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PHILIPPINE LITERATURE DURING AMERICAN PERIOD
Brief History
 The Filipino revolutionist won against the Spaniards who colonized Philippines for more than 300
years.

 The Philippine flag was hoisted on June 12, 1898 as a symbol of independence. Gen. Emilio
Aguinaldo was elected the first president of the Philippine Republic, which was short – lived.

 Americans colonized the country. And in 1901, Gen. Emilio Aguinaldo surrendered to the
Americans.

FEATURES OF PHILIPPINE LITERATURE UNDER

AMERICAN REGIME
 Spanish and Tagalog and the Vernaculars were the languages used in writing during the first
years in American period, but Spanish and Tagalog were the predominated language.

 In 1910, a new group started to write in English. Hence, Spanish, Tagalog, the Vernaculars and
finally English, were the mediums used in literature during these times.

The creation of Philippine literacy works during the American Period in the Philippines was advanced by
two significant developments in education and culture.
THE PERIOD OF
SELF-DISCOVERY
(1925-1941)

Some of the Filipino Writers during American

Colonization
1950

Wilfrido Ma. Guerrero (1911-1995)

1900
satire

Philippine Literature in English is divided into three time

frames:
THE PERIOD OF IMITATION
(1910-1925)

Amado Vera Hernandez (1903-1970)

Business and Finance Section
A Filipino writer and labor leader who was known for his criticism of social injustices in the Philippines and
was later imprisoned for his involvement in the communist movement. He was the central figure in a
landmark legal case that took 13 years to settle.
While being a reporter, columnist and editor of several newspaper and magazines including Watawat,
Mabuhay, Pilipino, Makabayan and Sampaguita, he also honed his poetic craft. He received the Republic
Cultural Heritage Award, a number of Palancas and an award from the National Press Club for his
journalistic achievements.

 Usapin ng mga Pilipino (1915)

 The Development of Philippine Politics (1926)
 The Filipino Rebel: A Romance of the American Occupation of the Philippines (1931)

 1919 - UP College Folio

 1920 - Bulletin, Philippine Herald
 1924 - The Philippine Review, the Independent, Rising Philippines and Citizens, and the
Philippine Education Magazine.

FORM:
epistolary
gothic
Ballad
Epic
Picaresque
Announcement and obituary page

 He was a Filipino novelist and publisher.

 He was the founder of Inang Lupa publishing and was active in textbook in the 1950s.
 He also wrote many stories and novels about his country and native land.
 He was awarded a Commonwealth prize for his English novel "His Native Soil".

STANZAS
romance
Many Filipino started writing again and the nationalism of the people remain undaunted. Filipino writers
went into all forms of literature like news reporting, poetry, stories, plays, essays and novels. Their
writings clearly depicted their love of country and their longings for independence.

 couplet (2 lines)
 tercet (3 lines)
  quatrain (4 lines)
 cinquain (5 lines)
 sestet (6 lines)
 septet (7 lines)
 octave (8 lines)

Editorial Page
magic realism
THE PERIOD OF sELF - dISCOVERY
(1925-1941)
weather Section
feminist
Historical Background
ALLEGORY
Parts Of A
Newspaper
Classified Ads Section
THE PERIOD OF IMITATION
(1910-1925)

 1910 - English - Medium of instruction on public schools

 El Renacimiento - Rafael Palma - 1901
 Philippines Free Press - 1905
 Sursum Corda - Justo Juliano - 1907 - first work published in English
 My Mother and Air Castles - Juan F. Salazar - 1909

Manuel Arguilla (1911-1944)

Paz Marquez-Benitez (1894-1983)
Faustino S. Aguilar (1882-1955)
COMIC

Maximo Maguiat Kalaw(1891-1955)

THE PERIOD OF
RE-ORIENTATION
(1898-1910)
STRUCTURE and POETRY
KINDS OF NOVELS
1890
Elements of a Short Story
 He graduated in University of the Philippines with a Bachelor of Science Education degree.
 He was a member of the first class of the University of the Philippines, graduating with a Bachelor
of Arts degree in 1912.
 Authored the short story "How My Brother Leon brought Home a Wife", which won first prize in
the Commonwealth Literary Contest in 1940

He also became the director Filipino Players from 1941-1947.

He wrote well over a hundred plays, 41 one which have been published. His published and unpublished
plays have either been broadcast over the radio or staged in various parts of the Philippines.

Zoilo Galang (1895-1959)

1940
Authored the first Filipino modern English language short story,
Dead Stars, Published in the Philippine Herald in 1925.
Benitez was among the first generation of Filipinos trained in the American education system which used
English as the medium of instruction.
THE PERIOD OF RE-ORIENTATION
(1898-1910)
He studied at the Philippine Normal School and the University of the Philippines wherein he became the
editor of Collegio Folio, the first school paper in UP.
Ode
Elegy
Sonnet
Sports Page

 setting
 characterization
 plot
 conflict
 climax
 resolution
 theme
 point of view

News section

 Lyric Poetry
 Narrative Poem
 Descriptive Poem
Juan Cabreros Laya (1911-1952)
realism
1920
A self-starter, he learned typing and stenography in English and Spanish all by himself. Attracted to the
English language, he took special courses at the University of the Philippines in 1925, then went to
Columbia University for further studies in Literature.
He was soon writing books of fiction, biography and philosophy, and his output was prodigious. His early
poems saw print on the Kapampangan paper, “E Mangabiran". He authored “A Child of Sorrow”, the first
English novel written by a Filipino. This was later made into a movie in 1930.
He was one of the first novelists in the Philippines to explore and present social realism through literature.
Pinaglahuan was Faustino’s response against imperialism and colonialism.
Entertainment section

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PHILIPPINE LITERATURE DURING AMERICAN

REGIME
 Spanish and Tagalog and the Vernaculars were the languages used in writing during the first
years in American period, but Spanish and Tagalog were the predominated language.
 In 1910, a new group started to write in English. Hence, Spanish, Tagalog, the Vernaculars and
finally English, were the mediums used in literature during these times.

THREE GROUPS OF WRITERS

Poets of the Heart (Makata ng Puso)

 Lope K. Santos,
 Iñigo Ed. Regalado
 Carlos Gatmaitan
 Pedro Deogracias del Rosario
 Ildefonso Santos
 Amado V. Hernandez,
 Nemecio Carabana
 Mar Antonio

Poets of Life (Makata ng Buhay)

  Lope K Santos
 Jose Corazon de Jesus
 Florentino Collantes
 Patricio Mariano
 Carlos Gatmaitan
 Amado V. Hernandez.

 Poets of the Stage (Makata ng Tanghalan)

 Aurelio Tolentino
 Patricio Mariano
 Severino Reyes

Philippine Literature in English is divided into three time frames:

A.The Period of Re – orientation: 1898 – 1910
English as a literary vehicle came with the American occupation on August 13, 1898 and by 1900, English
became the medium of instruction in public schools.
Writers of this period were still adjusting to the newfound freedom different from the Spanish regime
where thoughts and speech were suppressed. They were also adjusting in the use of the new language
and to the standards of the English literary style. Thus it is not surprising that there were not much
production of literature during this period.
1910 - English - Medium of instruction on public schools
El Renacimiento - Rafael Palma - 1901
Philippines Free Press - 1905
Sursum Corda - Justo Juliano - 1907 - first work published in English
My Mother and Air Castles - Juan F. Salazar - 1909
Writers in this period made their way into imitating the American and British’s way of writing that resulted
in rigid and unnatural styles that lack vitality and spontaneity.
1919 - UP College Folio
1920 - Bulletin, Philippine Herald
1924 - The Philippine Review, the Independent, Rising Philippines and Citizens, and the Philippine
Education Magazine.
By this time, Filipino writers had acquired the mastery of English writing. They now confidently and
competently wrote on a lot of subjects although the old – time favorites of love and youth persisted.
DEAD STARS
by Paz Marquez Benitez
THROUGH the open window the air-steeped outdoors passed into his room, quietly enveloping him,
stealing into his very thought. Esperanza, Julia, the sorry mess he had made of life, the years to come
even now beginning to weigh down, to crush—they lost concreteness, diffused into formless melancholy.
The tranquil murmur of conversation issued from the brick-tiled azotea where Don Julian and Carmen
were busy puttering away among the rose pots.
“Papa, and when will the ‘long table’ be set?”
“I don’t know yet. Alfredo is not very specific, but I understand Esperanza wants it to be next month.”
Carmen sighed impatiently. “Why is he not a bit more decided, I wonder. He is over thirty, is he not? And
still a bachelor! Esperanza must be tired waiting.”
“She does not seem to be in much of a hurry either,” Don Julian nasally commented, while his rose
scissors busily snipped away.
“How can a woman be in a hurry when the man does not hurry her?” Carmen returned, pinching off a
worm with a careful, somewhat absent air. “Papa, do you remember how much in love he was?”
“In love? With whom?”
“With Esperanza, of course. He has not had another love affair that I know of,” she said with good-
natured contempt. “What I mean is that at the beginning he was enthusiastic—flowers, serenades, notes,
and things like that—“
Alfredo remembered that period with a wonder not unmixed with shame. That was less than four years
ago. He could not understand those months of a great hunger that was not of the body nor yet of the
mind, a craving that had seized on him one quiet night when the moon was abroad and under the
dappled shadow of the trees in the plaza, man wooed maid. Was he being cheated by life? Love—he
seemed to have missed it. Or was the love that others told about a mere fabrication of perfervid
imagination, an exaggeration of the commonplace, a glorification of insipid monotonies such as made up
his love life? Was love a combination of circumstances, or sheer native capacity of soul? In those days
love was, for him, still the eternal puzzle; for love, as he knew it, was a stranger to love as he divined it
might be.
Zoilo M. Galang's A Child of Sorrow(1921)
The opening lines:
Lucio had just received his sheepskin diploma from the provincial high school, and had laid his books on
the dust-covered shelves. He had not decided yet what he would do. Perhaps he would play the
proverbial happy role of youth—the life of fun, frolic and adventure.
It was April in the Fertile Valley, the month when the sampaguita began to open its petals to receive the
soothing dew of the starry evening hour; when the rose, lovely and tender, gave its best and lured
countless butterflies; when the dama-de-noche, fragrantly suffused the atmosphere at the magic touch of
the night which gave it vitality.
How my Brother Leon brought Home a Wife
by Manuel Arguilla
She stepped down from the carretela of Ca Celin with a quick, delicate grace. She was lovely. She was
tall. She looked up to my brother with a smile, and her forehead was on a level with his mouth.
“You are Baldo,” she said and placed her hand lightly on my shoulder. Her nails were long, but they were
not painted. She was fragrant like a morning when papayas are in bloom. And a small dimple appeared
momently high on her right cheek. “And this is Labang of whom I have heard so much.” She held the
wrist of one hand with the other and looked at Labang, and Labang never stopped chewing his cud. He
swallowed and brought up to his mouth more cud and the sound of his insides was like a drum.
I laid a hand on Labang’s massive neck and said to her: “You may scratch his forehead now.”
She hesitated and I saw that her eyes were on the long, curving horns. But she came and touched
Labang’s forehead with her long fingers, and Labang never stopped chewing his cud except that his big
eyes half closed. And by and by she was scratching his forehead very daintily.
SPANISH writers wrote about nationalism.
TAGALOG writers wrote about their lamentations on the conditions of the country and their attempts to
arouse love for one’s native tongue.

 He was a Filipino novelist and publisher.

1890
THE PERIOD OF RE-ORIENTATION
(1898-1910)

 He was one of the first novelists in the Philippines to explore and present social realism through
literature.

ALCANTARA, MIKAERIKA
DE ASIS, KIMBERLY GRACE
GARGACERAN, LILIA ZENAIDA
LIRAZAN, SUENIRISSE MAE
NORBERTE, MIKIO CAY

 He wrote well over a hundred plays, 41 one which have been published. His published and
unpublished plays have either been broadcast over the radio or staged in various parts of the
Philippines.

 Authored the short story, How my brother Leon brought Home a Wife, which won first prize in the
Commonwealth Literary Contest in 1940.

 She was a member of the first class of the University of the Philippines, graduating with a
Bachelor of Arts degree in 1912.

 He studied at the Philippine Normal School and the University of the Philippines wherein he
became the editor of Collegio Folio, the first school paper in UP.

1950

 His writings gained the attention of Tagalog literati and some of his stories and poems were
included in anthologies, such as Clodualdo del Mundo's Parolang Ginto and Alejandro Abadilla's
Talaang Bughaw.

THE PERIOD OF RE-ORIENTATION

(1898-1910)
1940
SUBMITTED BY:

 As a novelist, he authored the Tagalog-language novels Busabos ng Palad (Pauper of Fate) in

1909, Sa Ngalan ng Diyos (In the Name of God) in 1911, Ang Lihim ng Isang Pulo (The Secret of
an Island) in 1926, Ang Patawad ng Patay (The Pardon of the Dead) in 1951, Ang Kaligtasan
(The Salvation) in 1951, and Pinaglahuan (Place of Disappearance) in 1906 (published in 1907).

 He also became the director Filipino Players from 1941-1947.

 One of the founders of Philippine Women College. (Now PWU)

 While still a teenager, he began writing in Tagalog for the newspaper Watawat (Flag). He would
later write a column for the Tagalog publication Pagkakaisa (Unity) and become editor of
Mabuhay (Long Live).

Juan Cabreros Laya (1911-1952)

THE PERIOD OF SELF-DISCOVERY
(1925-1941)

FEATURES OF PHILIPPINE LITERATURE UNDER AMERICAN REGIME

The Filipino revolutionist won against the Spaniards who colonized Philippines for more than 300 years.
The Philippine flag was hoisted on June 12, 1898 as a symbol of independence. Gen. Emilio Aguinaldo
was elected the first president of the Philippine Republic, which was short – lived. Americans colonized
the country. And in 1901, Gen. Emilio Aguinaldo surrendered to the Americans.

Historical Background
ENGLISH writers imitated the themes and methods of the Americans.

 He was the founder of Inang Lupa publishing and was active in textbook in the 1950s.

THE PERIOD OF IMITATION

(1910-1925)
Carlos Bulosan wrote in 1942: "[The novel is] an important historical document because it marks the
continuation of a literary tradition started by Francisco Balagtas in Tagalog and by Jose Rizal in Spanish.
Only forty years in the Philippines, English has become a dynamic weapon in the hand of the young
author who, using the rich scenery of his own childhood and the shifting intellectual life of his generation,
is able to recreate and reflect the rapidly changing political and social attitudes of the Filipino people.”

 He also wrote the stories Midsummer and Heat which was published in the United States.
  Other notable works include "Nadia", "For Dreams Must Die", "Springtime", "Leaders of the
Philippines", "Glimpses of the World", "Life and Success", "Master of Destiny", "Unisophy" and
"Barrio Life".

 Authored the first Filipino modern English language short story, Dead Stars, Published in the
Philippine Herald in 1925.

 He wrote the first Philippine novel written in English, "A Child of Sorrow"

 Wrote and edited the First 10-volume Encyclopedia of the Philippines which covered Philippine
literature, biography, commerce and industry, art, education, religion, government, science,
history and builders of the new Philippines.

1900

 He became an associate editor of the Manila Times, a professor of political science at the
University of the Philippines,an exchange professor at the University of Michigan, becoming the
first Filipino to teach in an American university.

Manuel Arguilla (1911-1944)

THE PERIOD OF SELF-DISCOVERY
(1925-1941)

 According to Soledad Reyes, Faustino’s Pinaglahuan was a pioneer novel in Philippine literature
that tackled social realism in the Philippines, meaning it was one of the first books to focus on the
realistic state of Philippine society. Faustino wrote the novel after being influenced by the socialist
teaching of 19th century European thinkers. Pinaglahuan was Faustino’s response against
imperialism and colonialism

Paz Marquez-Benitez (1894-1983)

Zoilo Galang (1895-1959)
Wilfrido Ma. Guerrero (1911-1995)

 He also wrote many stories and novels about his country and native land.

 In 1922, at the age of 19, Hernandez became a member of the literary society Aklatang Bayan
which included noted Tagalog writers Lope K. Santos and Jose Corazon de Jesus.

Some of the Filipino Writers during American Colonization

THE PERIOD OF IMITATION
(1910-1925)
Amado Vera Hernandez (1903-1970)

 A Filipino writer and labor leader who was known for his criticism of social injustices in the
Philippines and was later imprisoned for his involvement in the communist movement. He was the
central figure in a landmark legal case that took 13 years to settle.

 He was awarded a Commonwealth prize for his English novel "His Native Soil".

Maximo Maguiat Kalaw(1891-1955)

1920

 He graduated in University of the Philippines with a Bachelor of Science Education degree.

 In 1947, he was appointed as UP Dramatic Club director and served for 16 years. As founder and
artistic director of the UP Mobile Theater, he pioneered the concept of theater campus tour and
delivered no less than 2,500 performances in a span of 19 committed years of service. By
bringing theatre to countryside, Guerrero made it possible for students and audiences in general
to experience the basic grammar of staging and acting in familiar and friendly ways through his
plays that humorously reflect the behavior of the Filipino.

Faustino S. Aguilar (1882-1955)

 His published works include Usapin ng mga Pilipino (1915), The Development of Philippine
Politics (1926), The Filipino Rebel: A Romance of the American Occupation of the Philippines
(1930), The Philippine Question: An Analysis (1931), An Introduction to Philippine Social Science
(1933), and Materials for the Constitution (1934).

The creation of Philippine literary works during the American Period in the Philippines was advanced by
two significant developments in education and culture. One is the introduction of free public instruction for
all children of school age and two, the use of English as medium of instruction in all levels of education in
public schools.

 Her other story is "A night in the Hill" (1925)