0% found this document useful (0 votes)
261 views49 pages

Microwave Lab Manual For R16 - NBA

Manual which provides the clear explanation of all the experiments including description about microwave bench setup

Uploaded by

rukumbai
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOC, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
0% found this document useful (0 votes)
261 views49 pages

Microwave Lab Manual For R16 - NBA

Manual which provides the clear explanation of all the experiments including description about microwave bench setup

Uploaded by

rukumbai
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOC, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 49

MICROWAVE ENGINEERING LAB

1. REFLEX KLYSTRON CHARACTERISTICS

Aim: To study the characteristics of the reflex klystron tube and to determine its electronic tuning
range.

Apparatus required:

1 Klystron Power Supply


2 Klystron tube with Klystron mount
3 Isolator
4 Frequency meter
5 Variable attenuator
6 Detector mount
7 Wave guide stand
8 SWR meter and Oscilloscope
9 BNC cable
Theory:
The Reflex Klystron makes the use of velocity modulation to transform a continuous electron
beam into microwave power. Electrons emitted from the cathode are accelerated & passed through
the positive resonator towards negative reflector, which retards and finally, reflects the electrons
and the electrons turn back through the resonator. Suppose an rf-field exists between the resonators
the electrons traveling forward will be accelerated or retarded, as the voltage at the resonator
changes in amplitude.

Department of ECE, BVRIT HYDERABAD College of Engineering for Women Page 1


MICROWAVE ENGINEERING LAB

S
c
h
e
m
a
ti
c
s
D
ia
g
r
a
m

o
f
K
ly
st
r
o
n
2
K
2
5

Department of ECE, BVRIT HYDERABAD College of Engineering for Women Page 2


MICROWAVE ENGINEERING LAB
The accelerated electrons leave the resonator at an increased velocity and the retarded
electrons leave at the reduced velocity. The electrons leaving the resonator will need
different time to return, due to change in velocities. As a result, returning electrons
group together in bunches, as the electron bunches pass through resonator, they
interact with voltage at resonator grids. If the bunches pass the grid at such a time that
the electrons are slowed down by the voltage then energy will be delivered to the
resonator; and Klystron will oscillate. Above Figure shows the relationship between
output power, frequency and reflector voltages.

Department of ECE, BVRIT HYDERABAD College of Engineering for Women Page 3


MICROWAVE ENGINEERING LAB

Square Wave modulation of


the Klystron
The frequency is primarily determined by the dimensions
of resonant cavity. Hence, by changing the volume of
resonator, mechanical tuning of klystron is possible. Also, a
small frequency change can be obtained by adjusting the
reflector voltage. This is called Electronic Tuning
The same result can be obtained, if the modulation voltage is
applied on the reflector voltage as shown in the above figure
Procedure:
Ca
rri
er
W
av
e
O
pe
ra
tio
n:
1. Connect the components and
equipments as shown in figure

Setup for
study of
Klystron Tube

Department of ECE, BVRIT HYDERABAD College of Engineering for Women Page 4


2. Set the Variable Attenuator at the maximum position (at no attenuation).
3. Set the mode switch of klystron Power Supply to CW position, beam voltage
control knob to full anti-clock wise and reflector voltage control knob to fully
clock wise and the meter select to Beam position.
4. Keep SWR meter at 50dB attenuation and coarse and fine potentiometers on
mid position and crystal impedance at 200ohm.
5. Keep SWR/dB switch at dB position.
6. Set the multi-meter in DC microampere range.
7. Switch 'On' the klystron Power Supply & cooling fan for klystron tube.
8. Set the meter select to beam voltage position and rotate beam voltage knob
clockwise slowly. Observe beam current on the meter by changing the meter
switch to beam current position. 'The beam current should not increase more
than 25mA.
9. Change the reflector voltage slowly and observe the reading on the SWR meter.
Set the voltage for maximum reading in the meter. If no reading is obtained,
change the plunger position of klystron mount and detector mount. Select the
appropriate range on SWR Meter. Now replace SWR meter to multi-meter.
10. Tune the plunger of klystron mount for the maximum output.
11. Rotate the knob of frequency meter slowly and stop at that position, when there
is less output current on multi-meter. Read directly the frequency between two
horizontal line and vertical line markers. If micro meter type frequency meter is
used, read micrometer frequency and find the frequency from its calibration
chart.
Square Wave Operation:
1. Connect the equipments and components as shown in the figure
2. Set Micrometer of variable
attenuator for no attenuation.
3. Set the range switch of SWR meter at appropriate
position, crystal selector switch to 200ohm impedance
position, mode select to normal position.
4. Now in KPS Set Modulation selector switch to
AM- Mod. Position. Beam voltage control knob to
fully anticlockwise position. Reflector voltage control
knob to the fully clockwise position and meter select
switch to 'beam' position.
5. Switch ‘On’ the Klystron Power Supply, SWR meter and cooling fan.
6. Change the beam voltage knob clockwise up to 300V.
7. Keep the AM amplitude knob and AM frequency knob at the mid-position.
8. Rotate the reflector voltage knob to get reading in SWR meter.
9. Rotate the AM amplitude knob to get the maximum output in SWR meter.
10. Maximize the reading by adjusting the frequency control knob of AM.
11. If necessary, change the range switch of SWR meter if the Reading in SWR
meter is greater than 0.0db or less than -10dB in normal Mode respectively.
Further the output can also be reduced by Variable Attenuator for setting the
output for any particular position.
12. Connect oscilloscope in place of SWR Meter and observe the square wave
across detector mount on the Oscilloscope..
Mode Study on Oscilloscope:
1. Set up the components and equipments as shown in figure 8
2. Set Mode selector switch to FM-Mode position with FM amplitude and FM
frequency knob at mid position. Keep beam voltage control knob fully
anticlockwise and reflector voltage knob to fully clockwise.

3. Keep the time/division scale of Oscilloscope around 100Hz frequency


measurement and volt/ div to lower scale.
4. Switch ‘On’ the klystron Power Supply and oscilloscope.
5. Keep the meter switch of klystron Power Supply to beam voltage position and
set beam voltage to 300V by beam voltage control knob.
6. Keep amplitude knob of FM modulator to maximum position and rotate the
reflector voltage anti-clockwise to get modes as shown in figure 9 on the
oscilloscope. The horizontal axis represents reflector voltage axis, and vertical
axis represents output power.
7. By changing the reflector voltage and amplitude of FM modulation, any mode
of Klystron tube can be seen on an Oscilloscope.
S.No. Repeller voltage (V) Output Frequency

Precautions:

1. Keep all the knobs in minimum position before going to switch ‘ON’ the power
supply of VSWR / Klystron power supplies.
2. For klystron power supply “HT” should be ‘OFF’ before switching ‘ON’ the
main supply.
3. Beam knob should be completely in anticlockwise direction and repeller voltage
knob should be completely clockwise direction.
4. Switch on the main supply and give some warm up time to get current / accurate
reading.
5. After the completion of experiment, before going to switch off the mains keep all
the knobs in minimum position (i.e.) as those are in rule 1.
6. If the main supply failed in the middle of the experiment, come to 1st condition
(i.e.) keep all the knobs in minimum positions and switch off main switches.
7. Don’t increase the repeller voltage more than -70V(i.e.) it should be between
-70Vto - 270V.
Applications:

This is most widely used in applications where variable frequency is desired.

1. In radar receivers
2. Local oscillator in microwave receivers
3. Signal source in microwave generator of variable frequency
4. Pump oscillator in parametric amplifier.
Result: Hence the characteristics of the reflex – klystron has been studied

Viva voce:
1. Explain the operation of the reflex klystron tube.
2. What is the basic principle involved in microwave tubes.
3. What is the difference between velocity modulation and current density
modulation?
4. What happens to the power output as the repeller voltage increases?
5. What are the various modes of operation in the reflex klystron.
6. How electronic tuning is achievable in klystron.
7. What changes occurs in the frequency due to the repeller voltage variation.
8. What is the maximum theoretical efficiency, frequency range of the reflex
klystron?
9. How bunching is achieved in reflex klystron.
10. What is the advantage of reflex klystron over two cavity klystron?

2. GUNN DIODE CHARACTERISTICS


Aim: To study Gunn oscillator as a source of a microwave power and hence to study V-
I characteristics

Apparatus required:
1. Gunn oscillator
2. Gun Power Supply
3. PIN modulator
4. Isolator
5. Frequency meter
6. Variable attenuator
7. Detector mount
8. Wave guide stands
9. SWR Meter
10. Cables and accessories.
Theory:
The Gunn Oscillator is based on negative differential conductivity effect in bulk
semiconductors, which has two conduction bands minima separated by an energy gap
(greater than thermal agitation energies). A disturbance at the cathode gives rise to
high field region, which travels towards the anode. When this high field domain
reaches the anode, it disappears and another domain is formed at the cathode and
starts moving towards anode and so on. The time required for domain to travel from
cathode to anode (transit time) gives oscillation frequency.
In a Gunn Oscillator, the Gunn diode is placed in a resonant cavity. In this case the
Oscillation frequency is determined by cavity dimension. Although Gunn oscillator
can be amplitude modulated with the bias voltage. We have used separate PIN
modulator through PIN diode for square wave modulation.
A measure of the square wave modulation capability is the modulation depth i.e. the
output ratio between, ‘On’ and ‘Off’ state.
Procedure:
1. Set the components and equipment as shown in the figure 15.
2. Initially set the variable attenuator for maximum attenuation.
3. Keep the control knob of Gunn Power Supply as below:
Gunn Bias Knob : Fully anticlockwise
Pin bias Knob : Fully anti-clockwise
Pin Mod frequency : Mid position
Mode switch : CW Mode
Setup for Study of V-I
characteristics of Gunn Diode

4. Keep the control knob of


SWR meter as below:
Range dB :
50 dB position Crystal
: 200 ohm
Mode Switch : Normal
Position
Gain (Course & Fine) : Mid
Position
SWR/dB switch : dB position
5. Set the micrometer of Gunn Oscillator for required
frequency of operation.
6. Switch ‘On’ the Gunn Power Supply SWR Meter and
cooling fan.
7. Measure the Gunn diode current corresponding to the
various voltage controlled by Gunn bias knob through
the panel, do not exceed the bias voltage above 10
volts.
8. Plot the voltage and current reading on the graph as
shown in figure 16
9. Measure the threshold voltage which, corresponds to
maximum current.

I-V Characteristics
of Gunn Oscillator
Note : Do not keep Gunn bias knob position at threshold
position for more than 10-15 seconds. Otherwise due to
excessive heating, Gunn Diode may burn.
Sr. No. V (Volt) I (A)

Precautions:
1. Do not keep Gunn bias knob position at the threshold position for more than 10-15
Seconds
2. Reading should be obtained as fast as possible otherwise due to excessive heat Gunn
diode may burn
3. Care should be taken such that the bias voltage should not exceed above 10V

Applications:
1. In radar transmitters.
2. Broadband linear amplifiers.
3 Low and medium power oscillator in microwave receivers.
4. Fast combinational and sequential logic circuits.
5. As pump sources in par amp.

Result : The V-I characteristics of Gunn diode has been observed.

The threshold voltage is _______

Viva Voce:

1. What is the principle involved in Gunn diode?


2. What are the various characteristics of Gunn diode?
3. How negative resistance region is achieved in Gunn diode?
4. Explain about the two valley theory.
5. Compare TEDS with the microwave transistors.
6. What are the various modes of operation possible in Gunn diode?
7. How domain is formed in Gunn diode?
8. When the transit time domain mode is formed?
9. What is the principle involved in TEDS?
10. In which mode of operation the power output and efficiency is high.
3. DIRECTIONAL COUPLER CHARACTERISTICS

Aim: To study the characteristics of multi-hole directional coupler by measuring the following parameters:
Coupling factor and directivity of coupler.

Apparatus required:
1. Microwave source
2. Isolator
3. Frequency meter
4. Variable attenuator
5. Slotted line
6. Tunable Probe
7. Detector mount
8. Matched Terminator
9. MHD coupler
10. Wave guide stand
11. Cables & accessories
12. VSWR meter

Theory:
A directional coupler is a device with it is possible to measure the incident and reflected wave separately. It
consists of two transmission line, the main arm and auxiliary arm, electromagnetically coupled to each
other. Refer to the figure. The power entering port 1 the main arm gets divided between port 2 and 3 and
almost no power comes out in port 4. Power entering port 2 is divided between port 1 and port 4.

Directional Coupler

Coupling (db) = 10 log10 P1/ P3 : where port 2 is terminated

Isolation = 10 log10 P2 / P3 : where port 1 is terminated

With built-in termination and power is entering at port 1. The directivity of the coupler is a measure
of separation between incident and the reflected wave. It is measured as the ratio of two power outputs
from the auxiliary line when a given amount of power is successively applied to each terminal of the main
lines with the port terminated by material loads.
Hence

Directivity 0 (dB) = Isolation - Coupling = 10 log10 P2 / P1


Main line VSWR is SWR measured looking into the main line input terminal when the matched loads
are placed. At all other ports.
Auxiliary line VSWR is SWR measured in the auxiliary line looking into the output terminal, when the
matched loads are placed on other terminals.
Main line insertion loss is the attenuation introduced in transmission line by insertion of coupler. It is
defined as insertion:

Loss 10 log10 P1 / P2 : when power is entering at port 1

Procedure:

Setup for measurement of Directional Coupler Characteristics

Main Line SWR Measurement


a. Set up the equipments as shown in the figure 31
b. Energize the microwave source for particular frequency operation as described.
(procedures given in the operation of klystron and Gunn oscillator)
c. Follow the procedure as described for SWR measurement experiment
(Low and medium SWR measurement).
d. Repeat the same for other frequency.

Auxiliary Line SWR Measurement

a. Set up the components and equipments as shown in the figure.


b. Energize the microwave source for particular frequency operation as described Operation of
Klystron and Gunn Oscillator
c. Measure SWR as described in the experiment of SWR measurement (low and medium SWR
Measurement).
d. Repeat the same for other frequencies

Measurement of Coupling Factor, Insertion Loss

a. Set up the equipments as shown in the figure.


b. Energize the microwave source for particular frequency operation as described operation of
Klystron.
c. Remove the multi-hole directional coupler and connect the detector mount to the frequency meter.
Tune the detector for the maximum output.
d. Set any reference level of power on SWR meter with the help of variable attenuator, gain control
Knob of SWR meter, and note down the reading. (Reference level let it be X)
e. Insert the directional coupler as shown in second figure with detector to the auxiliary port 3 and
Matched termination to port 2, without changing the position of variable attenuator and gain
Control knob of SWR meter.
f. Note down the reading on SWR meter on the scale with the help of range- dB switch if required.
(Let it be Y)
g. Calculate coupling factor, which will be X-Y in dB.
h. Now carefully disconnect the detector from the auxiliary port 3 and match termination from port
2 without disturbing the set-up.
i. Connect the matched termination to the auxiliary port 3 and detector to port 2 and measure the
Reading on SWR meter. Suppose it is Z.
j. Compute insertion loss X-Z in dB.
k. Repeat the steps from 1 to 4.
l. Connect the directional coupler in the reverse direction, i.e. port 2 to frequency meter side,
matched termination to port 1 and detector mount to port 3, without disturbing the position of the
variable attenuator and gain control knob of SWR meter.
m. Measure and note down the reading on VSWR meter; let it be Yd.
n. Compute the directivity as Y-Yd
o. Repeat the same for other frequencies.
Precautions:
1. Keep all the knobs in minimum position before going to switch ‘ON’ the power supply of VSWR /
Klystron power supplies.
2. For klystron power supply “HT” should be ‘OFF’ before switching ‘ON’ the main supply.
3. Beam knob should be completely in anticlockwise direction and repeller voltage knob should be
completely clockwise direction.
4. Switch on the main supply and give some warm up time to get current / accurate reading.
5. After the completion of experiment, before going to switch off the mains keep all the knobs in
minimum position (i.e.) as those are in rule 1.
6. If the main supply failed in the middle of the experiment, come to 1st condition (i.e.) keep all the
knobs in minimum positions and switch off main switches.
7. Don’t increase the repeller voltage more than -70V(i.e.) it should be between -70V to -270V.

Applications:
1. It is used to measure incident and reflected powers
2. It can sample a small amount of micro power for measurement purposes.
3. Provides signal path to a receiver.
Result: The multi-hole directional coupler characteristic has been studied by measuring its parameters.
i. Coupling factor
ii. Isolation
iii. Insertion loss
iv. Directivity
Viva Voce:

1. What is the purpose of employing directional couplers?


2. What are the desirable operations that can be performed by the directional coupler?
3. What is coupling factor?
4. What is significance of directivity?
5. What are the scattering parameters of directional coupler?
6. What should be the distance between the holes in the multi-hole directional coupler?
7. How high amount of directivity can be achieved in with directional coupler?
8. List out different types of directional couplers?
9. What is the main advantage of using directional coupler?
10. Explain briefly the operation of directional coupler.
4. STANDING WAVE-RATIO AND REFLECTION COEFFICIENT

Aim: To determine the Standing Wave-Ratio and Reflection Coefficient

Apparatus required:
1 Klystron Power Supply
2 Klystron tube
3 SWR meter
4 Isolator
5 Frequency meter
6 Variable attenuator
7 Slotted line
8 Tunable probe
9 Wave guide stand
10 Matched Termination
11 BNC cable
12 S-S tuner

Theory:
It is a ratio of maximum voltage to minimum voltage along a transmission line is called SWR, as ratio
of maximum to minimum current. SWR is measure of mismatch between load and line.
The electromagnetic field at any point of transmission line may be considered as the sum of two traveling
waves: the 'Incident Wave' propagates from generator and the reflected wave propagates towards the
generator. The reflected wave is set up by reflection of incident wave from a discontinuity on the line or
from the load impedance. The magnitude and phase of reflected wave depends upon amplitude and phase of
.the reflecting impedance. The superposition of two traveling waves, gives rise to standing wave along with
the line. The maximum field strength is found where two waves are in phase and minimum where the line
adds in opposite phase. The distance between two successive minimum (and maximum) is half the guide
wavelength on the line. The ratio of electrical field strength of reflected and incident wave is called
reflection between maximum and minimum field strength along the line.

Double Minima Method


Hence SWR denoted by S is
E max
S=
E min

Where
EI = Incident Voltage
Er = Reflected Voltage
Reflection Coefficient, ρ is

The above equation gives following equation

Setup for SWR measurement

1. Set up the equipment as shown in the figure 12


2. Keep variable attenuator at maximum-position (at no attenuation).
3. Keep the control knobs of SWR Meter as below :
Range dB : 50 dB position Crystal : 200 ohm
Mode Switch : Normal Position
Gain (Coarse & Fine) : Mid Position
SWR/dB switch : dB position
4. Keep the control knobs of klystron Power Supply as below:
Mod-Switch : AM
Beam Voltage Knob : Fully Anticlockwise
Reflector Voltage Knob : Fully clockwise
AM Frequency & amplitude Knob : Mid Position
5. Switch ‘On’ the klystron Power Supply, SWR meter and cooling fan.
6. Keep the meter switch of klystron Power Supply to beam Voltage position and set the beam voltage
at 300V.
7. Rotate the reflector voltage knob to get reading in SWR Meter.
8. Tune the output by tuning the reflector voltage, amplitude and frequency of AM modulation.
9. Tune for Maximum reading by tuning the plunger of Klystron Mount. Then tune for maximum
reading by tuning the probe.
10. If necessary change the range dB switch, variable attenuator position and gain control knob to
get reading in the SWR meter.
11. Move the probe along with slotted line, the reading will change.

a. Measurement of low and medium SWR


1. For low SWR set the S.S. tuner probe for no penetration position.
2. Move the probe along with slotted line to get maximum reading in SWR Meter
in dB.
3. Adjust the SWR Meter gain control knob or variable attenuator until the meter
indicates 0.0dB in normal modes. SWR for 0.0dB is 1.0 by keeping switch at
SWR we can read it directly.
4. Keep all the Control knobs as it is, move the probe to next minimum gain position.
5. Keep SWR /dB switch at SWR position.
6. Read the SWR from display and record it.
7. Repeat the above step for change of S.S. Tuner probe penetration & record the
8. Corresponding SWR.
9. If the SWR is greater than 10dB, then you have to use the following procedure.
b. Measurement of High SWR (Double Minimum Method)
1. Set the depth of S.S. Tuner slightly more for maximum SWR. Move the probe along with
Slotted line until a minimum is indicated. Adjust the SWR meter gain control knob and variable
attenuator to obtain a reading of 3 dB (or any other reference) at SWR Meter.
2. Move the probe to the left on slotted line until maximum reading is obtained i.e. ‘0’ dB (or power
should be increased by 3 dB). Note and record the probe position
3. on slotted line. Let it be d1.V Repeat the step 3 and 4 and then move the probe right along with
slotted line until maximum reading is obtained in normal dB mode i.e upto 0dB. Let it be d2.
4. M e a s u r e the distance between two successive minima position.
5. Twice of this distance is wave guide length λg.
λg = 2 (d1- d2)
6. Calculate SWR by following equation

7. For different SWR, calculate the refection coefficient.

Precautions:

1. Keep all the knobs in minimum position before going to switch ‘ON’ the power supply of VSWR /
Klystron power supplies.
2. Note: For klystron power supply “HT” should be ‘OFF’ before switching ‘ON’ the main supply.
3. Beam knob should be completely in anticlockwise direction and repeller voltage knob should be
completely clockwise direction.
4. Switch on the main supply and give some warm up time to get current / accurate reading.
5. After the completion of experiment, before going to switch off the mains keep all the knobs in
minimum position (i.e.) as those are in rule 1.
6. If the main supply failed in the middle of the experiment, come to 1st condition (i.e.) keep all the
knobs in minimum positions and switch off main switches.
7. Don’t increase the repeller voltage more than -70 V (i.e.) it should be between -70V to -270V.

Applications:

1. Standing wave ratio in transmission.


2. In selecting the load impedance.

Result: Hence the VSWR is measured.

Viva Voce:
1. Define VSWR.
2. Define reflection coefficient
3. What are the maxima and minima values of reflection coefficient?
4. What are the maxima and minima values of VSWR?
5. Mention the different techniques in measuring the VSWR.
6. Which method is used to measure VSWR>10.
7. What is the relation between VSWR and guided wavelength?
8. Explain about SS tuner.
9. Why standing waves are obtaining from transmission.
10. How to reduce standing waves?
5. WAVEGUIDE PARAMETER MEASUREMENT

Aim: To measure the frequency of microwave source and demonstrate the relationship among free space
wave length, guide wavelength and cut- off wavelength

Apparatus required :
1 Klystron Power Supply
2 Klystron tube
3 Isolator
4 Frequency meter
5 Variable attenuator
6 Slotted section
7 Tunable probe
8 Wave guide stand
9 SWR meter
10 Matched termination.

Theory:
For dominant TE10 mode in a rectangular waveguide the wavelengths λ 0, λc and λg are related by the
following equation

(1/ λ02 )= (1/ λc2) + (1/ λg2)

Where λ0 is the free space wavelength given by c/f and c=3*1010 cm/second

λg is the guide wavelength measured along the waveguide.

λc is the cutoff wavelength given by 2a where ‘a’ is the broad side measured inside the waveguide

Mode represents in wave guides as either


TE m, n/ TM m, n
Where
TE-Transverse Electric,
TM -Transverse magnetic
m – Number of half wave length variation in broader direction.
n – Number of half wave length variation in shorter direction.
Setup for study of frequency & wave length measurement

Procedure:

1. Set up the components and equipments as shown in figure 10


2. Set the variable attenuator at maximum position (at no attenuation).
3. Keep the control knobs of SWR Meter as below :
Range dB : 50 dB position
Crystal : At 200ohm Impedance
Mode select : Normal Position
Gain (Coarse & Fine) : Mid Position
SWR/dB : dB position
4. Keep the Control knobs of Klystron Power Supply as below.
Mod- Switch : AM
Beam Voltage Knob : Fully anticlockwise
Reflector Voltage : Fully clockwise
AM-Amplitude Knob : Fully clockwise
AM-Frequency : Mid Position

5. Switch on the klystron Power Supply, SWR meter and cooling fan.

6. switch on Power Supply and set beam voltage at 300V with the help of beam voltage knob,
current around 15 to 20mA.
7. Adjust the reflector voltage to get some reading in SWR Meter.
8. Maximize the reading with AM amplitude and frequency control knob of Power Supply.
9. Tune the plunger of klystron mount for maximum reading.
10.Tune the reflector voltage knob for maximum reading on SWR meter. Tune the probe for
maximum reading in SWR meter.
11. Tune the frequency meter to get a 'dip' on SWR meter and note down the frequency
directly from frequency meter and detune the DRF
12. Move the tunable probe along with the slotted line to get the reading in SWR meter. Move the
tunable probe to a minimum reading position. To get accurate reading, it is necessary to increase
the SWR meter range dB switch to higher position, record the probe position i.e. d1
13. Move the probe to next minimum position and record the probe position again i.e. d2.
14. Calculate the guide wavelength as twice the distance between two successive minimum
positions obtained as above.
λg = 2 (d1- d2)

16. Measure the wave-guide inner broad dimension 'a' which will be around 22.86 mm for X band
and Calculate
λc = 2a

For TE10 mode


17. Calculate the frequency by following equation:
c =3 x 108 meter/sec. i.e. velocity of light.
18. Verify with frequency obtained by frequency meter.
19. Above experiment can be verified at different frequencies.

Precautions:
1. Keep all the knobs in minimum position before going to switch ‘ON’ the power supply of VSWR /
Klystron power supplies.
2. Note: For klystron power supply “HT” should be ‘OFF’ before switching ‘ON’ the main supply.
3. Beam knob should be completely in anticlockwise direction and repeller voltage knob should be
completely clockwise direction.
4. Switch on the main supply and give some warm up time to get current / accurate reading.
5. After the completion of experiment, before going to switch off the mains keep all the knobs in
minimum position (i.e.) as those are in rule 1.
6. If the main supply failed in the middle of the experiment, come to 1st condition (i.e.) keep all the
knobs in minimum positions and switch off main switches.
7. Don’t increase the repeller voltage more than -70 V(i.e.) it should be between -70V to -270V.

Applications:

It is used for Measurement of unknown impedance and Measurement of reflection coefficient.

Result:
Thus the frequency and wavelength of rectangular waveguide has been determined.

Frequency = ________
wave length = ________

Viva Voce:

1. How slotted line technique is used to measure frequency and wavelength?


2. What is the purpose of slotted line in the microwave bench?
3. What is meant by guide wavelength?
4. Bring out a relationship between the guide wave length and cut of wavelength?
5. How the guide wavelength can be determined by using the slotted line?
6. What is the purpose of crystal detector probe?
7. Which technique is preferable for the measurement of frequency?
8. What is the cut of wavelength of the dominant mode in the wave guide?
9. How waveguide acts as a high pass filter?
10. What type of wave is propagating in the wave guide?
6. Measurement of Impedance of a given Load.

Aim : To measure an unknown Impedance with Smith chart

Apparatus required:
1 Klystron Tube 2K25
2 Klystron Power Supply
3 Klystron Mount
4 Isolator
5 Frequency meter
6 Variable attenuator
7 Slotted Line
8 Tunable Probe
9 SWR meter
10 Wave guide stand
11 S.S. Tuner
12 Matched Termination.

Theory:
The impedance at any point of a transmission line can be written in the form R + jX. For comparison
SWR can be calculated as

Reflection Coefficient

Where
Zo = Characteristics impedance of w/g at operating frequency
Z = Load impedance at any point.
The measurement is performed in following way :
The unknown device is connected to the slotted line and the SWR = S o and the position of one
minima is determined. Then unknown device is replaced by movable short to the slotted line. Two
successive minima positions are noted. The twice of the difference between minima position will be guide-
wave length. One of the minima is used as reference for Impedance measurement. Find the difference
of reference minima and minima position obtained from unknown load. Let it be’d’. Take a Smith chart
taking '1' as center; draw a circle of radius equal to So. Mark a point on circumference of chart
towards load side at a distance equal to d/ g. Join the center
with this point. Find the point where it cut the drawn circle. The coordination of this point this will show
the normalized impedance of load.

Setup for Impedance measurement

Procedure:

1. Set up the equipments as shown in the figure 13.


2. Set the variable attenuator at no attenuation position.
3. Connect S.S. tuner and matched termination after slotted line.
4. Keep the control knobs of SWR Meter as below :
Range dB : 50 dB position
Crystal : 200 ohm
Mode Switch : Normal Position
Gain (Course & Fine) : Mid Position
SWR/dB switch : dB position
5. Keep the Control knobs of Klystron Power Supply as below :
Mod Switch : AM
Beam Voltage Knob : Fully anticlockwise
Reflector Voltage : Fully clockwise
AM-Amplitude : Fully Clockwise
AM-Frequency Knob : Mid Position
6. Switch "On' the Klystron Power Supply, SWR meter and cooling Fan.
7. Turn the meter switch of Power Supply to beam voltage position and set beam voltage at 300V
with help of beam voltage knob.
8. Adjust the reflector voltage to get some reading in SWR Meter.
9. Tune the frequency meter knob to get dip on the SWR scale , and note down the
Frequency directly from frequency meter . Now you can detune the meter from
dip position
10. Measure the guide wave length λg
λg = 2 (d1- d2)
11. Keep the depth of pin of S.S. Tuner to around 3-4mm and lock it.
12. Move the probe along with slotted line to get maximum reading.
13. Adjust SWR meter gain control knob and variable attenuator unit such that the meter indicates 1.0
on the normal SWR scale .
14. Move the probe to next minima point.
15. Select SWR/dB switch to SWR position. Record the SWR reading
16. At this maximum position of the meter record the probe position from slotted line as X1.
17. Replace the load by fixed short / movable short & measure the new standing wave position i.e.
shift in minima. Record it as X2
18. Calculate X2-X1 , it will be positive if the minima shift it towards load & negative if it has
shifted towards generator.
19. calculate shift in wavelength (d) = X2-X1
20. Use normalized chart (smith chart) & draw a circle with radius = 1/VSWR & take center of
circle = 0.00 on the smith chart
21. Locate a point at a distance d (shift in minima) from the 0.0 in moving in clock or anti clock
wise direction (depends on getting minima towards generator or load).
22. Join the above point to the center of smith chart. The intersection of VSWR circle & this line
gives load, reactive circle and resistive component on real circle.
23. Normalized impedance a+ib where a & b are the real and reactive components.
24. The multiplication with characteristics impedance will give you the load impedance.

Standing waves in impedance measurement


Precautions:

1. Keep all the knobs in minimum position before going to switch ‘ON’ the power supply of VSWR /
Klystron power supplies.
2. For klystron power supply “HT” should be ‘OFF’ before switching ‘ON’ the main supply.
3. Beam knob should be completely in anticlockwise direction and repeller voltage knob should be
completely clockwise direction.
4. Switch on the main supply and give some warm up time to get current / accurate reading.
5. After the completion of experiment, before going to switch off the mains keep all the knobs in
minimum position (i.e.) as those are in rule 1.
6. If the main supply failed in the middle of the experiment, come to 1st condition (i.e.) keep all the
knobs in minimum positions and switch off main switches.
7. Don’t increase the repeller voltage more than -70V(i.e.) it should be between -70Vto -270V.

Applications: VSWR can be measured by knowing the impedance.

Result: The unknown impedance has been determined using smith chart.

Viva Voce:

1. What are the various methods used for the measurement of impedance?
2. How impedance can measured by using slotted line?
3. How can you determine whether the impedance is inductive or capacitive?
4. How impedance can be measured by using magic tee?
5. What is the purpose of slotted line for the measurement of impedance?
6. How impedance can be measured by using reflectometer?
7. What is the purpose of variable attenuator?
8. How impedance can be determined by using directional couplers?
9. Why standing waves are produced in the wave guide?
10. What is meant by reflection coefficient and how impedance can be determined?

7. SCATTERING PARAMETERS OF MAGIC TEE

Aim : To study the properties of magic tee and determine the scattering parameters of magic tee.

Apparatus required :
1. Microwave source
2. Isolator
3. Variable attenuator
4. Frequency meter
5. Slotted line
6. Tunable probe
7. Magic Tee
8. Matched termination
9. Wave guide stand
10. Detector mount
11. SWR meter and accessories.
Theory:
The device magic Tee is a-combination of the E and H plane Tee. Arm 3, the H-arm forms an H plane Tee
and arm 4, the E-arm forms an E plane Tee in combination with arm 1 and 2 a side or collinear arms. If
power is fed into arm 3 (H-arm) the electric field divides equally between arm 1 and 2 in the same phase,
and no electrical field exists in arm 4. Reciprocity demands no coupling in port 3 (H-arm). If power is fed
in arm 4 (E-arm), it divides equally into arm 1 and 2 but out of phase with no power to arm 3. Further, if
the power is fed from arm 1 and 2, it is added in arm 3 (H-arm), and it is subtracted in E-arm, i.e. arm 4.

Magic Tee
The basic parameters to be measured for magic Tee are defined below

1. Input SWR
Value of SWR corresponding to each port, as a load to the line while other ports are terminated in matched
load
2. Isolation
The isolation between E and H arms is defined as the ratio of the power supplied by the generator
connected to the E-arm (port 4) to the power detected at H -arm (port 3) when side arms I and 2 are
terminated in matched load.
Hence,
P4
Hence, Isolation(dB) = 10 log 10 P3

Similarly, isolation between other parts may also be measured.

C. Coupling coefficient,

It is defined as C ij = 10 – α /2 °

Where α is attenuation / isolation in dB, i is input arm and ' j* is output arm.

Pi
Thus α = 10 log 10 Pj

Where Pi is the power delivered to arm I and p j is power detected at j arm

Setup for the study of Magic Tee


Procedure :

1. SWR Measurement of the Ports


a. Set up the components and equipments as shown in figure keeping E arm towards slotted line
and matched termination to other ports.
b. Energize the microwave source for particular frequency of operation and tune the detector mount
for maximum output.
c. Measure the SWR of E-arm as described in measurement of SWR for low and medium value.
d. Connect another arm to slotted line and terminate the other port with matched termination.
Measure the SWR as above. Similarly, SWR of any port can be measured.

2. Measurement of Isolation and Coupling Coefficient


a. Remove the tunable probe and Magic Tee from the slotted line and connect the detector
mount to slotted line.
b. Energize the microwave source for particular frequency of operation and tune the detector mount
for maximum output.
c. With the help of variable attenuator and gain control knob of SWR meter, set any power level in
the SWR meter and note down. Let it be P3.
d. Without disturbing the position of variable attenuator and gain control knob, carefully place
the Magic Tee after slotted line keeping H-arm connected to slotted line, detector to E arm
and matched termination to arm 1 and 2. Note down the reading of SWR meter. Let it be P4.
e. Determine the isolation between port 3 and 4 as P3-P4 in dB.
f. Determine the coupling coefficient from equation given in the theory part.
g. The same experiment can be repeated for other ports also.
h. Repeat the above experiment for other frequencies.

Precautions:

1. Keep all the knobs in minimum position before going to switch ‘ON’ the power supply of VSWR /
Klystron power supplies.
2. For klystron power supply “HT” should be ‘OFF’ before switching ‘ON’ the main supply.
3. Beam knob should be completely in anticlockwise direction and repeller voltage knob should be
completely clockwise direction.
4. Switch on the main supply and give some warm up time to get current / accurate reading.
5. After the completion of experiment, before going to switch off the mains keep all the knobs in
minimum position (i.e.) as those are in rule 1.
6. If the main supply failed in the middle of the experiment, come to 1st condition (i.e.) keep all the
knobs in minimum positions and switch off main switches.
7. Don’t increase the repeller voltage more than -70V(i.e.) it should be between -70Vto 270V.

Applications:
1. Used for the measurement of impedance.
2. It is used as a duplexer.
3. Used as a mixer.
4. Is used in microwave discriminator, Microwave Bridge

Result: Thus, we have studied the functions of magic tee by measuring its parameters.

Viva Voce:

1. Why E-H Plane Tee is called as a Magic Tee.


2. How magic tee acts as a duplexer?
3. What are the properties of magic tee?
4. Which ports are isolated ports in the magic tee?
5. At what port (Arm) the powers can be added.
6. Why all the ports are perfectly matched in the magic tee?
7. How magic tee acts as a mixer?
8. If the powers are applied at port 3, port 4 then what is the power output at port 1, port 2.
9. If the power is applied only at port 3 then what are the power outputs of the magic tee.
10. What are the characteristics of microwave components?
8. SCATTERING PARAMETERS OF CIRCULATOR

Aim: To study the properties of 3-port circulator and determine the scattering parameters of circulator.

Apparatus required :
1. Microwave source
2. Power Supply for source
3. Isolators
4. Circulators
5. Frequency meter
6. Variable attenuator
7. Slotted line
8. Tunable probe
9. Detector mount
10. SWR meter
11. Test isolation and
12. Circulation and accessories

Theory:

Isolator: An isolator is a two-port device that transfers energy from input to output with little attenuation
and from output to input with very high attenuation.

Circulator: The circulator is defined as a device with ports arranged such that energy entering a port is
coupled to an adjacent port but not coupled to other ports. Refer to the figure. A wave incident on port 1 is
coupled to port 2 only, a wave incident at port
2 is coupled to port 3 only and so on.
Following are the basic parameters of isolator and circulator for study

1. Insertion loss
The ratio of power supplied by a source to the input port to the power detected by a detector in the
coupling arm, i.e. output arm with other port terminated in the matched load, is defined as insertion
loss or forward loss. .
2. Isolation
It is the ratio of power fed to input arm to the power detected at not coupled port with other port
terminated in the matched load
3. Input VSWR
The input VSWR of an isolator or circulator is the ratio of voltage maximum to voltage minimum of
the standing wave existing on the line when one port of it terminates the line and other have matched
termination.
Note: When port which is not coupled to input port is terminated by matched termination
it marks as Isolator. (Two port device).

Measurement of VSWR of Isolator or Circulator

Procedure:
1. Input VSWR Measurement
a Set up the components and equipments as shown in the figure 37 with input port of
isolator or circulator towards slotted line and matched load on other ports of it

b. Energize the microwave source for particular operation of frequency.


c. With the help of slotted line, probe and SWR meter. Find SWR, of the isolator or circulator
as described for low and medium SWR measurements.
d. The above procedure can be repeated for other ports or for other frequencies.

3. Measurement of Insertion Loss and Isolation

a. Remove the probe and isolator or circulator from slotted line and connect the detector
mount to the slotted section. The output of the detector mount should be connected SWR
meter.
b. Energize the microwave source for maximum output particular frequency of operation. Tune the
detector mount for maximum output in the SWR Meter.

c. Set any reference level of power in SWR meter with the help of variable attenuator and gain
control knob of SWR meter. Let it be P1.

d. Carefully remove the detector mount from slotted line without disturbing the position of set up.
Insert the isolator/circulator between slotted line and detector mount. Keeping input port to
slotted line and detector at its output port. A matched termination should be placed a third port
in case of circulator
e. Record the reading in the SWR meter. If necessary change range -dB switch to high or lower
position and 10dB change for one step change of switch position. Let it be P2.
f. Compute insertion loss on P1 – P2 in dB.
g. For measurement of isolation, the isolator or circulator has to be connected in
reverse i.e. output port to slotted line and detector to input port with another port terminated
by matched termination (in case circulator) after setting a reference level without isolator or
circulator in the set up as described in insertion loss measurement. Let same P1 level is set.
h. Record the reading of SWR meter inserting the isolator or circulator as given in step 7. Let
it be P3.
i. Compute isolation as P1 - P3 in dB.
j. The same experiment can be done for other ports of circulator.
k. Repeat the above experiment for other frequencies if required.

Precautions:

1. Keep all the knobs in minimum position before going to switch ‘ON’ the power supply of VSWR /
Klystron power supplies.
Note: For klystron power supply “HT” should be ‘OFF’ before switching ‘ON’ the main supply.
2. Beam knob should be completely in anticlockwise direction and repeller voltage knob should be
completely clockwise direction.
3. Switch on the main supply and give some warm up time to get current / accurate reading.
4. After the completion of experiment, before going to switch off the mains keep all the knobs in
minimum position (i.e.) as those are in rule 1.
5. If the main supply failed in the middle of the experiment, come to 1st condition (i.e.) keep all the
knobs in minimum positions and switch off main switches.
6. Don’t increase the repeller voltage more than -70 V (i.e.) it should be between -70Vto -270V.
Applications:
1. Used as duplexer for a radar antenna system.
2. Two three port circulators can be used in tunnel diode or parametric amplifiers.
3. Used as low power devices as they can handle low powers only.

Result:
Thus, the circulator has been studied. The scattering matrix has been founded. The insertion loss and isolation
have been measured.
Insertion Loss = _____dB
Isolation = ________ dB

Viva Voce:
1. What is the principle involved in circulators?
2. What is Faraday rotation?
3. Why the power applied at one port is given to the next clockwise port only but not to other ports?
4. Explain briefly the construction of circulator?
5. Where circulators are extensively used?
6. What is the peculiar property of ferrites?
7. What are the types of polarized waves present in circulators?
8. Given expression for angle of rotation.
9. What are the microwave devices that make use of Faraday rotation?
10. What are the differences between circulator and isolator?

9. ATTENUATION MEASUREMENT

Aim: To study the characteristics of an attenuator.

Apparatus required:
1 Microwave source
2 Isolator
3 Frequency meter
4 Variable attenuator
5 Slotted line
6 Tunable probe
7 Detector mount
8 Matched termination
9 SWR meter.

Theory:

The attenuators are two port bi-directional devices which attenuate power when inserted
into the transmission line

Attenuation (dB) = 10 log (P1/P2)


where
P1 = Power absorbed or detected by the load without the attenuator in the line.
P2 = Power absorbed/detected by the load with attenuator in line
The attenuators consist of a rectangular wave guide with a resistive vane inside it to absorb
Microwave power according to their position with respect to side wall of the wave-guide. As
electric field is maximum, at center in TE 10 mode, the attenuation will be maximum if the vane is
placed at center of the wave-guide. Moving from center toward the side wall, attenuation decreases
in the fixed attenuator, the vane position is fixed where as in a variable attenuator, its position can
be changed by help of micrometer or by other methods

Following characteristics of attenuators can be studied


1. Input SWR.
2. Insertion loss (in case of variable attenuator).
3. Amount of attenuation offered into the lines.
4. Frequency sensitivity i.e. variation of attenuation at any fixed position of vane and frequency is
changed
Setup for Attenuation measurement of Attenuator
Procedure:

1. Input SWR Measurement


a. Connect the equipments as shown in the figure
b. Energize the microwave source for maximum power at any frequency of operation.
c. Measure the SWR with the help of tunable probe, Slotted line and SWR meter as
described in the experiment of measurement of low and medium SWR.
d. Repeat the above step for other frequencies if required

2. Insertion Loss /Attenuation Measurement


a. Remove the tunable probe, attenuator and matched termination from the slotted section
in the above set up.
b. Connect the detector mount to the slotted line, and tune the detector mount also for
maximum deflection on SWR meter (Detector mount's output should be connected to SWR
meter).
c. Set any reference level on the SWR meter with the help of gain control knob of SWR
meter. Let it be P1. Now connect the attenuator in between slotted line & detector mount.
d. Set the variable attenuator to zero attenuation position and record the reading of SWR
meter. Let it be P2. Then the insertion loss of test attenuator will be P1 - P2 dB.
e. Now, change the micrometer reading and record the SWR meter reading in dB. Find out
Attenuation value for different position of micrometer reading and record the readings to
plot a graph.
f. In the same way you can test the fixed attenuator which can give you only the single
Attenuation value.
g. Now change the operating frequency and all the step can be repeated for finding
frequency sensitivity of variable attenuator.

Note :

For measuring frequency sensitivity of variable attenuator the position of micrometer reading of
the variable attenuator should be same for all frequencies in operation.

Variable Attenuator:

S.No Micro Meter Reading Output


(mm) voltage (V)
Fixed Attenuator:

Input Power (P1) in dB =

Output Power (P2) in dB =

Attenuation = P2 – P1 (dB)=

Precautions:

1. Keep all the knobs in minimum position before going to switch ‘ON’ the power supply of VSWR /
Klystron power supplies.
2. Note: For klystron power supply “HT” should be ‘OFF’ before switching ‘ON’ the main supply.
3. Beam knob should be completely in anticlockwise direction and repeller voltage knob should be
completely clockwise direction.
4. Switch on the main supply and give some warm up time to get current / accurate reading.
5. After the completion of experiment, before going to switch off the mains keep all the knobs in minimum
position (i.e.) as those are in rule 1.
6. If the main supply failed in the middle of the experiment, come to 1st condition (i.e.) keep all the knobs in
minimum positions and switch off main switches.
7. Don’t increase the repeller voltage more than -70V (i.e.) it should be between -70Vto 270V.
Applications:
Attenuators mainly used for

1. Measuring power gain or loss in dB


2. For providing isolation between the instruments.
3. For reducing the power input to a particular stage to prevent overloading.

Result : Various attenuators have been studied.

Viva Voce:

1. What is the purpose of attenuator in the microwave bench?


2. What is the difference between Flap Attenuator and Movable Vane Attenuator?
3. With what type of materials the attenuators are made up of?
4. Where attenuators are mainly used?
5. What is the difference between fixed attenuator and variable attenuator?
6. With what type attenuators the vane type attenuator is made up of?
7. Where the rotary vane precision attenuator is preferable?
8. What is the difference between attenuator and isolator?
9. List out the applications of the attenuator.
10. With what type of material the glass vane is being coated.
10. MICROWAVE FREQUENCY MEASUREMENT

Aim: To determine the frequency and wavelength of a microwave source in a rectangular waveguide.

Apparatus required:
1 Klystron Power Supply
2 Klystron tube
3 Isolator
4 Frequency meter
5 Variable attenuator
6 Slotted section
7 Tunable probe
8 Wave guide stand
9 SWR meter
10 Matched termination.

Theory:

Setup for study of frequency measurement

Procedure:

1. Set up the components and equipments as shown in figure 10


2. Set the variable attenuator at maximum position (at no attenuation).
3. Keep the control knobs of SWR Meter as below :
Range dB : 50 dB position
Crystal : At 200ohm Impedance
Mode select : Normal Position
Gain (Coarse & Fine) : Mid Position
SWR/dB : dB position
4. Keep the Control knobs of Klystron Power Supply as below.
Mod- Switch : AM
Beam Voltage Knob : Fully anticlockwise
Reflector Voltage : Fully clockwise
AM-Amplitude Knob : Fully clockwise
AM-Frequency : Mid Position

5. Switch on the klystron Power Supply, SWR meter and cooling fan.
6. switch on Power Supply and set beam voltage at 300V with the help of beam voltage knob,
current around 15 to 20mA.
7. Adjust the reflector voltage to get some reading in SWR Meter.
8. Maximize the reading with AM amplitude and frequency control knob of Power Supply.
9. Tune the plunger of klystron mount for maximum reading.
10. Tune the reflector voltage knob for maximum reading on SWR meter. Tune the probe for
maximum reading in SWR meter.
11. Tune the frequency meter to get a 'dip' on SWR meter and note down the frequency
directly from frequency meter and detune the DRF
12. Move the tunable probe along with the slotted line to get the reading in SWR meter. Move the
tunable probe to a minimum reading position. To get accurate reading, it is necessary to increase
the SWR meter range dB switch to higher position, record the probe position i.e. d1
13. Move the probe to next minimum position and record the probe position again i.e. d2.
14. Calculate the guide wavelength as twice the distance between two successive minimum
positions obtained as above.
λg = 2 (d1- d2)

16. Measure the wave-guide inner broad dimension 'a' which will be around 22.86 mm for X band
and Calculate
λc = 2a

For TE10 mode


17. Calculate the frequency by following equation:

c =3 x 108 meter/sec. i.e. velocity of light.


18. Verify with frequency obtained by frequency meter.
19. Above experiment can be verified at different frequencies.
Precautions:

1. Keep all the knobs in minimum position before going to switch ‘ON’ the power supply of VSWR /
Klystron power supplies.
2. Note: For klystron power supply “HT” should be ‘OFF’ before switching ‘ON’ the main supply.
3. Beam knob should be completely in anticlockwise direction and repeller voltage knob should be
completely clockwise direction.
4. Switch on the main supply and give some warm up time to get current / accurate reading.
5. After the completion of experiment, before going to switch off the mains keep all the knobs in
minimum position (i.e.) as those are in rule 1.
6. If the main supply failed in the middle of the experiment, come to 1st condition (i.e.) keep all the
knobs in minimum positions and switch off main switches.
7. Don’t increase the repeller voltage more than -70 V(i.e.) it should be between -70V to -270V.

Applications:

It is used for Measurement of unknown impedance and Measurement of reflection coefficient.

Result:
Thus the frequency and wavelength of rectangular waveguide has been determined.

Frequency = ________
wave length = ________

Viva Voice:
1. How slotted line technique is used to measure frequency and wavelength?
2. What is the purpose of slotted line in the microwave bench?
3. What is meant by guide wavelength?
4. Bring out a relationship between the guide wave length and cut of wavelength?
5. How the guide wavelength can be determined by using the slotted line?
6. What is the purpose of crystal detector probe?
7. Which technique is preferable for the measurement of frequency?
8. What is the cut of wavelength of the dominant mode in the wave guide?
9. How waveguide acts as a high pass filter?
10. What type of wave is propagating in the wave guide?
E-PLANE TEE

AIM:To study the properties of E-plane tee and determine the S-parameters of E-plane tee.

EQUIPMENT AND COMPONENTS:

APPARATUS :
1 Klystron power supply SKPS – 610
2 Klystron tube 2k25
3 Klystron mount xm-251
4 Isolator XI-621
5 Frequency meter XF-710
6 Variable attenuator XA-520
7 Detector mount XD-451
8 Waveguide stands X4-535
9 VSWR meter SW-215
10 Movable short XT-481
11 Matched termination XL-400
12 Slotted section XS-651
13 Tunable probe XP-655
14.E-Plane Tee

DESCRIPTION OF EQUIPMENT:

1. Klystron power supply SKPS – 610

The model Klystron Power Supply SKPS-610 is general purpose laboratory power
supply which is specially designed to use for reflex klystron tubes of S to X band frequency
range. It is reliable power source with very high regulation and low ripple contents.

The klystron power supply SKPS-610 has built in modulation facilities of amplitude
and frequency modulation. Amplitude modulation can be applied with 0-110V (p.p.) Square
wave and with frequency of 500 Hz to 2.5 KHz. This amplitude modulation is generally used
along with VSWR measurements in slotted line technique. Frequency modulation is used for
direct study of klystron modes on the Oscilloscope. Pure carrier wave operation and in
external modulation facilities is also provided with the instrument for generalized use.

The klystron power supply also provides all the other D.C. Voltages required for
operation of reflex klystron tube such as beam, heater and reflector voltage. The ranges of all
these voltages are given in the specification data sheet.
2. Klystron tube 2k25

The klystron tube 2k25 is a single cavity variable frequency microwave generator of low
power and low efficiency. It consists of an electron gun, a filament surrounded by cathode
and a focusing electrode at cathode potential. The electrons emitted by the cathode travel
towards the reflector through an anode kept at higher potential compared to the cathode.
When they approach the anode, the electrons form bunches and the bunches ultimately return
towards the anode cavity after traveling a small distance towards the reflector. The power is
taken from the anode reentrant cavity.

3. Isolator XI-621

It is a two port device which provides very small amount of attenuation for transmission from
port 1 to port 2 and provides maximum attenuation for transmission from port 2 to port 1. It
is very much desirable when we want to match a source with variable load. It allows power
flow only from the generator towards the load and suppresses any reflected power.

4. Frequency meter XF-710

It is also called wave meter. Usual construction of it consist a cylindrical cavity mounted on a
shaft. By rotating the shaft the volume in the cavity is changed and it becomes resonant and
gives minimum impedance at the resonant frequency. The scale calibrated and the resonant
frequency can be directly read from the scale after observing a dip in the output meter.

5. Variable attenuator XA-520

This is a wave guide piece having a groove on the lateral side. By rotating the screw the
depth of penetration of resistive pad changes, there by introducing some attenuation.
Attenuators are commonly used for measuring power game or loss in dBs for providing
isolation between instruments for reducing the power input to a particular stage to prevent
over loading and also for providing the signal generators with means of calibrating there
outputs accurately. Variable attenuator provide continuous or step wise variable attenuation.

6. VSWR meter SW-215

AVSWR meter basically consists of a high gain, high Q low noise voltage amplifier normally
tuned at a fixed frequency at which the microwave signal is modulated. The VSWR meter
uses the detector signal out of the microwave detector as its input, amplifies the same and
provides the output on the calibrated volt meter. The meter itself can be calibrated in terms
of VSWR

7. E plane tee

It is a three port device port one and port two are collinear arms and port 3 is E arm. A
rectangular slot is cut along with broader side dimension of along wave length and the side
arm is attached forms e plane tee. Port one and Port two will have phase shift of 180 degrees.
THEORY:

A rectangular slot is cut along the broader dimension of a long waveguide and a side
arm is attached. Ports (1) and ports (2) are the collinear arms and port (3) is the E-arm. When
TE10 mode is made to propagate into port (3), the two outputs at port 1 and port 2 will have a
phase shift of 180 degrees. Since the electric field lines change their direction when they
come out of port 1 and port 2 it is E-plane Tee. E-plane Tee is a voltage or series junction
symmetrical about the control arm. Hence any signals that is to be split or any two signal that
are to be combined will be fed from the E-arm.

The scattering matrix of an E-plane Tee can be used to describe its properties. In
general, the power out of port 3 is proportional to the difference between instantaneous
powers entering from ports 1 and 2.

Also the effective value of power leaving the E-arm is proportional to the phasor
difference between the powers entering ports 1 and 2. When the power enters through the
main arm, the maximum energy comes out from the port 3 or E-arm. Since it is a three port
junction the scattering matrix can be derived as follows.

BLOCK DIAGRAM:

Set up 1: for 0 dB setting

Set up 2: “Measuring of s-parameters”


Set up 3: To Measure s11 s22 and s33

I. PROCEDURE:
i. Set up the components and equipments.
ii. Energize the micro-source for particular frequency of operation.
iii. Set any reference level of power on VSWR meter with help of variable attenuator
gain control knob of VSWR meter and note down the reading (reference level let x)
iv.Insert the E-plane tee as shown in figure with detector to the port 1 and input as port 3 and
matched termination to port 2 without changing position of variable attenuator and
gain control knob of VSWR meter.
v. Note down the reading on VSWR meter on the scale with the help of range dB switch if
required.
vi. Without disturbing the position of variable attenuator and gain control knob. Carefully
place the E-plane tee after slot frequency meter and matched termination to port 1
note the reading of VSWR meter. Let it be S32.
vii. Determine the amount of power coming out of port 1 or port 2 due to input at port 3.
viii. The same experiment may be repeated for other ports also.
ix. Repeat the above experiment and other frequencies.
II. OBSERVATIONS:

Matched
Input Port Output Port Termination Power
outputs
1 2 3 P2
1 3 2 P3
2 1 3 P4
2 3 1 P5
3 1 2 P6
3 2 1 P7
1 1 2,3 P8
2 2 1,3 P9
3 3 1,2 P10

III. CALCULATIONS:

Insertion Loss = P1 – P2

S12 = P2 – P1 S21 = P4 – P1 S31 = P6 – P1


S13 = P3 – P1 S23 = P5 – P1 S32 = P7 – P1

Where, P1 is the reference value (0 dB) i.e. without E-plane Tee.

IV. GRAPH:

V. RESULT:

We observed the properties of the E-plane Tee and also determined the various scattering
parameters of E-plane Tee.

VI. INFERENCES:

i. In the E-plane Tee, the power applied at port 3 is divided equally between port 1 and port 2
and they are out of phase.
ii. If equal powers are applied at port 1 and port 2 the power output at port 3 is 0.

VII. PRECAUTIONS:

i. Keep all the knobs in minimum position before going to switch ‘ON’ the power supply of
VSWR / Klystron power supplies.
Note: For klystron power supply “HT” should be ‘OFF’ before switching ‘ON’ the
main supply.
ii. Beam knob should be completely in anticlockwise direction and repeller voltage knob
should be completely clockwise direction.
iii.Switch on the main supply and give some warm up time to get current / accurate reading.
iv. After the completion of experiment, before going to switch off the mains keep all the
knobs in minimum position (i.e.) as those are in rule 1.
v. If the main supply failed in the middle of the experiment, come to 1st condition (i.e.) keep
all the knobs in minimum positions and switch off main switches.
vi.Don’t increase the repeller voltage more than -70 V(i.e.) it should be between -70Vto
-270V.

VIII. APPLICATIONS:

1. It is used to combine the powers or to separate the power of various sources..

IX. EXTENSIONS:

Two power sources can be applied at port 1 and port 2 and power can be observed at port 3.

X. TROUBLE SHOOTING:

FAULT DIAGNOSIS

No reading in meter : replace the crystal diode.


Wave guide alignment.

No dip observe : Detune the frequency meter.

XI. QUESTIONS:

i. In terms of construction, bring out the difference between E-plane tee and H-plane tee.
ii. When TE10 mode is propagated into port 3 then, what are the power outputs at port 2 and
port 3.
iii. Why E-plane tee is called as series tee?
iv.What are the properties of scattering parameters?
v. If equal inputs are applied at port 1 and port 2 then what is the power output at port 3.
vi. In the E-plane tee what port is perfectly matched to the junction.
vii. Explain about the properties of the E-plane tee.
viii. What is the difference between E-plane tee and H-plane tee?
ix. If the power is applied only at port 3 then what are the power outputs at port 1 and
port 2.
x. Bring out the values of the various scattering parameters of E-plane tee.

********

You might also like