DESIGN AND FABRICATION OF MOTORISED CYCLE

A MINI PROJECT REPORT

SUBMITTED BY

J.J. AJAY KUMAR (211115114003)

S. ANANDHARAJ (211115114008)
M. DHARANI DHARAN (211115114023)
S. DINESH (211115114025)

In partial fulfilment for the award of the degree

Of
BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING
in
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

MADHA ENGINEERING COLLEGE, KUNDRATHUR

ANNA UNIVERSITY : CHENNAI-600 025
APRIL 2018
 ANNA UNIVERSITY : CHENNAI-600 025
BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE

Certified that this project report “DESIGN AND FABRICATION OF

MOTORISED CYCLE” is the bonafide work of “J.J. AJAY
KUMAR (211115114003), S. ANANDHARAJ (211115114008), M.
DHARANIDHARAN(211115114023),S.DINESH(211115114025)”,
who carried out the project work under my supervision.

SIGNATURE SIGNATURE
Dr. SRIDHARAN, M.E.,Ph.D., Mr. R. GOPINATH, M.E.,
HEAD OF THE DEPARTMENT PROJECT SUPERVISOR
Associate professor, Assistant professor,
Mechanical Department, Mechanical Department,
Madha Engineering College, Madha Engineering College,
Kundrathur, Kundrathur,
Chennai – 600 069. Chennai – 600 069.

Submitted to the Anna University examination held on

INTERNAL EXTERNAL EXAMINER

EXAMINER
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT:

We hereby take this opportunity to thank our respected LN.DR.S.PETER,

Chairman, and Mr. A. PRAKASH, Director, Madha Engineering College,
Kundrathur, Chennai-69, for providing adequate facilities for us to intake the
project within the campus and for the utilization of all the available resources for
the fabrication of the project.

We are deeply indebted to express our sincere gratitude to our principal, Dr. A.
BARADESWARAN, Ph.D., for being a Source of Inspiration throughout my
study in this case.

We are very much indebted to our beloved Head of the Department Dr.
K.SRIDHARAN, M.E., Ph.D, for the initiative and deep interest he showed in
our cause.

We wish to express gratitude to our project supervisor Mr. R. GOPINATH,

M.E., Assistant Professor of department of Mechanical Engineering for their help
and valuable guidance.

Finally, our sincere thanks to all my faculty members, non teaching Staff
members of our Department and our parents and friends, who offered and
unflinching morale support for completion of this project.

There is growing demand for Electric Bikes in India as there will be less air
pollution, lower maintenance cost and reduced noise using Electric-Bikes.
 ABSTRACT

An electric bicycle uses an electric motor for the purpose of moving. On this

bicycle, people do not have to use their muscular force to move. It uses

electrical energy for motion. They are also known as e-bikes. There are many

varieties of electric bicycles. Some of these bikes have a rechargeable battery.

This makes it easy to power the bike whenever you want. They make use of

stored electrical energy in some or the other form. Due to this form of energy,

the bikes have more power and speed. These bikes are more convenient than

regular ones. Here we use make use of both the electrical and manual energy

to operate the cycle. We could not run the cycle more than some particular

distance hence we have placed a pedal, during that period the motors can be

used to run the cycle so that we can take rest. When we gain energy we can

run the cycle manually through pedals so that the battery recharges.
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Tile page 1
Certification 2
Acknowledgement 3

Abstract 4

Table of content 5

CHAPTER I

1.0 Introduction 7

1.1 Aim and Objectives 8

1.2 Scope of the study 8

1.3 Limitation 8

1.4 Definition of some parts

CHAPTER II

2.0 Literature Review 12

2.1 Types of bicycle 13

2.2 Motorized bicycle 13

2.3 Operation Principle of bicycle 13

CHAPTER III

3.0 Materials used in the design and fabrication of motorized 15

Bicycle
3.1 Design Drawing 16
3.2 Chain drive design 19

3.3 Maximum and Minimum Speed of the Bicycle 22

3.4 Power Capacity of the Machine 23

3.5 Design Analysis of an electric Motor 25

CHAPTER IV

4.0 Fabrication Tools 29

4.1Procedure 29

4.3 Finishing Method 30

4.4 Test and Evaluation 30

CHAPTER V

5.0 Conclusion 32

5.1 Summary 32

5.2 Recommendation 33

5.3 Finished Photo 33

CHAPTER VI

6.0 Project Pictures

References 34
 LIST OF FIGURES

FIGURE NO FIGURE NAME PAGE NO

1.1 DC MOTOR
1.2 CYLE
1.3 BATTERY
1.4 BRAKE
1.5 SPROCKET

2.1 DC MOTOR WITH RUNNER

3.1 HOLDING CLAMP

3.2 CHASIS FRAME

3.3 DC MOTOR

5.1 FINISHED PHOTO

6.0 PROJECT PICTURES

 CHAPTER I

1.0 INTRODUCTION

India is the second most popular nation in the world. Like many other countries
where agriculture is the main activity, biomass and other non – commercial fuels
constitute around 40% of energy requirements in India. Around 85.49% of Indian
villages are electrified. People use bicycles as the main medium of
transportation in villages. In addition in cities, where most people use exercise
bikes, the energy can be productively used to power electronic gadgets, which
require less power.

In India, many of the villages are still without electricity and most of them use
bicycle as their medium of transportation. In such places, our system will be of
great help. Charging of the battery can be done by a layman by just connecting
the circuit to the output of the dynamo which is connected to the bicycle. This
would charge the li-ion batteries.

World is a storehouse of energy. And according to energy conversion law,

energy neither be created nor be destroyed but can be transformed from one
form to another. But we are wasting resources that can produce energy as if
they are limited. Humans are able to generate approximately 150W of power
while riding bicycle. However, this power goes waste without any use. If this is
making use of this energy, would be able to power many electronic devices.

A dynamo or an alternator can be used for harvesting the energy generated by

a cycle rider while riding. We can charge mobile phones or a small lighting device
with the power. Not only in bicycle but also in alternator bikes, cars and exercise
bikes use this principle.
1.1 AIM AND OBJECTIVES

 In human transportation as a personalized vehicle.

 For inter departmental transportation in huge campuses.
 In industries for different level personnel to move around to inspect the
work progress.
 In hospitals, Airports, Shopping malls, IT campuses, Hotels &resorts,
Power stations, manufacturing units, etc...
 Light weight & easy to control, makes convenient for use by anyone.
 Controlled speed ensures rider’s safety.
 Can be used by old aged demography.
 On site charging facility. No need to visit fuel station.

1.2 SCOPE OF THE STUDY

The electrical motorize bicycle is produced to solve the problems encountered by

peoples in their movement from place to place.

Also to fasten the rate at which they move without high labour and of good
comfort

1.3 LIMITATION

 Unavailability of materials

 Financial constrain

 Unsteady power supply

 Unavailability of working tools

1.4 DEFINITION OF SOME PARTS

The Electric bike consists of following components viz, DC motor, Frame,

Platform, Battery, Drive etc. (Barve, Design and Development of Solar Hybrid

Bicycle, 2016)

1.Dc motor: The motor is having 250 watt. Capacity with maximum 2100 rpm.

FIGURE 1.1 DC MOTOR

Its specifications are as follows:

Current Rating: 7.5amp

Voltage Rating: 48 Volts

Cooling: Air – cooled

Bearing: Single row ball.

2. Frame: The Frame is made up of M.S. along with some additional light weight

components. The frame is designed to sustain the weight of the person driving

the unit, the weight of load to be conveyed and also to hold the accessories like

motor. Also it should be design to bear and overcome the stresses which may

arise able to due to different driving and braking torques and impact loading

across the obstacles. It is drilled and tapped enough to hold the support plates.
3. Platform: The Platform is designed with robust base so that it can hold the

load along with the weight of the driving person uniformly. It is fabricated from

Mild Steel at a specific angle in cross section and welded with a sheet of metal of

specific thickness. The platform’s alignment is kept horizontal irrespective

whether it is loaded or unloaded and this is directly bolted and welded to the

frame.

FIGURE 1.2 CYCLE

4. Battery: The battery also acts as a condenser in a way that it stores the electric

energy produced by the generator due to electrochemical transformation and

supply it on demand. Battery is also known as an accumulator of electric charge.

This happens usually while starting the system.

 FIGURE 1.3 BATTERY

5. Chain Drive: A Chain is an array of links held together with each other with

the help of steel pins. This type of arrangement makes a chain more enduring,

long lasting and better way of transmitting rotary motion from one gear to

another. Chain Drive The major advantage of chain drive over traditional gear is

that, the chain drive can transmit rotary motion with the help of two gears and a

chain over a distance whereas in traditional many gears must be arranged in a

mesh in order to transmit motion.

6. Braking System: For the braking system it is convenient to use braking

system used in band brake system which consist of spring loaded friction- shoe

mechanism, which is driven with the help of hand lever.

 FIGURE 1.4 BRAKE

7. Sprockets: The chain with engaging with the sprocket converts rotational

power in to rotary power and vice versa. The sprocket which looks like a gear

may differ in three aspects:

FIGURE 1.5 SPROCKET

• Sprockets have many engaging teeth but gears have only one or two.

• The teeth of a gear touch and slip against each other but there is basically no

slippage in case of sprocket

• The shape of the teeth are different in gears and sprockets.

 CHAPTER II

LITERATURE SURVEY

2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW

The paper presents a review on Portable Electric Bike (PEB). This was first

developed in 1890’s in US and those were documented within various US patents.

On 31st Dec, 1895 Ogden Bolton designed a battery powered cycle. He designed

using 6 pole brush and commuter DC hub motor connected to the rear wheel. He

was then granted a US patent. Couple of years later, Hosea W. Libbey invented

electric bike which was propelled by double electric motor. This motor was so

designed that it was attached with the crankset axle. Later in 1990’s torque

sensors and power controls were developed including some modified versions of

bike with NiMH, NiCd and/or Li-ion batteries which offered lighter, density

capacities batteries. But this bikes faced decrease in production when petrol and

diesel resources came in existence. Taking considerations of recent events of

meager resources and facilities at their disposal, over increasing traffic, snags

problem of parking and the need to make automobile a more environmental

friendly, designers of vehicles are back with a view to hit upon a novel concept

that completely alter the conventional design. Recent developments on Electric

bike which are pedal operated are tremendously increasing all over the world

market. In China 9 out of 10 Electric bikes are sold, thereby proving that they are

not only energy efficient but also relative cheaper than other electric automobiles.
It enables to ride in hilly areas and also in windy areas with much less human

effort.

2.1 Types of bicycle:

This list gives an overview of different types of bicycles,

 Road Bikes

 Touring Bikes
 Fitness Bikes

 Adventure Road Bike

2.2 Motorized Bicycle :

This is a bicycle used by the publics in their movement from one place to another.

This bicycle is propelled through the use of electric motor and battery, this is

connected to a switch (start and stop) to control it at the will of the user. It is

designed to provide easy, fast and comfortable movement for the peoples than the

manual bicycle.

FIGURE 2.1 DC MOTOR WITH RUNNER

2.3 OPERATION PRINCIPLE OF BICYCLE

If you have dynamo-powered bicycle lights, you already own an electric-powered

bicycle. You pump your legs up and down on the pedals, you make the wheels

rotate. A small dynamo (generator) mounted on the rear wheel produces a tiny

current of electricity that keeps your back safety lamp lit in the dark. Now suppose

you could run this process backward. What if you removed the lamp and replaced

it with a large battery. The battery would kick out a steady electric current, driving

the dynamo in reverse so that it spun around like an electric motor. As the

dynamo/motor turned, it would rotate the tire and make the bike go along without

any help from your pedaling. It may sound a bit farfetched, but this is more or

less exactly how electric bikes work.

The batteries are the most important parts of the bike, because (if you don't do

any pedaling) they contain all the power that will drive you along. Typical electric

bike batteries make about 350–500 W of power (that's about 35– 50 volts and 10

amps), which is about a quarter as much as you need to drive an electric toaster.

In theory, you could use any kind of battery on a bicycle. In practice, however,

you want to use something that stores lots of power without being too heavyor

you'll be using half your power just moving the battery along! That tends to rule

out heavy leadacid batteries like the ones that start cars, though some electric

bikes do use them Light weight lithium-ion batteries, similar to those used in

laptop computers, mobile (cellular) phones, and MP3 players, are now the most
popular choice, though they're more expensive than older rechargeable battery

technologies such as nickel-cadmium ("NiCad"). Typical batteries will give your

bicycle a range of 10–40 miles between charges (depending on the terrain) and a

top speed of 10–20 mph (which is about the maximum most countries allow for

these vehicles by law). You can extend the range by pedaling or free-wheeling

some of the time.

 CHAPTER III

MATERIAL AND METHOD

3.0 MATERIAL USED IN THE DESIGN AND FABRICATON

OF MOTORZED BICYCLE

Bicycle is made up of many basic component of which is used to classified the

anatomy of its body. The basic component of bicycle are: frames, seat, gear,

chain, brake, axles, bearing, wheel, electric-motor.

Frame component: The material used on the fabrication of bicycle frame are

commonly made from mild steal (AIS 1,1040 or 1060)) chromium Molybdenum

,alloy steel (AISI 410) or chromium - Molybdenum ally (4340 and 5620).

Seat component: The seat of a bicycle is made from a lather material that is

tough and flexible in nature.

Chain component: Chain is made from steel material, which have numbers of

rigid link which are hinged together by pin joint in order to provide the necessary

flexibility for wrapping round the driving and driving wheel Brake component:

This is a device by means of which artificial friction resistance is applied to a

moving machine member in order to stop the motion. This device is made from a

stiff rubber which has a rough surface.

Motor Holder: This component is made with mild steel pipe, which carries the

wheel and bearing to allow free movement of the bicycle.

 FIGURE 3.1 HOLDING CLAMP

Bicycle Bearings:
Bicycles use ball bearings to reduce friction. You can find ball bearings in:

 The front and rear hubs for the wheels

 The bottom bracket, where an axle connects the two pedal cranks
together
 The fork tube, where the handlebars are allowed to turn
 The pedals
 The freewheel, where they do double-duty (In the freewheel, they also
help provide the one-directional feature.)

3.1 DESIGNING PROCEDURE OF THE BICYCLE

FRAME DESIGN

The frame design differs from various manufactures and varies in size and

style within each manufacture’s stock. But in this design we used AISI 4130

mild steel because of its strength, its ability to be easily welded and ease in

fabrication.

In frame fabrication, various cutting stress analysis in. pipe and welding joint

is carried out to get a required shape.

 FIGURE 3.2 CHASIS FRAME

Various cutting carried out on the frame are:

1. Horizontal cutting

2. Angular cutting

3. Vertical cutting

4. Drilling

Stress in pipes of the frame stress is cause by external system of force or load

acting on the material; which is

Stress = force/area.

This stresses is much more on the joint side of the frame. This stress analysis

helps us to determine minimum and maximum load the frame can carried and

how to solve it.

Bending stress on the frame pipe In a straight beams, the neutral axis of the

section coincides with its centroidal axis and the stress distribution in the beam

is linear, while in a curved beams the stress distribution in the beam is

nonlinear.

Therefore the bending stress = rb, = M/A.e (Y/ Rn sy)

M = bending moment acting at the given section about the centroidal axis

A = area of cross section

E = distance from the centroid arise to the natural axis

R = radius of curvature of the centroid area

Rn = radius of curvature of the neutral axis

Y = distance from the neutral axis.

Joint on the frame pipe

The joint on the frame help us to produce an intricate shape and this is achieve

by welding and bolting.

Design Analysis and Calculation

Machine and systems to be designed are quite complex in nature. There is

need therefore to simplify them so as to aid there analysis.

The initiation of the design commences from the recognition of a need. When

the need arises, the design problem is formulated and this would include some

various constraints such as capacity, the work efficiency of the wheelchair

wound be subjected to the materials to be used in construction and also the

specification of the associated component.

 Furthermore, when trying to establish a criterion for design. It might

be cost case of manufacture, ease of use, ease maintenance, performance in

services and aesthetic appeal.

3.2 CHAIN DRIVE DESIGN

Chain drive are mostly used to transmit motion and power from one shaft to

another when the centre distance between their shaft is known.

Advantage of chain drive.

1. It give less load on the shaft

2. It transmit more power than belt.

3.It may be used for both long as well as short distance efficiency.

4. It has the ability to transmit motion to several shaft by one chain only.

Disadvantage of chain drive

1. The cost of production is relatively high ‘

2. It produce fluctuations especially when unduly stretched.

3.Chain drive needs accurate mounting and careful maintenance.

Chain drive classification

On the basis of use of chain, are classified in to the following:

1. Hoisting and hauling chain

2. Conveyor chain

3. Power transmitting chain

Hoisting chain: These chain are used for hoisting and hauling purpose and

operate at a maximum velocity.

Conveying chain: These chains are used for elevating and conveying The

materials continuously at a speed up to 2m/s.

Power transmitting chain: These chains are used for transition of power, when

the distance between the centre of shaft is short.

DESIGN PROCEDURE OF CHAIN DRIVE.

1.Ve|ocity ratio of the chain drive: the velocity ratio of a chain drive is given by

\/.R = N1 : T2

N2 T1

N1 = speed of rotation of small sprocket in r.p.m

N2 = speed of rotation of large sprocket in r.p.m

T1 = number of teeth on the small sprocket.

TQ = number of teeth on the large sprocket.

Average velocity of the chain is given by:

V = nDN = TPN

60 60i

2. Selection of minimum number of teeth on the small

sprocket from chart table of sprocket teeth.

3. Number of teeth on the large sprocket

T2 =T1 x N1/ N2
LENGTH OF THE CHAIN

Length of the chain (L) must be equal to the product of the

number of chain link and the pitch of the chain (P)

Mathematically L = K.P

Power transmitted by chain

Power transmitted by the chain on the basis of briak load is given by

P= Wb * V (in walt)

N * Ks

Wb = Breaking load in new ton

V = velocity of chair

N = factor of safety

ks = services factor

Factor of safety of the chain design.

Factor of safety

N = Wb

Brake design

The design of brake depends upon the following factors.

1. The unit pressure between the braking surface

2. The coefficient of friction between the braking surface

3. The peripheral velocity of the brake drum.

4. The projected area of the friction surface.

5. The ability to dissipate heat equivalent to the energy being absorbed .

Energy absorbed by brake.

The energy absorbed by brake depends upon the type of

motion of the moving body

1. When the motion of the body is pure translation.

Ei = ½ m ( Vi2 – Vi2)

2. When the motion of the body is pure rotation

E2 = 1/2 I (wi 2 - w22)

When the motion of the body is a combination of translation and rolation

E = Ei, - E2

Single block or shoe brake.

A single block or shoe brake is consist of a block or shoe which is pressed against

the rim of a revolving brake wheel drum.

The block is made of a softer material than the rim of the wheel.
3.3 MAXIMUM AND MINIMUM SPEED OF THE BICYCLE

The difference between the maximum and minimum speeds during a cycle is

called the maximum fluctuation of speed. The ratio of the maximum fluctuation

of speed is called the coefficient of fluctuation of speed,

Mathematically,

Let N1 and N2 = maximum and minimum speeds in r.p.m during the cycle

and

N = mean speed in r.p.m = N1 + N2

:. Coefficient of floatation of speed.

Cs = N1-N2 = 2(N1-N2)

N N1 + N2

= w1-w2 = 2(w1 -w2) in terms of angular speed

W (W2 + w2)

= V1 - V2 = 2(V1-V2) in terms of linear speeds

V V1 + V2

The coefficient of fluctuation of speed is limiting factor in the design of wheel. It

varies depending upon the nature of services to which the wheel is employed.
3.4 POWER CAPACITY OF THE MACHINE

Power may be defined as the rate of doing work or work done per unit time.

Mathematically,

Power = work done

Time taken

Notes: 1, if T is the torque transmitted in N-m or J and W is the angular speed in

rad/s then

Power, P = T.W = TX 2 n N/60 watts

------------ (:. W = 2 n N/60) where N is speed in r.p.m.

2. The ratio of power output to power input is known as efficiency of the machine.

It is always less than unit and is represented as percentage.

it is denoted by a Greek letter eta

mathematically,

Efficiency, n = power output

Power in input

Formula for torque in the machine

Torque: It may be defined as the product of force and the perpendicular distance

of its line of action from the given point or axis.

The Newton’s second law of motion when applied to rotating bodies, states that

the torque is directly proportional to the rate of change of angular momentum.

Mathematically Torque:

T ∞ d (I.W)

Dt

Since I is constant, therefore

T = I * dw =1∞ ------------ (:.dw = ∞ )

dt dt

The unit of torque (T) in S.I units is N-m when I is in kg -m2 and ∞ in

rad/S2

3.5 DESIGN ANALYSIS OF AN ELECTRIC MOTOR

The fundamental purpose of the vast majority of the words electric motor is to

electromagnetically induce relative moment in an air gap between a stator and

rotor to produce useful torque or liner force.

FIGURE 3.3 DC MOTOR

Lorentz first law of winning conductor power, the power of electric motor

F = I Q X B Or more generally to handle Conductors with any geometry.

F = JX B
Pem = (R.P.M x T)/ 5252

In S.I units with shaft speed expressed in radians per second; and T expressed in

Newton meters Pem = speed x T (watts).

For a linear motor, with force (F) and velocity (V) expressed in newton and

meters per seconds Pem = FxV (watts) '

In an synchronous or induction motor, the relationship between motor speed and

air gap power is neglecting skin effect given by its following;

Pr air gap = R1 – l2r

Where R1 = root resistance

l2r = square of current induced in the rotor

S = motor slip i.e difference between sychronors speed and slip speed

which provide the relative movement needed for current induction in the motor

Electromotive force

Since the armature windings of a direct current motor are moving through a

average field, they have a voltage tend to oppose the motor supply voltage and so

is called the back e.m.f. The voltage is proportional to the running speed of the

motor. The back e.m.f of the motor plus the voltage drop across the winding

internal resistance and brushes must equal the voltage at the brushes; this provides

the fundamental mechanism of speed regulation in a DC motor. If the mechanical

load e.m.f results, and more current is drawn from the supply. This increased

current, provides the additional torque to balance the new load.

In A/C machine, it is sometimes useful to consider a back e.m.f source within the

machine. This is of particular concern for close speed regulation of induction

motors.

Losses

Motor losses are mainly due to resistive vises in windings, core losses and

mechanical losses in bearings and aerodynamics losses. Particularly where

cooling fans are present, losses also occur in commutation, mechanical

commentators spark and electronic commutations and also dissipate heat.

Efficiency

To calculate the motor’s efficiency, the mechanical output power is divided by

the electrical input power.

n= Pm

Pe,

Where n is energy conversion efficiency, Pe is electrical input power, and Pm is

mechanical output power.

Pe = IV

Pm =TW
Where v is input voltage, I is input current, T is output torque, and W is output

angular velocity. It is possible to derive analytically the point of maximum

efficiency. It is typically at less than 1/2 the stall torque.

Venous regulatory authorities in many countries have introduces and

implemented legislation to encourage the manufacture and use of higher

efficiency electric motors.

Goodness factors

Professor Eric Laithwaite proposed a metric to determine the goodness of an

electric motor.

G= w = Am.Ae.Lm.Le.p

resistance x reluctance

Where

G = is the goodness factor (factors above I are likely to be efficient)

Am,Ae = are the cross sections of the magnetic and electric circuit

Lm,le = are the lengths of the magnetic and electric circuit `

p = is the permeability of the core

w = is the angular frequency the motor is driven at from this, should that the most

efficient motors are likely to have relatively large magnetic poles.

However, the equation only directly relates to non pm motors.

 CHAPTER IV

MANUFACTURING AND PROCESSING

4.0 FABRICATION TOOLS

 Welding machine

 Electrode

 Screw driver

 Spanner

 Hammer

 Filing machine

 Sandpaper

 Saw

 Measuring tape

 Chalk

4.1 PROCEDURE

a. We cut the stainless-steel sheet to the required length for the seat

b. We also cut the frame stream steel to the required length

c. We welded the sheet properly to the shape of the seat

d. We fixed the seat with the frame, with the help of a nut

e. We attached the frame to the handle for good structure

 f. We fixed the motor and battery under the seat space provided for it.

We connected the motor to the tyres using a belt and pulling

transmission system

g. We also connected the two tyres with a connection rod

h. We connected the electrical parts to a switch in the wheelchair

handle, to regulate the start and stop A

i. We filed every rough surface on the work for perfect finish

4.3 FINISHING METHOD

This refers to the added activities to the fabrications done. The finish methods are

done to smoothen and add attractive features to the fabricated works. In this

fabrication work, the finish methods may include:

1) Filing: We filed the tick parts of the stainless steel to get a smooth surface of

it. During filing, the stainless steel was held 0-n a fixed position and the nie was

used on it.

2) Sandpaper: This was used after the whole work to extra-smooth the work

so as to permit easy painting

3) Painting: we painted it, to make it more beautiful and attractive. We chose

the type of paint we want and care was taken while painting to avoid rusting
4.4 TEST AND EVALUATION

Two tests were conducted on the bicycle after fabrication was certified.

Firmness and Stability Test: This test was carried out successfully and the

motorized wheelchair was found 80% efficient. The bicycle was tested when

loaded and unloaded on its various movements. Also the strength of its frame

joints were known.

Work Efficiency Test: In this test, the distance it can cover with time was

noted when the bicycle was put to work. This test was also done with note of

loads.
 CHAPTER V

CONCLUSION

5.0 CONCLUSION

At a time when there is energy crisis casting its shadow all over the world, one

has to look into alternator renewable energy sources. One such alternator way to

generate power is presented in this paper. The rotating energy of the tries in the

bicycle, generated by dynamo can be used to operate small powered devices.

The issues associated with electric bicycles may be addressed by custom-

designed drives that are most efficient over a given operating cycle. The results

of the studies listed here can serve as a platform to improve electric bicycle

performance, if new drive systems are designed around key parameters that will

result in improvement of the system performance. Furthermore, they can be used

for comparison of existing drives in a systematically, comprehensive, and

technical way

5.1 SUMMARY

The design and fabrication of this bicycle was made and tested, it works

efficiently. We hereby recommend this machine for urban and rural dwellers in

outdoor usage.
5.2 RECOMMENDATION

We recommend this work to all mechanical engineering students, technicians and

engineers who would want to embark on the production of electrically motorized

bicycle.

This work is also recommended to all mechanical engineering students who were

scared of workshop practice for them to understand that the relevance in this

profession is in its practical output. This recommendation also goes to engineers

who cannot prove their work in the workshop but only on papers.

We hereby recommend that the school management should help to equip the

mechanical engineering workshop with every necessary tools needed for practical

works. %

We finally recommend that the government should motivate and sponsor trained,

skilled and talented engineers in this country to invigorate them to put their best

in the fabrication of components and maintenance to minimize importation.

FIGURE 5.1 FINISHED PICTURE

 CHAPTER VI

PROJECT PICTURES

FIGURE 6.1 CYCLE

FIGURE 6.2 DC MOTOR

FIGURE 6.3 DC MOTOR WITH RUNNER

FIGURE 6.4 HOLDING CLAMP

FIGURES 6.5 & 6.6 WELDING
REFERENCES:

 Robert Cong, Rodney Martinez, Mark Casilang, Peter Vong Electric Bicycle

System-Senior Project California Polytechnic State University, San Luis

Obispo, June 2010.

 Mehrdad Ehsani, YiminGao, Ali EmadiModern Electric, Hybrid Electric, &

Fuel cell VehiclesFundamentals, Theory, & Design-second addition2010,

CRC Press

 S.I.Brand, N. Ertugrul and W.L. Soong –Investigation of an Electric assisted

bicycle and determination of performance characteristics University of

Adelaide. School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Adelaide,

Australia.

 General Electronics Battery Co., Ltd.Comparison of Different Battery

Technologies 2006-526.

 Olivier Tremblay1, Louis-A. Dessaint Experimental Validation of a battery

Dynamic Model for EV Applications World Electric Vehicle Journal Vol. 3 -

ISSN 2032-6653, May 13-16, 2009.

 NXP Semiconductors Brushless DC motor control using the LPC2141-

AN10661 Rev. 01 17 October 2007.