Shree Shreeji English Medium School

Physics Investigatory Project

Automatic Street Light

Name: Patel Niki J.

STD: XII
 INDEX
 Acknowledgement
 Aim
 Materials required
 Principal
 Theory
 Why do we need automatic street light
 When does it work
 Advantages
 Disadvantages
 Brief description of components
 Circuit Diagram
 Working
 Observations
 Conclusion
 Bibliography
Acknowledgment

“Gratitude is the fairest blossom which spring from

the soul”

Feeling gratitude and not expressing it is like

wrapping a present and not giving it. I take this
opportunity to convey my heartfelt gratitude to each
and every one who has supported me in every way ot
the other during the course of my project.

From the very core of my heart, I would like to

express my sincere gratitude to our respected principal
Mrs. Krupa Parmar and my physics sir, Mr. Tejveer
Chaudary for teaching us wonderful world of physics,
Also to our lab assistant Mrs. Trupti Bhavsar for
assisting me during my project.

It requires a lot of effort in terms of cooperation and

support to fulfill various tasks involved during the
project. I am always grateful to my beloved parents,
my peers and friends who always encouraged me and
guided me whenever I needed assistance.
Above all, I thank the almighty for his blessings.
Aim:
To make an Automatic Street Light at
Home
Materials Required:

 LEDs

 Transistor 2222

 Resistor 1k
 LDR

 Battery Connector

 Battery






 Wires
Principle:
The working principle of LDR is that it gives less resistance
in high light intensity and high resistance in low light
intensity (i.e.) it gives high resistance in dark or night and
low resistance in day or light.

Here we use transistor as a two way switch. If the voltage

through base is greater than 5V it send through the emitter.
If the voltage through base is less than 5V then it sends
through collector.

During night the LDR gives a high resistance as a result

the voltage passing through the base will become less than
5V so the LED glows.

During day time LDR gives a low resistance as a result the

voltage through base is greater than 5V which switches the
current to the emitter. This turns LED off.
Why do need Automatic Street
light?

Street lights are the major requirement in today’s life of

transportation for safety purposes and avoiding accidents
during night. Despite that in today’s busy life no one
bothers to switch it off/on when not required. The project
introduced here gives solution to this by eliminating
manpower and reducing power consumption.
We need to save or conserve energy because most of the
energy sources we depend on like coal and natural gas
can’t be replaced. Once we use them up, they are gone
forever. Saving power is very important. Instead of using
the power in unnecessary times I should he switched off. In
any city “STREET LIGHT” is one of the major power
consuming factors. Most of the time we see streetlights are
on even after sunrise thus wasting lot of energy. Over here
we are avoiding the problem by having an automatic
system which turns on and off the streetlights at given time
or when ambient light is below a specific intensity. LDR is
used to detect the ambient light. If the amount light is
below a specific value the lights are turned on
Advantages:
 Complete elimination of mane power
 Reduced energy cost
 Reduced green house gas emission
 Reduced maintenance cost
 Higher community satisfaction

Disadvantages:
 Prescribed system is sensitive to ambient light and
require careful shielding
 Photo resistors are only sensitive to light and no other
force can power it without risking damage
 Also, they are unable to detect low light levels and
may take a few seconds to deliver a charge while their
electrons build up momentum
Brief Description of Components:
1. Transistor:
A transistor is a semiconductor device used
to amplify or switch electronic signals and electrical
power. It is composed of semiconductor material
usually with at least three terminals for connection to
an external circuit. A voltage or current applied to one
pair of the transistor's terminals controls the current
through another pair of terminals. Because the
controlled (output) power can be higher than the
controlling (input) power, a transistor can amplify a
signal. Today, some transistors are packaged
individually, but many more are found embedded
in integrated circuits.
2. Resistors:
A resistor is a passive two-terminal electrical
component that implements electrical resistance as a
circuit element. In electronic circuits, resistors are
used to reduce current flow, adjust signal levels, to
divide voltages, bias active elements, and terminate
transmission lines, among other uses.
3. LEDs:
A light-emitting diode (LED) is a two-lead
semiconductor light source. It is a p–n junction diode
that emits light when activated. When a suitable
current is applied to the leads, electrons are able to
recombine with electron holes within the device,
releasing energy in the form of photons.
4. LDR:
Light dependent resistors are very useful especially in
light or dark sensor circuits. Normally the resistance
of an LDR is very high, but when they are illuminated
with light, resistance drops dramatically.
Circuit Diagram
 Working

 Let 9V DC is flowed in the circuit. When light falls on

LDR, then the resistance of LDR will decrease and
approximate equal to zero. It show its minimum
resistance and voltage drop across LDR is less than
Vbe of the transistor.
 9V DC comes from 1k ohm resistance and passes
through LDR. At this time, it becomes earth, so that
no voltage flows through the base of transistor. Due to
absence of positive voltage at base, emitter has no
negative voltage in comparison of its base, so that
transistor doesn’t conduct and no current flows
through it.
 So, according to the circuit, no current will go from
the collector to the emitter and the transistor remains
turn off
 When no light falls on LDR, the resistance of LDR
increases, It shows its maximum resistance and
voltage drop across LDR greater than VBE of transistor
 Now LDR has non-zero resistance due to darkness, so
that 9V DC line and 1k ohms resistance, some positive
voltage reaches at the base of the transistor. In this
way transistor conduct and current starts to flow in
transistor.
 Now the transistor enters into ON state and at the
output side IC current will flow through the LED. So,
according to the circuit, current will flow from
collector to the emitter so the transistor remains ON.
Hence the LED is ON.
Observations:

 When light falls on LDR, LED glows

 When there is no source of light, LED does not

glow
Conclusion:
The Streetlight controller using ldr based Light
intensity & traffic density, in the todays up growing
countries will be more effective in case of cost,
manpower and security as compare with today's
running complicated and complex light controlling
systems. Automatic Street Light Controlling System
puts up a very user friendly approach and could
increase the power This paper elaborates the design
and construction of automatic street control system
circuit. Circuit works properly to turn street lamp
ON/OFF. After designing the circuit, which controls
the light of the street as illustrated in the previous
sections. LDR sensor and the photoelectric sensors are
the two main conditions in working the circuit. If the
two conditions have been satisfied the circuit will do
the desired work according to specific program. Each
sensor controls the turning ON or OFF the lighting
column. The street lights have been successfully
controlled by microcontroller. With commands from
the controller the lights will be ON in the places of the
movement when it's dark. Furthermore the drawback
of the street light system using timer controller has
been overcome, where the system depends on
photoelectric sensor.
Bibliography
www.google.com
www.wikipedia.com
https://www.instructables.com/id/Automatic-Street-
Light-Using-Ldr/
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7Wyw7jbHUR
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