERENCES:
i. In the E-plane Tee, the power applied at port 3 is divided equally between port 1 and port 2
and they are out of phase.
ii. If equal powers are applied at port 1 and port 2 the power output at port 3 is 0.
VII. PRECAUTIONS:
i. Keep all the knobs in minimum position before going to switch ‘ON’ the power supply of
VSWR / Klystron power supplies.
Note: For klystron power supply “HT” should be ‘OFF’ before switching ‘ON’ the
main supply.
ii. Beam knob should be completely in anticlockwise direction and repeller voltage knob
should be completely clockwise direction.
iii.Switch on the main supply and give some warm up time to get current / accurate reading.
iv. After the completion of experiment, before going to switch off the mains keep all the
knobs in minimum position (i.e.) as those are in rule 1.
v. If the main supply failed in the middle of the experiment, come to 1st condition (i.e.) keep
all the knobs in minimum positions and switch off main switches.
vi.Don’t increase the repeller voltage more than -70 V(i.e.) it should be between -70Vto
-270V.
VIII. APPLICATIONS:
IX. EXTENSIONS:
Two power sources can be applied at port 1 and port 2 and power can be observed at port 3.
X. TROUBLE SHOOTING:
FAULT DIAGNOSIS
XI. QUESTIONS:
i. In terms of construction, bring out the difference between E-plane tee and H-plane tee.
ii. When TE10 mode is propagated into port 3 then, what are the power outputs at port 2 and
port 3.
iii. Why E-plane tee is called as series tee?
iv.What are the properties of scattering parameters?
v. If equal inputs are applied at port 1 and port 2 then what is the power output at port 3.
vi. In the E-plane tee what port is perfectly matched to the junction.
vii. Explain about the properties of the E-plane tee.
viii. What is the difference between E-plane tee and H-plane tee?
ix. If the power is applied only at port 3 then what are the power outputs at port 1 and
port 2.
x. Bring out the values of the various scattering parameters of E-plane tee.
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