NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF ZIMBABWE

FACULTY OF INDUSTRIAL TECHNOLOGY

B.ENG (HONS) TELECOMMUNICATIONS ENGINEERING

ELECTRONIC WORKSHOP PROJECT

REGULATED POWER SUPPLY UNIT

NAME : TENDAI B CHINGWENA

STUDENT No. : 174743T
PROGRAMME : B.ENG (HON) TELECOMMUNICATIONS
LEVEL : 1.2
MODULE : 1205
LECTURER : MR MARUFU
TABLE OF CONTENTS
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .......................................................................................................................... 3
INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................................................................... 4
CHAPTER ONE: LITERATURE REVIEW ..................................................................................................... 5
THEORETICAL BACKGROUND .................................................................................................................. 5
Components Descriptions ....................................................................................................................... 5
The Transformer ................................................................................................................................. 5
Diode ................................................................................................................................................... 6
The Brigde rectifier ............................................................................................................................. 6
Smoothing Capacitor........................................................................................................................... 7
Voltage regulator ................................................................................................................................ 7
Bipolar Junction Transistor ................................................................................................................. 8
RESISTOR ............................................................................................................................................. 8
CHAPTER TWO: SYSTEM DESIGN ........................................................................................................... 9
STATEMENT OF PROBLEM ...................................................................................................................... 9
OBJECTIVES ............................................................................................................................................. 9
METHOD OF APPROACH ......................................................................................................................... 9
BLOCK DIAGRAM OF A POWER SUPPLY .............................................................................................. 9
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM ................................................................................................................................ 10
CIRCUIT COMPONENTS ......................................................................................................................... 10
WORKING PRINCIPLE OF THE CIRCUIT .................................................................................................. 11
CHAPTER THREE: CIRCUIT ANALYSIS AND RESULTS ............................................................................ 12
TESTING ................................................................................................................................................. 12
PROCEDURE ...................................................................................................................................... 12
RESULTS ................................................................................................................................................ 12
L-SPICE STIMULATION ........................................................................................................................... 13
CHALLENGEs.......................................................................................................................................... 13
RECOMMEDATIONS .............................................................................................................................. 13
CONCLUSIONS ...................................................................................................................................... 14
References ............................................................................................................................................ 14
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Firstly l would like to appretiate each and every effort that made this project to
succeded. I thank the Telone Administration members Mrs Moyo, Mr Gapa and
Mr Marufu for their efforts I various kinds. Nextly, I thank my lecturers Mr
Mapuranga and Mr Marufu for their support and the expertise that they have
given to me during the execution of this project. I also want to extend my
gratitude to my parents and collegues Dumisani Mukuchura, Lovell Munesti,
Tanyaradzwa Madondo, Tichatonga Mudzingwa, Takudzwa Marinyu and other
collegues for the some of the ideas the have given me also. Above all I thank
the Almight for making this project a success.
 INTRODUCTION
Most of the electronic equipment require D.C power. It is therefore necessary to
find a perfect means of having D.C power source from power supplies with can
acts a substitute for batteries. This because of the many merits they have which
includes their long lifespan, reducing of cost and so on. So Power supplies have
been created to have a D.C voltage from commercial a.c lines using rectification
and regulation.

[From Principles of Electronics by V.K Mehta]

 CHAPTER ONE: LITERATURE REVIEW

THEORETICAL BACKGROUND
A power supply generally is a circuits built using filters, rectifiers, and then
voltage regulators. Starting with an ac voltage, a steady dc voltage is obtained by
rectifying the ac voltage, then filtering to a dc level and, finally, regulating to
obtain a desired fixed dc voltage. The regulation is usually obtained from an IC
voltage regulator unit, which takes a dc voltage and provides a somewhat lower
dc voltage, which remains the same even if the input dc voltage varies or the
output load connected to the dc voltage changes.

COMPONENTS DESCRIPTIONS

THE TRANSFORMER

A transformer is an electronic device that changes ac voltages based on the turns

ratio between the primary and secondary. If the secondary has more turns than
the primary, the output voltage across the secondary will be higher and the current
will be smaller. If the secondary has fewer turns than the primary, the output
voltage across the secondary will be lower and the current will be higher.
DIODE
The diode is a device formed from a junction of n-type and p-type
semiconductor material. The lead connected to the p-type material is called the
anode and the lead connected to the n-type material is the cathode. In general,
the cathode of a diode is marked by a solid line on the diode.

The symbol for a diode compared to an actual diode package.

The primary function of the diode is rectification. When it is forward biased (the
higher potential is connected to the anode lead), it will pass current. When it is
reversed biased (the higher potential is connected to the cathode lead), current
flow is blocked.

THE BRIGDE RECTIFIER

The rectifier is an electronic circuit made up of 4 diode arranged as shown below
which converts the ac voltage from the transformer output into pulsating dc
voltage. In this case a full-wave rectifier is used which allows unidirectional (one-
way) current through the load during the entire of the input cycle.(i.e) D1 and D2
are forward biased in the first positive half cycle and acts as short circuits while
D3 and D4 are reverse biased and acts as open circuits. In the next negative half
cycle, D23 and D4 are shorted and conducts since are foward biased. D1 and D2
are reverse biased and hence acts as open circuits.
SMOOTHING CAPACITOR
As the name suggest it smoothen the output voltage from the bridge. During the
positive first half-cycle of the input, the diode is forward-biased, allowing the
capacitor to charge to within 0.7 V of the input peak, as illustrated above. When
the input begins to decrease below its peak, the capacitor discharges to
compansated for the lost voltage as the input voltage from the bridge decreases .

VOLTAGE REGULATOR
This is a circuit which maintains a constant output voltage (or current) despite
changes in the input, the load current, or the temperature. The series voltage
regulator format or as it is sometimes called the series pass regulator is the one
used format for providing the final voltage regulation in a linear voltage regulator
circuit. As the name suggests, the series voltage regulator or series pass voltage
regulator operates by using a variable element in series with the load. In this way
a series voltage regulator provides an effective form of voltage regulation within
a linear power supply.
Fig below shows output wave of the regulator

BIPOLAR JUNCTION TRANSISTOR

The BJT is constructed with three doped semiconductor regions separated by two
pn junctions, emitter base junction and base collector junction. The three regions
are called emitter, base, and collector.
Basic operation
let’s examine what happens inside the npn structure.
The heavily doped n-type emitter region has a very high density of conduction-
band (free) electrons. These free electrons easily diffuse through the forward
based BE junction into the lightly doped and very thin p-type base region. The
base has a low density of holes, which are the majority carriers. A small
percentage of the total number of free electrons injected into the base region
recombine with holes and move as valence electrons through the base region
and into the emitter region as hole current, indicated by the red arrows .

RESISTOR
A resistor is an electronic component that can oppose the flow of current in a
circuit.
CHAPTER TWO: SYSTEM DESIGN

STATEMENT OF PROBLEM
Design a 30Volts regulated power supply unit that can be able to power an
audio amplifier that you will create and also produce a minimum of 1A current
(one Ampere).

OBJECTIVES
 To create a regulated power supply which produces maximum 30Volts
D.C.
 To create a power supply capable of powering an audio amplifier.
 To create a power supply that can produce a minimum current of 1A.

METHOD OF APPROACH
 First conduct a search for a regulated power supply circuit from the internet
and books that meets the requirements cited in the STATEMENT OF
PROBLEM.
 Select a circuit and try to understand the operation principles of that
circuit.(based on the theory covered on different topics)
 Redraw the circuit using LT-spice to verify whether is functional or not.
 Gather all the circuit components of that selected circuit and assemble
them on a breadboard to make sure that the circuits work properly.
 If it properly works assemble the components on the vero board and solder
them and carry again the functionality tests.

BLOCK DIAGRAM OF A POWER SUPPLY

 Fig.1 show the block diagram of a power supply.

The block diagram above generally help me in the construction of the

Power Supply as it highlights the most relavent stages that are needed
tho develop a proper functioning regulated power supply.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

Fig.2 Circuit 0-30V mini variable power supply [source: www.eleccircuit.com]

CIRCUIT COMPONENTS
 Resistors: 2×10KΩ ¼ W
: 2×100Ω ¼ W
 Capacitors: 1×1000µF 35V (electrolytic)
: 2×100µF 35V (electrolytic)
 Transistors: 2×BC337 50V NPN
: 1×TIP41 NPN
  Diodes: 5×1N4002 100V 1A
 Step Down Transformer: 230V-24V Step Down Transformer
 Potentiometer: 10K potentiometer
*1N4002 diodes were not available from local suppliers so improvised and
used 1N4007 diodes.

WORKING PRINCIPLE OF THE CIRCUIT

 Transformer steps down the alternating 230V 50Hz input from the main
supply to an output alternating 24V 50Hz.
 The transformer output is fed to the bridge which is a combination of four
1N4007 diodes. It then converts the alternating voltage to pulsating direct
voltage. Thus they employ the characteristic of the diode that it conducts
in one direction and blocks flow of current in another.
 Out of the Bridge Rectifier the pulsating D.C voltage is filtered by a
smoothing capacitor, 1000µF.
 The capacitor charges in the positive half cycle of the dc output from the
bridge when the voltage approaches its maximum value. As the dc voltage
decrease to zero, it then discharges to reduces the ripple of the D.C output
voltage of the bridge.
 From the smoothing capacitor we go to the series regulator that employs
resistors, transistors and a diode.
 There is sort of a Darlington pair configuration of two transistors i.e BC337
and TIP41 where collectors of the two transistors are connected and the
emitter of the first transistor, BC337 drives the base of the second
transistor, TIP41 for Beta a.c βac multiplication that produces an increase
in current out of the second transistor.
 The voltage across the pass transistor Q2 is varied by the output of the
transistor Q3 so as to keep the output voltage constant.
 Then the 10K potentiometer is the controller of the bias voltage of the third
transistor, BC337 with the two 100 Ω resistors in the configuration too.
 Then the capacitor 100µF further smoothens the output voltage. The
capacitor-input filter reduces the input ripple to the regulator to an
acceptable level.
CHAPTER THREE: CIRCUIT ANALYSIS AND
RESULTS

TESTING

PROCEDURE
 Assemble two 100m H inductors in series and connect the ammeter in
series such that you can measure the current flowing through the inductor.
 Connect your assembled Regulated Power Supply to the inductors and
check the current flowing.
 Connect probes of the oscilloscobe, positive to the positive output of the
bridge and the negative to the ground for channel one.
 Connect the positive of the oscilloscope of the second channel to the
positive output terminal of regulated power supply unit and ground the
other negative probe.

RESULTS
-The Power Supply managed to give current which was above 1A.
-The Power Supply was also variable from 1.27V to 31.3V.
-Regulated output voltage was obtained as seen on the oscilloscope
L-SPICE STIMULATION

Fig.3 A picture showing input waveform(green), bridge output waveform(red)

and final output waveform(blue) of the regulated power supply.

CHALLENGES
-The PSU did give the exact range of the regulated voltage due to
I. Usage of equivalent transistors not the exact ones to be used.
II. Tolerance of some circuit components.
III. Changes in Temperature which might affect the collector currents of the
transistors.
-The Power Supply output wasn’t that much stable because of the absent of
resistor at the emitters of the transistors
-The is more than 30V output because of the voltage added by the capacitor as it
wants to eliminate the ripple voltage.

RECOMMEDATIONS
-Use of the most appropriate components to elliminates some of the
issues raised above.
CONCLUSIONS
The Power supply was capable of giving out a smoothened out D.C voltage which
was variable.The regulated Power Supply also managed to give current which
was above 1A. Also it manage to vary as wanted by the STATEMENT OF
PROBLEM.

REFERENCES
www.eleccircuit.com
www.circuitstoday.com