KEY NOTES

UNIT 1 - Introduction

 Introduction to Client/Server Computing

o Overview of Client/Server Computing

o What is Client/Server Computing

 Client/server is a distributed computing model in which client applications

request services from server processes and Servers receive those requests
and perform actions such as database queries and reading files.

o Application Tasks

 User interface
 Presentation logic
 Application logic
 Data integrity

o Rightsizing

 Downsizing
 Upsizing
 Smartsizing

 Benefits of Client/Server Computing

o Dollar Savings
o Increased Productivity
o Flexibility and Scalability
o Resource Utilization
o Centralized Control
o Open Systems

 Evolution of Client/Server Computing

o Hardware Trends

 Power
 Chips
 Memory

o Software Trends

 Relational Databases
 GUIs
  Multithreaded Processing
 Continuing Evolution

 Evolution of Operating Systems

 Networking Trends
 Business Considerations
 Overview of Client/Server Applications

o Components of Client/Server Applications

 The Client
 The Server
 The Network

 Classes of Client/Server Applications

o Host-Based Processing
o Client-Based Processing
o Cooperative Processing

 Categories of Client/Server Applications

o Office Systems
o Front-Ends to Existing Systems
o Database Access
o Transaction-Processing Applications

UNIT 2 - Client/Server Operating Systems

  Dispelling the Myths

o Client/Server Computing is Easily Implemented

o Current Desktop Machines Are Sufficient
o Minimal Training Is Required
o All Data Are Relational
o Development Time Is Shorter

 Obstacles-Upfront and Hidden

o Costs
o Mixed Platforms
o Maintenance
o Reliability
o Restructuring Corporate Architecture

 Open Systems and Standards

o Standards Areas
o Existing Standards
o Open Systems

 Standards-Setting Organizations

o Open Software Foundation

o UNIX International
o X/Open
o Object Management Group
o SQL Access Group

 Factors for Success

o Internetworking
o Interoperability
o Compatible Environments
o Perceived Benefits

UNIT 3 - The Client

 Client Hardware and Software
 Client Components

o Client Hardware
o Client Software
o Interface Environments

 Client Operating Systems

o DOS with Windows 3.x

o OS/2
o UNIX-Based

 What is a GUI?

o Screen Characteristics
o Event Driven
o Native API

 X Window vs. Windowing

o X Window GUIs
o Windowing GUIs
o Other Environments

 Database Access

o SQL Interface
o Extended SQL

 Application Logic

o Generated Application Logic

o Customized Application Logic

 Client Software Products

o GUI Environments

 Windows 3.x
 Presentation Manager
 Motif
 Open Look

o Converting 3270/5250 Screens

o Database Access Tools
  Client Requirements

o GUI Design Standards

o Open GUI Standards
o Interface Independence
o Testing Interfaces
o Development Aids

 Smart GUI interfaces

 Smart SQL Interfaces
 Data Dictionaries and Repositories
 Smart OLTP Interfaces

UNIT 4 - The Server

 Server Hardware
 Benchmarks
 Categories of Servers

o File Server
o Application Server
o Data Server
o Compute Server
o Database Server
o Communication Server

 Features of Server Machines

o Multiprocessing
o Multithreading
o Memory Subsystems
o Redundant Components

 Classes of Server Machines

o Micro/Server
o Supersavers
o Database Machines

 Server Environment

 Network Management Environment

o Distributed Management Environment

o Object Management Architecture
o UI-Atlas

 Networking Computing Environment

o Distributed Computing Environment

o Open Network Computing

 Network Operating System

 Server Requirements
 Platform Independence
 Transaction Processing

o Two-Phase Commits
o Transaction Logs

 Connectivity

o Remote Procedure Calls

  Server Data Management and Access Tools

o Data Manager Features

 Standard SQL Access

 Distributed Database Architecture
 User Connections

o Data Management Software

 SYBASE SQL server

 Microsoft SQL Server
 SQLBase
 Netware SQL
 Other Options

o Database Gateways

 EDA/SQL
 Database Gateway
 SQL Bridge
 SYBASE Open Client/Server

UNIT 5 – Client Server and Internet

 Client server and internet

 Hidden fields
 A cookie
  Process-per client architecture
 Multithreaded architectures

 Web client server

 3 tier client server web style
 CGI
 The server side of web

 A CGI Scenario

 CGI and State

 Hidden Fields
 Cookies

 SQL database servers

 The fundamentals of SQL and Relational databases

 SQL Database Server Architectures
 Stored Procedures, Triggers and Rules
 What does a database server do?

 Middleware and federated databases

 SQL Middleware: The options

 SQL API
 Open SQL Gateways

 Data warehouses

 OLTP
 Decision Support Systems
 Executive Information System
 The Elements of Data Warehousing
 The Data replication manager
 The informational database
 The information directory
 DSS tool support
 Warehouse Hierarchies: The Data marts
 Replication Versus Direct Access
 The Mechanics of Replication

 Benefits of data warehousing

 Disadvantages of data warehouses

  EIS/DSS to data mining

 Query/Reporting Tools
 OLAP and Multidimensional Data
 Types of OLAP
 OLAP Client/Server Interaction

 How does data mining work?

 GroupWare Server
 What is GroupWare?
 Components of GroupWare

 Multimedia document management

 Workflow
 Email
 Group Conferencing
 Group Scheduling

UNITT - 1

PART-A

1. What is Client Server Computing?

2. List out Application tasks of Client Server Computing.
 3. Define User interface
4. What is Presentation Logic?
5. What is Application Logic?
6. What is Data Integrity?
7. Define Rightsizing.
8. Define Downsizing.
9. What is Upsizing?
10. Define Smart sizing.
11. List out Benefits of Client/Server Computing.
12. What is Increased Productivity?
13. Define Resource Utilization.
14. Define Open Systems.
15. Define Hardware Trends.
16. List out Software Trends.
17. What is Components of Client/Server Applications?
18. Define Database Access.
19. List out Transaction-Processing Applications.
20. What is Host-Based Processing?
21. Define Cooperative Processing.
22. What is Multithreaded Processing?
23. Define Continuing Evolution.
24. What is meant by query oriented applications?
25. Draw Distribution of processing in Client Server model.

PART-B

1. Discuss Networking Trends.

2. Briefly explain about Categories of Client Server Applications?
3. Discuss Classes of Client Server Applications.
4. Explain Overview of Client Server Applications?
5. Discuss Evolution of Client Server Computing.

UNIT - 2

PART-A

1. Discuss Dispelling the Myths.

2. How Client/Server Computing is Easily Implemented?
3. Define Minimal Training.
4. Discuss how the Development Time Is Shorter?
5. What is Reliability?
 6. Draw Restructuring Corporate Architecture.
7. Define Standards Areas of Client Server Computing.
8. List out Existing Standards.
9. What is POSIX?
10. What is OSI?
11. Define RDA and DRDA.
12. List out Components of an Open Systems Environment.
13. What is DME?
14. Define DCE.
15. Define X/Open.
16. Define SQL Access Group.
17. What is Internetworking?
18. What is Interoperability?
19. List out Compatible Environments.
20. List out Perceived Benefits.

PART – B

1. Explain in detail about Dispelling the Myths?

2. Discuss Obstacles-Upfront and Hidden.
3. Explain Open Systems and Standards?
4. Explain Standards-Setting Organizations?
5. Discuss about key Factors for Success.

UNIT - 3

PART-A

1. What are major functions of the Client?

2. What is Client Hardware and Software?
3. List out Client Components.
4. Define Client Hardware.
5. Define Client Software.
 6. What is meant by Interface Environments?
7. Define graphical user interface.
8. Define drag and drop.
9. List out the control features.
10. What is Client Operating Systems?
11. List out communication between DOS with Windows 3.x.
12. What is OS/2?
13. What is a GUI?
14. What is DLL?
15. What is DDE?
16. What is OLE?
17. List the Screen Characteristics.
18. What is Event Driven?
19. What is Native API?
20. Differentiate the X Window and Windowing.
21. What is X Window GUIs?
22. What is Database Access?
23. Define SQL Interface.
24. What is Extended SQL?
25. Draw event loop.
26. What is hybrid?
27. What is Generated Application Logic?
28. Define Customized Application Logic.
29. What is Client Software Products?
30. List out GUI Environments.
31. What is Motif?
32. What is Open Look?
33. Compare DDE and OLE.
34. What is flashpoint?
35. List out the Database Access Tools.
36. Define data workbench.
37. List out the data workbench tools.
38. What is sequelink?
39. What is GUI Design Standards?
40. List out the basic principles of Open GUI Standards.
41. What is Interface Independence?
42. Discuss Testing Interfaces.
43. What is SQA?
44. List out the Development Aids.
45. Define Data Dictionaries and Repositories.
46. What is a Smart OLTP interface?

PART – B

1. Briefly explain about Client Hardware and Software?

 2. Discuss Client Components.
3. Explain various Client Operating Systems?
4. Discuss about GUI standards.
5. Discuss merits and demerits of X Window and Windowing.
6. Explain with neat sketch of Database Access?
7. Explain about Application Logic?
8. Explain various Client Software Products?
9. Discuss about Database Access Tools.
10. Explain various Client Requirements?
11. Briefly explain about Development Aids?
12. Discuss about GUI Environments.

UNIT - 4

PART-A

1. What is Server Hardware?

2. Define Benchmarks.
3. List out the Categories of Servers.
4. What is File Server?
5. Define Application Server.
6. What is Data Server?
7. Define Compute Server.
 8. Define Database Server.
9. What is Communication Server?
10. What are the Features of Server Machines?
11. What is Multiprocessing?
12. What is Multithreading?
13. Define Memory Subsystems.
14. List out the Redundant Components.
15. List out Classes of Server Machines.
16. What is Micro/Server?
17. What is Supersavers?
18. What is Database Machines?
19. What is Server Environment?
20. Draw Object Management Architecture.
21. What is UI-Atlas?
22. Define Distributed Computing Environment.
23. What is Open Network Computing?
24. List out Server Requirements.
25. What is Platform Independence?
26. Define Transaction Processing.
27. What is Two-Phase Commits?
28. What is Transaction Logs?
29. What is Connectivity?
30. What is Remote Procedure Calls?
31. List out Data Manager Features.
32. What is Standard SQL Access?
33. Draw Distributed Database Architecture.
34. What is User Connections?
35. What is Data Management Software?
36. What is SYBASE SQL server?
37. What is Microsoft SQL Server?
38. What is SQL Base?
39. What is Netware SQL?
40. Define Database Gateway.
41. What is EDA/SQL?
42. What is SQL Bridge?

PART- B

1. Explain various Server Hardware?

2. Briefly explain about Benchmarks?
3. Discuss various Categories of Servers.
4. Discuss Features of Server Machines.
5. Explain Classes of Server Machines?
6. Briefly explain about Server Environment?
7. Explain Network Management Environment?
 8. Briefly explain about Networking Computing Environment?
9. Explain different types of Network Operating System?
10. Explain various Server Requirements?
11. Discuss Platform Independence.
12. Briefly explain about Transaction Processing?
13. Briefly explain about Connectivity?
14. Explain various Server Data Management and Access Tools?
15. Briefly explain about Data Management Software?

UNIT - 5

PART-A

1. Define CGI.
2. What is meant by Hidden fields and Cookies
3. Define SQL.
4. What are the advantages and disadvantages of Process-per client architecture?
5. What are the advantages and disadvantages of Mulithreaded architecture?
6. What are the advantages and disadvantages of Hybrid architecture?
7. Write short notes on SQL-92, SQL-89 abd SQL3.
8. Define stored procedures, Triggers and rules.
9. What are the advantages and disadvantages of tored procedures.
10. Define static SQL and dynamic SQL.
 11. Compare stored procedures with staic and dynamic SQL.
12. Define API.
13. What is meant by FAP?
14. Define Embedded SQL.
15. Compare Embedded SQL and Call-Level Interface.
16. Define JDBC.
17. What is the use of DRDA and write the features of DRDA?
18. Define Data warehouse.
19. Define data marts and data cubes.
20. What are the elements of data warehousing?
21. Define OLAP and OLTP.
22. Compare OLAP and OLTP.
23. What is meant by data mining.
24. What are the applications of data mining?
25. Define groupware.
26. What are the components of groupware?
27. Define workflow.
28. What is the difference between groupware an SQL database server?

PART – B
1. Briefly explain about Client server and internet?
2. Discuss about Web client server.
3. Briefly explain about 3 tier client server web style?
4. Briefly explain about CGI and State?
5. Discuss SQL database servers.
6. Discuss merits and demerits Middleware and federated databases.
7. Briefly explain about Data warehouses?
8. Explain EIS/DSS to data mining?
9. Briefly explain about GroupWare Server?
10. Explain Components of GroupWare?

Unit-1
2marks

1. What is client/server computing?

The client/server computing is that server software accepts requests for data from client
software and returns the results to the client.

2. Where the applications processing is done/performed?

 Application processing performed on more than one m/c in a network may be either
distributed computing or co-operative processing.
 Distributed computing partitions the data between two or more computer, which may be
geographically dispersed.
  Co-operative processing splits an application’s function (processing) between two or
more computers in a peer to peer relationship.

3. What is the client?

The client is a process (program) that sends a message to a server process, requesting
that the server perform a task (services).

4. What is the server?

A server process fulfills the client request by performing the task required. server
programs receive requests from client programs execute database retrieval and updates and
dispatch responses to client requests.

5. What are the application tasks available in client server computing?

 User interface
 Presentation logic
 Application logic
 Data request and result acceptance
 Data integrity
 Physical Data Management

6. Explain the variation in Rightsizing

Three variations are:

 Downsizing
 Upsizing
 Smart sizing
DOWNSIZING:
When it is re-engineered to run in a smaller/LAN based environment.

UPSIZING:
Run in the larger environment.

SMART SIZING:
It affects the entire organizational structure & involves re-engineering, redesigning
the business process.

7. Benefits of CSC:

 Dollar saving
 Increased Productivity
 Flexibility & Scalability
 Resource utilization
 Centralized Control
  Open Systems

8. What is the use of open system?

 Userfriendly.
 Software can easy to download..
 Any one can access.
 Secure.

9. Describe the evolution of CSC?

 Hardware trends
 Software trends

HARDWARE TRENDS:
 Power
 Chips
 Memory

SOFTWARE TRENDS:
 Relational database
 GUIs
 Multithreaded processing.
 Continuing evolution.

10. Define GUIs.

GUIs platforms do more than provide a presentation layer to the application layer. They
provide an operating environment on top of the operating system of the desktop machine. A GUI
presents its user with information in windows, which are rectangular areas on a screen.

11. What is the multithreaded?

Multithreaded is the more than one thread will be processed /accessed. A thread is a
Process or an execution. It supports multiple threads of execution and allows the thread to
communicate with each other.

12. Write down the components of CSC?

There are three components:

 Client
 Server
 Network
13. List the classes of CSC?
 Three classes:
 Host-Based Processing
 Co-operative Processing
 Client-Based Processing

14. Difference between CSC and mainframe environments:

MAINFRAME CSC

 Costly to maintain  Easier to maintain

 H/W ,S/W & staff required to maintain  Inexpensive to maintain &develop
& develop application are very application.
expensive
 Maintenance cost of a server is higher  Maintenance cost of a server is
 Main-frame base application can be negligible
developed in more-time  Client-based application can be
developed in less time

15. Why client-based processing applications do some cooperative processing?

Client-based processing applications do some cooperative processing. Because data

validation, stored procedure, triggers executed on the server.

16. What is Presentation logic?

Presentation logic is that, what happens when the user interacts with the form on the
screen.

17. List out the categories of client server application.

 Office system.
 Frond-ends to existing system.
 Database access.
 Transaction processing applications.
 Investigative applications.

18. What are the two LAN Mail products?

The two LAN Mail products

 MS Mail 3.0
 Lotus’s cc:Mail
 MS uses its own system-level messaging application programming interface
(MAPI).
Lotus support vendor independent messaging (VIM), application programming
interface (API).

19. Define flexibility.

As new client join the system, the old clients and server remain unaffected. An
application does not have to be redesigning to use new interface software or be moved to a new
platform.

20. Difference between peer-to-peer and CS computing

CLIENT SERVER COMPUTING PEER-TO-PEER COMPUTING

C
. C

C
C
1. Any participant can communication.
1. Client initiates communications.
2. Any devices can generate a request.
2. Client issues request to a server.
3. Any devices may provide a response.
3.Server replies/perform some
service.

21. What is the client-based processing?

Client-based processing puts all the application logic on the client m/c with the
exception of data validation routines, which are coded into the DBMS on server.

22. What are the major activities of a cooperative processing?

 It uses a fully-cooperative peer-to-peer processing approach

 The processing is performed, whenever computing resources are available
 Data manipulating is performed on both client and server

23. What is the need of Host-Based Processing?

  It has less functionality than other classes
 It provide increased productivity
 The presentation layer provides the user with an easy-to-use interface

24. End-User Productivity:

 Flexible data access for end users was first provided by 4GL.
 Increased productivity also result of close fit between the system design and the way
users actually do their jobs

25. What are the ways, the upsizing environment can be expanded?

 Increasing memory and storage on the server

 Swapping a more powerful processor into the server
 Adding processors to the server.
 Upgrading to more robust network software.

12 MARKS

1. Explain the application tasks in the client server computing.

2. Describe the evolution of client/server computing.
3. Explain the classes of client/server Applications.
4. Mention the categories of client/server application and explain.

Unit-3
2marks

1. Write down the function of the client in client server environment?

 To perform the presentation functions and execute any business logic.

 Presentation logic handles user interactions with applications.

2. What are the client components?

Three client components

 client hardware
  client software
 interface environments

3. Explain client hardware?

The front end machine runs software that is responsible for the presentation
and manipulation of data. The client software generates a data request and send it to the
server. Then the client machine must be enough to run the required presentation software.

4.What are the software packages running on the client machine?

 interface environment
 Application logic
 OS
 Network OS

5. How the application logic processed?

Application logic processed on the client machine require a compiler/a run

time version of the client server application development tool used to generate the
application.

6. What are the 3 standards of GUI?

 Drag and drop

 Control features
 Standard dialogues.

7. What are the major GUI environments?

 Windows from MS
 Presentation manager from IBM
 Motif from open software foundation.
 Open look from UNIX system laboratories.

8. What are the popular OS used on client machine?

 Microsoft’s MS-DOS IBM;S PC-DOS

 IBM’S OS/2
 UNIX based OS

9. Disadvantages of DOS?

 A 16-bit OS has been the memory ceiling of 640 Kbytes. Any memory
over this limit is used for caching.
 No memory management.
10. Define TSR?

TSR = Terminate – Stay – and – Resident

TSR software can be run in virtual machine and accessed via a hot key.

11. What are the 3 technologies in windows 3.X?

 DLL (Dynamic Link Library)

 DDE (Dynamic Data Exchange
 OLE (Object Linking & Embedding)

12. Define DLL?

DLL allow routines to be coded as modules and linked by applications, as needed.

13. Difference between DOS and Windows 3.X

Dos Windows 3.X

 Single threaded.  Multi threaded.

 No memory  It has own memory management.

management.

14. What is OS/2?

 OS/2 is a 32- bit OS from IBM.

 It provides multitasking.
 OS/2 application runs in separate windows in the same screen.

15. List out the features of OS/2?

Its use of named pipes, which allow processes to pass information to each other and are
not hardware or software dependent.
16. Define DDE?

DDE,s used to exchange data between windows supported application.

17. Define OLE?

OLE,s used to create a compound document ,which is a collection of objects with links to
software tool that created it.

18. UNIX based OS:

 Operate in multitasking, multiuser environments

  Unix more typically used as a server OS
 Unix based OS, such as USL,s Unix system V release 4,IBM ,sAIX and HP,s HP-
UX.

19. What are the common events for GUI?

 Mouse events
 Keyboard events
 Window update events
 Resizing events
 Active/Deactive events
 Menu events
 Start/Stop events

20. Several modes for distributing the processing?

 Event loop
 Event call back
 Hybrid

21. What is event loop?

The event loop, which consists of an event –handling routine and a dispatcher calls a
specific library routine that checks for pending events. If there are any, the application dispatches
an event handling routine before control is returned to the event loop.

22. What is event call back?

When an event is deteched, the GUI calls the appropriate event routine for that entity.
The event routine is called once for each event.

23. What are the 2 GUI camps?

The 2 GUI camps,
 X window
 Windowing
24. What are the 2 major Xwindow environments?

The 2 major Xwindow environments,

 Motif
 Open look

25. What are the major windowing environments?

The major windowing environments,

 Windows 3.X
 Presentation manager
 Macintosh
  Next step from NeXT

26. What is the use of Xserver?

Xserver program controls the display and provides an interface between itself and
Xclients, which are usually application programs.

27. How to communicate with an Xserver?

To communicate with an Xserver, an Xclient builds X protocol requests using a library of C

routines.

28. What is the use of the Xwindows manager?

Xwindow manager acts as an Xclient and it intracts with the client application through
Xserver.

29. What is windowing and Xwindow?

Windowing:
 In windowing, each interface has its own look-and-feel.it provides the application
logic processing + the application presentation logic.
 The client is in control

Xwindow:
 Xwindow allows applications to access displays an networked client stations
transparently. The client acts as a presentation server and the server runs a client for
that presentation server.
 The server is in control

30. List out the type of application logic?

The type of application logic

 Generated application logic
 Customized application logic
31. What are the m/y pools?
 Local pool: it is specific to the application.
 Global pool: it can be accessed by any program in the system.

32. Define winnet driver

 winnet driver is the set of API's that bridge the window front-end with then n/w OS.
 LAN Manager uses Winnet API's to browse n/w servers.

33. What are the OS/2 features?

 Multitasking
 DLL
 named pipes
34. What are the tools available in motif?
 User interface X Toolkit: it contains the graphical object.
 User interface language: it is used to describe the visual respects of motif GUI.

35. Write down the 3API's to develop the open look applications.
The 3API's to develop the open look applications are,
 Sun's News Development Environment API
 AT&T's Xt+API
 Sun'sXView API

36. Define flashpoint

Flashpoint was developed by viewpoint systems. It permits developers to add a front-end
to existing 3270/5250 screens and perform data validation. It converts 3270/5250 screens
by accessing their data streams and parsing the screens the screens.

37. What are the tools in data workbench?

 Data entry
 utilities
 data dictionary
 SQR(Structured Query Report Writer)

38. Define SQR

It is a combination of SQL & a procedural programming language which can be used to
develop reports within environment such as SYBASE, ORACLE.

39.Activities in Quest Activity bar.

 Table activity
 Query activity
 report activity
 catalog activity

40. Basic principles of effective GUI design

5. know the users
6. simplify often-used tasks
7. Provide feedback to the user.
8. Be consistent
9. Test early and often.

41. Two categories of services

 portable GUI services
 Portable application services.

42.Development Aids:
 GUI
 Data-access(SQL access and data dictionaries)
 OLTP
12 MARKS

1. Explain the client components in client server computing.

2. What is a GUI and explain the events.

3. Explain the popular OS used in client machine.

4. Draw the X-window system architecture and explain Xwindow and windowing.

5. Explain client software products in GUI environments.

6. Describe client requirements in client server computing.

 UNIT-4
2marks

1. Different types of server:

 Database server
 Data server
 Compute server
 Communication server
 Application server
 File server

2. Three benchmark tests:

 Tpc-A
 Tpc-B
 Tpc-C

3. Define TPC:
Transaction processing counsel (TPC). Vendors perform the benchmark tests
using TPC provided guidelines for administering tests and reporting the results.

4. Disadvantage of file server:

 No scheduling of multiple users.
 No cache management.
 No lock manager.
 Minimal concurrency control.

5. Explain file server.

 It manages a work group’s application and data files, so that they may be
shared by the group.
 Very I/O oriented.
 File locking is used to handle by locking entire file.

6. Two technique used to minimize the amount of data passes over the network:
 Organizing data so that the data needed by a particular application request is
stored in a single contiguous block.
 Storing copies of data accessed by more than one user to help with concurrency
problems

7. Application server:
It is a machine that serves as a host replacement.

8. Data server:
It is data oriented and used only for data storage and management. It
doesn’t perform any application logic processing.
9. Compute server:
 It performs application logic on the results of the data requests
before forwarding data to client.
 It requires processors with high performance capabilities and large
amounts of memory but low disk subsystem capacity and
throughput.

10. Advantage of DB server:

 Lock manager
 Multi-user cache management
 Scheduling
 No need for redundant data.

11. Features of server m/c:

 Multiprocessing
 Multithreading
 Disk arrays
 Memory subsystems.
 Redundant components.

12. Two multiprocessing methods:

 Symmetric multiprocessing
 Functional multiprocessing

13. Difference between Symmetric and Functional multiprocessing

Symmetric multiprocessing Functional multiprocessing

1.It allow a task to be dynamically Permanently assigns a set of task to a

assigned processor.
to any processor.
Processing resources are minimized
2. Processing resources are maximized.
One processor may sit idle while another is
3.A processor doesn’t sit idle if there is overloaded.
work to be done.

14. Explain RAID

RAID-redundant arrays of inexpensive disks.
RAID can transparently recovery from the failure of any single drive and allow a
faulted drive to be replaced while the server is online.

15. Define striping.

 Data is actually broken into chunks and simultaneously written to multiple disks a
process called striping.

16. What is the use of RAID and 5 levels?

USE:
It is for data protection and error connection.
5 levels:
 RAID-1: uses mirrored disks
 RAID-2: provide multiple parity
 RAID-3: used to maintain ECC(error correction code)
 RAID-4: uses ECC drives to provide data integrity and stripes files in blocks.
 RAID-5: perform simultaneous read by allowing multiple simultaneous write
question.

17. Two version of RAID-1:

 Disk mirroring: uses two devices attached to the same disk controller.
 Disk duplexing: uses individual driller of each drive.

18. How to prevent corruption of data traveling within the server.

By using ECC memory and parity checking.

19. Classes of Server Machine:

 Micro/server
 Super server
 DB server m/c
 Midrange computer/fault-tolerant m/c.
20. Advantage over a micro/server:
 Increase processing power
 Increase I/O capability
 Increase disk capacity
 Improved reliability.
 Increase maintainability and memory management.
21. Two popular super server:
 IBM server 295
 COMPAQ systempro
22. Eight layer of software in server environment:
 Network management environment
 Network computing environment
 Network OS
 Server OS
 Loadable modules
 DB manager
 DB gateways
 Application
23. What are the products available in n/w management environment?
  Distributed management environment(DME)
 Object management architecture(OMA)
 UI-Atlas
24. Define DME
DME provides a framework for a vendor-neutral object-oriented, cost-effective
environment that can be used by hardware and software vendors to develop
products.

25. Four components of OME:

 ORB
 Object services
 Common facilities
 Application objects

26. What are the two set of services provided in DCC.

 Basic distributed services
 Data-sharing services

27. What are the tools provided by DCE?

 RPC
 Distributed directory service
 Threads service
 Time service
 Security service

29. DCE and sunsoft’s open n/w computing architecture are similar, their major
differences are:
 Data translation
 Location transparency
 Transport independence
 Multithreading
 Security
30. Difference between DCE and ONC
DCE ONC

1.independent of any OS 1.Relies on UNIX SVR4

2.support same OSI standards and 2.It was not designed to be an open std’s
greater OSI compliance not OSI compliant.

31. What are the server requirements?

 Platform independence
 Transaction processing
 Connectivity

32. ACID property:

  Atomicity
 Consistency
 Isolation
 Durability

33. Draw the diagram for 2PC

Commit
Commit server
server

Transactio T T commit C C
n

Server Server Server

Server Server Server Server

Update Update
Update U
e
U U

RTC RTC RTC complete complet complet

d ed ed

- --------------------------

Commit
server
34. What are the locks is available in locking schemes.

 Unlocked
 Shared lock
 Exclusive lock

12 MARKS

1. Categories of server
2. Features of server m/c
3. Classes of server m/c.
4. Explain network management environment.
5. Explain network computing environment
6. Explain server requirements.