SEWERAGE AND

SEWAGE TREATMENT
SYSTEM
(PANVEL,MAHARASHTRA)

INFRASTRUCTURE PLANNING
M.PLAN (INTEGRATED SEMESTER)
SECTION - B
GROUP MEMBERS
DHRUV MUDHGAL
KULADEEP VAMSI
MAHAK DAWRA
School of Planning and Architecture, STANZIN ODSAL
New Delhi
CONTENTS

Introduction
International Case Studies
Singapore
New York
Indian Case Studies
Goa
Naya Raipur
 Sewerage System in Panvel, Maharasthra
Existing Situation
Proposal

2
INTRODUCTION
India’s 14 major, 55 minor, and several hundred small rivers receive millions of liters of sewage,
industrial, and agricultural wastes which are the major sources of surface as well as ground water
pollution in the country.

Currently, the available capacity is able to treat only 10 percent of the generated wastewater and the
rest is discharged untreated into nearby water bodies.

The problem is not only of inadequacy of treatment capacity but also operation and maintenance of
the existing treatment plants.

A solution to this problem not only requires bridging gap between sewage generation and treatment
capacity, but also development of facilities to divert the treated sewage water for reuse in irrigation,
which will eventually prevent nutrient pollution of water bodies and bring down fresh water
consumption for irrigation.

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INTERNATIONAL CASE STUDY
SINGAPORE

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SINGAPORE – DEEP TUNNEL SEWERAGE SYSTEM
Singapore is a city-state located in Southeast, at the southern tip of the Malaysian peninsula
spread over an area of 280 sq. miles with 5.6 million population

57% of population – Proper Sewerage system

1971 43% of population – Night Soil collection

1990 Daily Sewage generation 1.5 million cubic metre

1990 Waste transmitted to Water Reclamation Plants via 3200 Night Soil carrier
km sewers 134 Pumping stations 210 km pumping mains

Rise in Population – Need for proper Sanitation

1991 Existing Sewerage system and Water system failed

World Resource Institute ranked Singapore as one of

2015 the most stressed countries in world. PWD workers breaking grund to connect sewer to
their house toilets

By 2040, Singapore – one of the 8 countries, most

5
vulnerable to disruptions in water supply.
 “NEWATER” – “NEW WATER” - WASTE NOT, WANT NOT

“NEWater” process recycles the wastewater into ultra-clean, high-grade reclaimed water, improving the water
supply against dry weather and moving Singapore towards sustainability.
1970 - Singapore government commissioned a study to determine the feasibility of producing reclaimed water -
Technology cost was high.
1990s - Membrane technology’s cost and performance improved.
Other countries such as United States were also increasingly using it for water treatment and reclamation.
1998 - Public Utilites Board set up a team to test the latest technology.
2000 - It commissioned a full-scale demonstration plant that could produce 10,000 cubic metres of water daily.
High-grade reclaimed water was christened “NEWater” and tests and audits showed it was a safe and sustainable
water source.
2003 - Two NEWater plants were launched at Bedok and Kranji and the NEWater Visitor Centre showcased the
journey towards water sustainability

6
 “NEWATER” - WASTE NOT, WANT NOT

 Pillar of Singapore’s water sustainability.

 Treatment of Used water – Microfiltration, Reverse
Osmosis, Disinfection
 Passed more than 1,50,000 scientific tests.
 Suitable for drinking as per water guidelines set by
the United States Environment Protection Agency
(USEPA) and the World Health Organisation (WHO)
 Mainly used in wafer facbrication parks, industrial
estate and commercial buildings
 NEWater can now meet about 40% of Singapore’s
water needs.
 It is the By 2060, it will meet 55% of country’s
water needs

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 DEEP TUNNEL SEWERAGE SYSTEM
 Singapore’s Deep Tunnel Sewerage System DTSS was a vision conceived in the
1990s.
 Designed to provide a Cost- effective, sustainable solution to support the long
term needs of water collection treatment.
 DTSS Phase 1 serves the eastern part of Singapore and was completed in 2008.
 Consists of a conveyance system made of deep tunnels and linked sewers with
Changi water reclamation plant. Deep Tunnel Sewerage System - DTSS
 DTSS Phase 2 extends to southern and western parts of Singapore having South
tunnel, an industrial tunnel and linked sewers with Tuas Water Reclamation Plant.

DTSS PHASE - I DTSS PHASE - II 8

 DEEP TUNNEL SEWERAGE SYSTEM

INTEGRATING DTSS Phase I and DTSS Phase II Sustainable

KRANJI WRP & NEWater

Cost Effective Factory

Fulfill Long Term Needs

Tuas WRP &

NEWater Factory

Changi WRP &

NEWater Factory

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 DEEP TUNNEL SEWERAGE SYSTEM

Gravity Based Transmission of Sewage

 Serves as a Cost-effective superhighway, built at a
gentle gradient.
 Used water is transported entirely by gravity before
being pumped up at WRP

 Removes the need for multiple Intermediate Pumping Stations

 Eliminates the risk of used water overflows Microfiltration, Reverse Osmosis, Disinfection
10
 Land can be utilized for higher value developments
 DEEP TUNNEL SEWERAGE SYSTEM

 When Tuas WRP is operational, existing Jurong and Ulu Pandan WRPs are phased out freeing up land for higher value
development
 In addition, advanced technology in Tuas WRP will increase energy efficiency, reduce cost and manpower.
DEEP TUNNEL SEWERAGE SYSTEM
SUSTAINABLE RESILIENT COST - EFFICIENT

MAXIMIZES RESOURCES MINIMIZING FREES UP LAND DELIVERS

STRONG AND RELIABLE SYSTEM
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OPERATIONAL SAVINGS

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INTERNATIONAL CASE STUDY
NEW YORK

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WHERE DOES CITY’S WATER WHERE DOES USED WATER GO?
COME FROM?

Over 6,000 miles of sewer pipes; 135,000

1.3 billion gallons of safe drinking water sewer catch basins; over 494 permitted
outfalls for the discharge of combined
sewer overflows (CSOs) and stormwater;
93 wastewater pumping stations

Over 8 million City residents and

another 1 million consumers who live in
Counties north of the City. 14 wastewater treatment plants located
throughout the five boroughs.

19 reservoirs and three controlled

lakes in a 1,972 square-mile watershed The New York City Department of
that extends 125 miles north and west Environmental Protection (DEP), Bureau of
of New York City. Wastewater Treatment (BWT) is responsible
for the operation and maintenance of all
facilities related to the treatment of sewage.
 Demographic Profile:
 Population: 8 million
 Area:783.8 sq km

• City delivers about 1300 millions

gallons of safe drinking water to
over 8 million City residents

• In most areas of the City, sanitary

and industrial wastewater, rainwater
and street runoff are collected in the
same sewers and then conveyed
together to the City’s treatment
plants. Approximately 70 percent
of the City sewers are combined

• The total number of wastewater

treatment plants is 14. All raw
sewage generated in New York City
is being captured and treated.
Today, the City’s wastewater
treatment plants have the capacity
to treat dry weather flows of 1,805
millions gallons daily.
PRELIMINARY TREATMENT PRIMARY TREATMENT
➢ Screening – to remove floating papers, rags, ➢ Sedimentation tanks
clothes. Heavy solids – everything that has sunk – is then scraped
➢ Grit chamber – to remove grit and sand. off the bottom. The settled solids, called primary sludge
➢ Skimming tank – to remove oils and greases. is pumped to the plant’s sludge handling facilities for
further processing.
SECONDARY TREATMENT
➢ Activated sludge process
Air and “seed” sludge from the plant treatment
process are added to the wastewater to break it
down further

DISINFECTION
➢ To disinfect and kill harmful organisms, the
wastewater spends a minimum of 15-20 minutes Screening Sedimentation tanks
in chlorine-contact tanks mixing with sodium
hypochlorite

SLUDGE TREATMENT
➢ Thickening, Digestion and Sludge dewatering.
Sludge, the byproduct of the treatment process,
is digested for stabilization and is then
dewatered for easier handling. Digester sludge
Thickening tanks
PROCESS
LAYOUT OF A
TYPICAL
NEW YORK
CITY WATER
POLLUTION
CONTROL
PLANT
Sludge treatment at the Wards Island Anaerobic "Digester Eggs" at the
Wastewater Treatment Plant. Newtown Creek Wastewater
Treatment Plant.
INDIAN CASE STUDY
GOA

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GOA- SEWERAGE AND SEWAGE TREATMENT PLAN
 According to a study by The Energy Research Institute (TERI), only 13 % of Goa’s urban
population is served with sewerage system as against the Indian average of 28 %.
 Most of the population is still dependent on traditional septic tank and soak pit for
wastewater disposal which increases the chances of groundwater contamination or
drinking water.  Households in Sequencing Batch Reactor (SRB)
Goa are having This variant of ASP technology is essentially a
three types of batch treatment by combining, primary settling,
toilet systems viz. aeration, secondary settling and decanting the
 water closet, treated sewage
 pit toilet, and in a series of
 other toilet. sequenced and
or simultaneous
 Goa realized the importance of
reactions in the
sanitation, and the Rural Sanitation.
same basin on a
 Goa was the first in Asia to set up a
time deferred cycle.
plant in Tonca using SBR technology,
 GOA- SEWERAGE AND SEWAGE
TREATMENT PLAN
 Waste water generated in Urban Goa is 145 MLD,
out of which 7 STP treat only 74.58MLD
 There are 4 major STPs which are controlled of by
PWD located in Margao, Vasco, Tonca, Patto having
capacities of 7.5,14,12.5,0.5 MLD each.

Plant flow diagram with unit operations

INDIAN CASE STUDY
NAYA RAIPUR

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NAYA RAIPUR
SEWERAGE SYSTEM
 The sewage generation is approximately assumed to be 80% – 90 % of total net water supply has been considered
excluding water infiltration. The Length of sewerage collection network is 80528m. Diameter of sewerage
collection system ranges between 200 mm to 800 mm & the material proposed is HDPE.
 The sewage generation is approximately assumed to be 80 %of total net water supply has been considered out of which
water supplied for green areas, washing streets, Horticulture, Fire fighting would cover the ground waterinfiltration.

Sewage Sewage Sewage Disposal

Generation Pumping Treatment Options
Stations
Considering the topography, the project area is divided into
six zones, which will has an independent sewer network &
Sewage Treatment Plant. The overall sewerage system is
as follows:

 Zone 1:
This zone caters for 18 % of the total sewage generated in
the project area, with STP 1 located in Theme Park/Nature
Resort. This zone includes Logistic hub, proposed railway
station, Industrial area, Natural resort and Theme park,
Integrated Freight complex and Residential area.

 Zone 2:
This zone caters for 10 % of the total sewage generated in
the project area, with STP 2 located near cantonment area.
This zone includes Army, Sports village, NCC and Police
academy, Cantonment area, International CricketStadium,
Residential area, Health Complex, Facility complex,
Education Complex and Commercial cum Business
Complex.

 Zone 3:
This zone caters for 18 % of the total sewage generated in
the project area, with STP 3 located near Kotrabhata. This
zone includes Residential area, Health Complex, Facility
complex, Specialty Hospital and Commercial cum
Business Complex.
 Zone 4:
This zone caters for 21 % of the total sewage
generated in the project area, with STP 4 located
near Capital Complex. This zone includes Capital SEWAGEGENERATION(MLD)
complex, HOD Buildings, Naya Rakhi
Rehabilitation, Residential areas, Health
Complex, Facility complex, Education Complex, DOMESTIC NON- TOTALSEWAGE
Commercial cum Business Complex, Golf course
and Botanical park. PHASE SEWAGE DOMESTIC GENERATION
GENERATI SEWAGE INCLUDING
 Zone 5: ON GENERATION INFILTRATION
This zone caters for 15 % of the total sewage
generated in the project area, with STP 5 located
in Central Park. This zone includes Special 1 22.53 36.53 59.06
industry zone (Gems and Jewelry park and IT
SEZ), CBD area, Socio Cultural area, Hotel 2 15.86 48.21 64.06
Complex and Central Green park.
3 16.4 12.73 29.13
 Zone 6:
This zone caters for 18 % of the total sewage TOTAL 54.79 97.47 152.25
generated in the project area, with STP 6 located
near Central Park. This zone includes
Residential area, Institutional and Research
area, University Complex and Knowledge park.
 SEWAGE TREATMENT
 Sewage Treatment is done through Swage Treatment Plant.
The treatment based on Sequential Batch Reactor (SBR) is
adopted.
 Six STPs of Phase I has a capacity of 24.29 MLD. The STPs for
other two phases are to be developed in coming years.

DISPOSAL OPTION

 The Treated Sewage Effluent is being utilized in

any of the following uses so as to conserver and
minimize the overall water requirement viz., land
scaping, flushing and fire fighting. The Treated
Sewage Effluent shall also be supplied to bulk
industrial customers by pumping. The pipe
material used for ring main is HDPE.
SEWERAGE AND SEWAGE TREATMENT
PLAN – PANVEL

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GENERAL (CITY PROFILE)

Panvel is the most populated city in Raigad district in Maharashtra, India. Panvel is also known as the
gateway of Konkan region. It is located in Navi Mumbai, Raigad district and is just across the Thane district
border. Panvel is the starting point of the Mumbai-Pune Expressway.
GENERAL (CITY PROFILE)
• The development authority of Panvel is the Panvel
Municipal Council (PMC) and that of New Panvel is
City and Industrial Development Corporation (CIDCO).

• Panvel Municipal Council area is 12.17 sq.km. As per

census 2011, the population of Panvel is 1,80,464 and
total number of households as per Panvel Municipal
Council are 43,231.

• The recent developments of Panvel are in New Panvel.

New Panvel is developed, administered, and
maintained by CIDCO.

• New Panvel is divided in two parts – New Panvel East

and New Panvel West (commonly known as Khanda
Colony). They have 19 and 23 sectors respectively.

• Panvel is situated on the bank of Gadhi River which

meets to an arm of the Arabian Sea.
 SEWERAGE AND SEWAGE TREATMENT PLAN – PANVEL
(EXISTING SITUATION)
 Sewage from the municipal area was collected and then discharged
into the creek, causing heavy water pollution, an issue for which the
civic body was pulled up by the Maharashtra Pollution Control Board
(MPCB).
 Currently, in the city, sewage is collected and treated partially in a
septic tank by owners of property. Such septic tanks are located in
the premises of buildings or in the vicinity of the buildings. As Panvel
has heavy rainfall, there are many problems related to the draining of
rainwater and septic tank effluent. This leads to water logging, odour
problems and problems with insects such as mosquitoes and flies.
 It is necessary to have a separate sewage system carry the sewage to
Existing
the treatment facility, where it will be treated in such a manner that
STP
the treated effluent would be suitable for disposal in surface water.
This will definitely provide better environmental conditions to the
residents.
 Currently there are 2600(approximately) septic tanks in city.As
sewerage network and STP is operational house connections to
network is in process. At present 3.5MLD sewage is being collected in
plant.
 SEWERAGE AND SEWAGE TREATMENT PLAN – PANVEL
(EXISTING SITUATION)
 As per Census 2011  Service Level Benchmarks (SLB) to show
 Population: 1,80,020  status of Basic sanitation services
 No. of households: 45706
 Area: 12.17sq.km.
2.60% 2.40%
Toilet Usage 3.90%

Use individual
toilets
Use Public
toilets
Use Community
toilets
91.10%
Practice open
Defecation

• 8.9% of the households don’t have

toilet facility within their premises. Out
of which 2.4% practices open
defecation.
SEWERAGE AND SEWAGE TREATMENT PLAN – PANVEL
(EXISTING SITUATION)

• Underground sewerage network is likely to be commissioned

by March-15 for both Zone-I & Zone-II with the recent addition
funds available (12.63 cores) SLB will be achieved.

• There is any proposal for reuse & recycle of treated waste

water as on today. The proposal of reuse effluent of STP is
under active consideration.

• PMC is charging the sewerage charges for those properties

having septic tanks at present.

• After completion of underground drainage project; suitable

sewerage be tax will be levied for all properties in lieu of
existing charges.
 GAPS IN EXISTING SITUATION & REQUIRED ACTION

• To overcome the problem of effluent from septic tank, council needs to construct a sewage
network including sewage treatment plant & disposal. As the work is ongoing and will be
commissioning fully in the month of March-2015. Till that time; PMC needs to purchase more
vacuum suction pumps for the sewage management of the septic tanks.

• PMC needs to think of; collection of total generated sewage, its treatment & disposal in a
scientific manner to the natural water courses to suit the MPCB norms for receiving water body
standards.

• Prepare a proposal for reuse of the treated sewage from treatment plant units. This should also
include propagating gray water reuse, reclamation of black water. The proposal of reuse for
flushing & gardening or road cleaning should be seriously considered and got implemented.

• Propose to adopt ECO-san Philosophy on pilot basis in few residential areas.

 SEWERAGE AND SEWAGE TREATMENT PLAN – PANVEL
(PROPOSAL)
OBJECTIVES & VISION

To make Panvel city healthy, livable and ensure to sustain good public health and environmental outcomes for all
their citizens with special focus on hygienic and integrated sewage plan.

KEY SEWAGE POLICY ISSUES

 Lack of an Integrated City-wide Approach

 Lack of Awareness
 Lack of Demand Responsiveness
 Fragmented Institutional Roles and Responsibilities
 Limited Technology Choices
 Reaching the Unserved and Poor

POLICY GOALS

The overall goal of this policy is to transform Panvel into community- driven, totally sanitized, healthy and
livable town.
 SEWERAGE AND SEWAGE TREATMENT PLAN – PANVEL
(PROPOSAL)
POLICY
 Awareness Generation and Behavior Changes
Generating awareness about sanitation and its linkage with public and environmental health amongst communities
and institutions.

 Integrated City- Wide Sanitation

Reorienting Institutions and Mainstreaming Sanitation
Strengthening national, state, city and local institutions to accord priority to sanitation provision, including planning,
implementation and O & M management

Sanitary and Safe Disposal

• 100% of human excreta and liquid wastes from all sanitation facilities including toilets must be disposed of safely
• Promoting proper functioning of network- based sewerage systems and ensuring connections of households to
them wherever possible.
• Promoting recycle and reuse of treated waste for non potable applications wherever possible.
• Promoting proper disposal and treatment of sludge from on-site installations (septic tanks, pit latrines etc.);
• Ensuring that all human wastes are collected safely conveyed and disposed of after treatment so as not to cause
any hazard to public health or the environment.
 SEWERAGE AND SEWAGE TREATMENT PLAN – PANVEL
(PROPOSAL)
POLICY GOALS

 Achieving Open Defecation Free Cities

• Promoting access to households with safe sanitation facilities
• Promoting community – planned and managed toilets for groups of households
• Adequate availability and 100% upkeep and management of Public Sanitation facilities in all Urban Areas

 Proper Operation and Maintenance of all Sanitary Installations

• Promoting proper usage, regular upkeep and maintenance of household, community and public sanitation facilities
• Strengthening ULBs to provide or cause to, sustainable sanitation services delivery

 Institutional Roles
The Govt. of India will support clear assignment of roles and responsibilities, resources and capacities and institutional
incentives in relation to setting standards, planning and financing, implementation, knowledge development, capacity-
building and training. Monitoring & Evaluation (M & E), and regulatory arrangements

 Reaching the Unserved and Poor Households

• Policy will help urban areas adopt a city-wide, demand-based participatory approach to individual and community
sanitation where individual sanitation facilities are not feasible.
• Slum and community sanitation plans will be formulated as a part of the City Sanitation Plan.
 SEWERAGE AND SEWAGE TREATMENT PLAN – PANVEL
(PROPOSAL)
Year Population Per Capita Demand Water Demand Sewerage
generated(80% of
water demand)
2011 1,80,020 24.30 MLD 19.44 MLD
2021 2,19,468 29.62 MLD 23.69 MLD
135 LPCD
2031 3,08,090 41.60 MLD 33.28 MLD
2041 4,41,676 59.62 MLD 47.69 MLD
2051 5,68,283 76.71 MLD 61.36 MLD

 Per Capita Water Supply: 135 Liters per capita

per day.  Recommended design period
 Sewage generated = 80% of the total water for Sewer System,Pumping
demand. Station, Sewerage Treatment
Reference: URDPFI guidelines Plant is 30 years. (URDPFI
At present 3.5MLD sewage is being collected in plant. guidelines)
 Recommended design period
Proposed Sewage Treatment Plant capacity - 2041
for pumping machinery, design
Year STP capacity(existing STP capacity period is 15 years. (URDPFI
and proposed by (Proposed by us) guidelines)
PMCl)  Population of year 2031: 308090
2018 14 MLD (2 STP) 24 MLD  Population of year 2041: 441676
2041 22 MLD 48 MLD
 SEWERAGE AND SEWAGE TREATMENT PLAN – PANVEL
(PROPOSAL)
ISSUES PROPOSAL STRATERGY
 A Faecal Sludge Treatment Plant (FSTP) is proposed for
treatment of waste water from septic tanks and the
sludge will be treated and can be used for green areas
and horticulture.
 Coverage of piped sewerage is
 The sewerage generated has to be treated (FSTP for
only 4% which is not upto
septic tanks & at STP otherwise) and reused for
SLBs.
 100% piped sewer irrigation and gardening purpose.
 Re-use of waste water is non
coverage in the area.  STP capacity is not enough for the projected waste
existent.
 Proper monitoring of all water demand. Capacity has to be upgraded to 47.69
 Quality of waste water
sanitation facility, MLD by 2041.
treatment is also below the
especially.  Several companies offers to treat waste (sewerage &
SLB.
 Promoting re-use of waste solid) using technology of plasma gasification and
 Most of the houses use septic
water. produce drinking water, fuel and electricity & produces
tanks, and the municipality
 Adopting plasma zero emissions and no residue. It will take duty of
doesn’t have enough
classification technology. transportation of waste and setting up of plant with no
infrastructure to treat all of it.
cost to govt., but the govt. has to purchase water and
electricity.
 1 MLD sewage gives 10 MW of electricity and 0.9 MLD
drinking water.
THANK YOU!