`

Civil Engineering Department

Structural Mechanics 2 (CIVL 0031)

Extensive Report

Submitted by:
Session AA

Submitted to:
Dr. Mahmoud Dawood

Spring 2018

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS:

1. Introduction............................................................................................................2

2. Methodology…………………………………………….......................................
2.1 Experiment 1: Deflection of Simply supported Beams.......................................... 3
2.2 Experiment 2: Reactions and Fixing Moment of a fixed Beam............................. 3
2.3 Experiment 3: Loading and Buckling of Struts...................................................... 3

3. Results and Analysis ……………………………………………………………..

3.1 Experiment 1: Deflection of Simply supported Beams.........................................4-7
3.2 Experiment 2: Reactions and Fixing Moment of a fixed Beam............................8-21
3.3 Experiment 3: Loading and Buckling of Struts....................................................22-24

4. Discussions ……………………………………….….………….………………..

4.1 Experiment 1: Deflection of Simply supported Beams.........................................25

4.2 Experiment 2: Reactions and Fixing Moment of a fixed Beam............................25-26
4.3 Experiment 3: Loading and Buckling of Struts.....................................................26

5. Conclusions and Recommendations…………………………………………….27

6. References ………………………………………………………………………. 27-28

Appendices ………………………………………………………………………… 28

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 1. Introduction:
Generally, buildings or any structure that is stable on the ground has weight, the whole
weight of the building is typically carried by two elements , which one of them are
vertically installed which are commonly known by beams and the other vertical elements
are the columns. Beams are classified as an elements which resists the lateral load on the
beam axis. Hence, the reaction forces caused by the loads at the support points of the
beam and the total effect of the forces will lead to shear forces and bending moment
production. (Designing Buildings wiki , 2018)

Beams are usually classified into four types based on the kind of the support that is
installed beneath it, the four types can be listed as the following:
 Simply Supported Beam.
 Fixed Beams.
 Cantilever Beams.
 Continuously Supported Beams. (Vinodh Chennu , 2017)

Due to loads and forces which are applied to beams, deflection get produced. The
deflection of beams is basically the process of moving or the displacement of the beam
and it can be calculated according to the material of the beam, moment of inertia and the
force applied with the distance from the support. (Sky Civil , 2017)
On the other hand, Columns are vertical elements in structures that transmits the load of
the above structure weight to the lower elements through compression. In some cases
when maximum load get applied to the column, a phenomena called Buckling sill occur
which means bending of the column and if the load gets higher the column will collapse
and leads to failure. (Bob McGinty , 2013)

This report will be carried out through conducting three experiments, the first two
experiments will be conducted on fixed beams and simply supported beam to determine
the deflection, reactions and the bending moment. The third experiment has been carried
out to determine the buckling in Columns.
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 2. Methodology :
2.1 Experiment (1): Deflection of Simply supported Beams:
 Materials:
Brass, Aluminum, Steel.
 Procedures:
1. Press the button on the value reader to remain zero to reduce the error.
2. Fix the loads (metal rings) on the hooks and change the load
3. Note down the value of the deflection
4. Change the span (The distance from center)
5. Note down the values.
6. Change the beam material and take reading for the brass, aluminum and steel
7. Note down the effect of inertia.

2.2 Experiment (2): Reactions and Fixing Moment of a fixed Beam

 Materials :
Steel.
 Procedures:
1. Press on the digital deflection detector o be zero.
2. Fix the loads on the machine on different positions with beams fixed as fixed- fixed
type and note down the deflections and the reactions from left side and the right side.
3. Install the beam as fixed-pin Type and note down the reactions and the deflection for
the right side and the left side.

2.3 Experiment 3: Loading and Buckling of Struts

 Materials: Steel.
 Procedures :
1. Place the column on the machine with fixed- fixed support and put different loads
2. Place the column as the previous step with fixed-pin support with different loads.
3. Put the column on pinned-pinned support and put the loads on the hangers.

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 3. Results and Analysis:
3.1 Experiment 1: Deflection of Simply supported Beams

Table (1): showing The Effect of Load

W (N) E (GPa) I (mm) L (mm) Y (Experiment) Y (Theory) R (N)

I= b*d3/ 12 Y= W*L3/ (48*E*I) R= W/2

1 N. 207 GPa.. 20* (3)3 /12= 400mm.. 0.16mm.. 1* (400)3 / 0.5N..

45mm. (48* 207000*45) =

0.1431mm..

2 N. 207 GPa.. 45mm.. 400mm.. 0.26mm.. 2* (400)3 / (48* 1N..

207000*45) =

0.286 mm

3N. 207 GPa.. 45mm.. 400mm.. 0.38mm.. 3* (400)3 / (48* 1.5N..

207000*45) =

0.429 mm

4N. 207 GPa.. 45mm.. 400mm 0.52mm.. 4* (400)3 / (48* 2N..

207000*45) =

0.572 mm..

Table (2) : The Effect of span

W E (GPa) I (mm) L (mm) Y (Experiment) Y (Theory) R (N)

(N) I= b*d3/ 12 Y= W*L3/ (48*E*I) R= W/2

4N 207 GPa.. 20* (3)3 /12= 300mm.. 0.22mm.. 4* (300)3 / (48* 2N..
207000*45) =
45mm..
0.241mm..

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4N 207 GPa.. 45mm.. 400mm.. 0.52mm.. 4* (400)3 / (48* 2N..
207000*45) =

0.57 mm..

4N 207 GPa.. 45mm.. 500mm.. 0.97mm.. 4* (500)3 / (48* 2N..

207000*45) =

1.1mm..

4N 207 GPa.. 45mm.. 600mm.. 1.73mm.. 4* (600)3 / (48* 2N..

207000*45) =

1.93 mm..

Table (3) : The Effect of the material

W E (GPa) I (mm) L (mm) Y (Experiment) Y (Theory) R (N)

(N) I= b*d3/ 12 Y= W*L3/ (48*E*I) R= W/2

4N Steel 20* (3)3 /12= 400mm 0.52mm.. 4* (400)3 / (48* 2N.

207000*45) =
207 GPa.. 45mm..
0.57 mm..

4N Aluminium 19* (4.8)3 /12= 400mm 0.47mm.. 4* (400)3 / (48* 2N.

69000*175.1) =
69 GPa.. 175.1mm..
0.44 mm..

4N Brass 19* (4.8)3 /12= 400mm 0.29mm.. 4* (400)3 / (48* 2N.

105000*175.1) =
105 GPa.. 175.1mm..
0.29 mm..

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 Table (4): The Effect of the Inertia

W E (N/mm2) I (mm) L (mm) Y Y (Theory) R (N)

(N) (Experiment)
I= b×d3/ 12 Y= W ×L3/ (48 ×E ×I) R= W/2

4N Steel 1 20× (3)3 /12= 400mm. 1.62mm.. 4× (400)3 / (48 × 2N..

207 N/mm2 45mm.. 207000 ×45) =1.93mm

4N Steel 9 15 × (4)3 /12= 400mm. 0.55mm.. 4× (400)3 / (48 × 2N..

207 N/mm2 80mm.. 207000 × 80 = 1mm

4N Steel 10 10 × (5)3 /12= 400mm. 0.93.. 4× (400)3 / (48 × 2N..

207 N/mm2 104.1mm.. 207000 × 104.1 =

0.83mm

Analysis:

Figure (1): Showing the theoretical and experimental data of the relation between span
and deflection.

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 Figure (2): Showing the theoretical and experimental data of the relation between
dimensions and deflection.

Figure (3): Showing the theoretical and experimental data of the relation between the
material’s type and deflection.

Figure (4): Showing the theoretical and experimental data of the relation between the
loads and deflection.
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 3.2 Experiment 2: Reactions and Fixing Moment of a fixed Beam.
 Fixed – Fixed support :

Table (5): The Effect of load Value.

Load(N) Load I E L A B Deflection Deflection

location (EX)mm (They)

2 N. Mid 26.041 69000 400 200 200 1.22mm -0.37mm

3 N. Or 26.041 69000 400 200 200 1.81mm -0.55mm

4 N. 20mm 26.041 69000 400 200 200 2.42mm -0.779mm

5 N. 26.041 69000 400 200 200 2.86mm -0.929mm

Table (6): The Effect of load value.

R(ex) (N) R(they) (N) Experiment moment Moment

(N.mm) Theory (N.mm)

left right left right left right left right

1.11 N. 1 N. 1 N. 1 N. -1.1 × 50 = 1 × 50 = -100 100

-55 50

1.3 N. 1.3 N. 1.5 N. 1.5 N. -1.3 × 50 = 1.3 × 50 = -150 150

-65 65

2.0 N. 2 N.. 2 N. 2 N. -2 × 50 = 2 × 50 = -200 200

-100 100
250
2.6 N. 2,6 N. 2.5 N. 2.5 N. -2.6 × 50 = 2.6 × 50 = -250

-130 130

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 Table (7): The Effect of the Position.

Load(N) I E L A B Deflection Deflection

(EX)mm (They)

4 N. 26.041 69000 400 100 300 1.86 mm -0.370mm

4 N. 26.041 69000 400 150 250 2.23mm -0.629mm

4 N. 26.041 69000 400 175 225 2.3mm -0.709mm

4 N. 26.041 69000 400 125 275 2.0mm -0.50mm

Table (8): The Effect of The position

R(ex) (N) R(they) (N) Experiment moment Moment

(N.mm) Theory (N.mm)

left right left right left right Left right

0.9 N 0.9 N 3.375 N 0.625 N -0.9 × 50 = 0.9 × 50 = 225 75

-45 45

1.5 N 1.5 N 2.734 N 1.406 N -1.5 × 50 = 1.5 × 50 = 234.375 140.626

-75 75

1.8 N 1.8 N 2.373 N 1.626 N -1.8 × 50 = 1.8 × 50 = 221.48 172.26

-90 90

1.2 N 1.2 N 3.072 N 0.927 N -1.2 × 50 = 1.2 × 50 = 236.328 107.421

-60 60

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  Fixed-Pinned Support :

Table (9) : The Effect of The Loads

Load(N) Load I E L A B Deflection Deflection

location (EX)mm (They)

2 N. Mid 26.041 69000 400 200 200 2.51mm -0.899mm

3 N. Or 26.041 69000 400 200 200 4.26mm -0.973mm

4 N. 20mm 26.041 69000 400 200 200 5.12mm -1.302mm

5 N. 26.041 69000 400 200 200 4.98mm -1.625mm

Table (10) :The Effect of The loads

R(ex) (N) R(they) (N) Experiment moment (N.mm) Moment

Theory (N.mm)

left right left Right left right

0.9 0.9 1.375 0.62 -45 45 150

1.4 1.4 2.062 0.862 -70 70 225

1.8 1.8 2.75 1.25 -90 90 300

2.0 2 3.437 1.562 -100 100 375

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 Table (11) : The Effect of The Position :

Load(N) I E L A B Deflection Deflection

(EX)mm (They)

4 N. 26.041 69000 400 120 280 2.17mm -1.49mm

4 N. 26.041 69000 400 165 235 2.47mm -1.67mm

4 N. 26.041 69000 400 195 205 2.97mm -1.66mm

4 N. 26.041 69000 400 70 330 2.97mm -1.46mm

Table (12): The Effect of the Position

R(ex) (N) R(they) (N) Experiment moment (N.mm) Moment

Theory (N.mm)

left right Left Right left Right

0.5 0.5 1.757 0.243 -25 25 142.8

0.7 0.7 1.56 0.44 -35 35 153.15

1.1 1.1 1.40 0.59 -55 55 151.16

0.3 0.3 1.9 0.09 -15 15 101.06

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  The results Analysis :
4
DEFLECTION

0
2 3 4 5
-2

LOAD (N)
Y Theory formal (Y)

Figure (5): Showing the Theoretical data of relation between deflection and load (Fixed-
Fixed support).

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 3
RECTION
2.5

1.5

0.5

0
2 3 4 5

LOAD (N)

RL (N) RR (N)

Figure (6): Showing the data of relation between load and reactions (Fixed-Fixed
support).
150
MOMENT

100
50
0
2 3 4 5
-50
-100
-150

ML (N.mm) MR (N.mm) LOAD

Figure (7): Showing the data of relation between load and moment (Fixed-Fixed support).

300
MOMENT

200
100
0
2 3 4 5
-100
-200
-300
LOAD (N)
ML (N.mm) MR (N.mm)

Figure (8): Showing the Theoretical data of relation between load and moment (Fixed-
Fixed support).

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 3
DEFLECTION
2

0
100 150 175 125
-1

LENGTH
Y Theory formal (Y)

Figure (9): Showing the Theoretical data of relation between deflection and length
(Fixed-Fixed support).

4
MOMENT

0
100 150 175 125
LENGTH
ML (N.mm) MR (N.mm)

Figure (9): Showing the data of relation between moment and length (Fixed-Fixed
support).

4
REACTION (N)

3
2
1
0
100 150 175 125

LENGTH
RL theory (N) RR theory (N)

Figure (10): Showing the Theoretical data of relation between reaction and length (Fixed-
Fixed support).

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 250
MOMENT (N)
200

150

100

50

0
100 150 175 125
ML theory MR theory
(N.mm) (N.mm) LENGTH

Figure (11): Showing the Theoretical data of relation between moment and length (Fixed-
Fixed support).

6
DEFLECTION

4
2
0
2 3 4 5
-2

LOAD (N)
Y Theory formal (Y)

Figure (12): Showing the theoretical and experimental data of the relation between
deflection and load. (Fixed-Pinned Support)

150
MOMENT

100
50
0
-50 2 3 4 5

-100
-150
LOAD
ML (N.mm) MR (N.mm)

Figure (13): Showing the data of the relation between moment and load. (Fixed-Pinned
Support

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 4
REACTION (N) 3
2
1
0
2 3 4 5

LOAD (N)
RL theory (N) RR theory (N)

Figure (14): Showing the theoretical data of the relation between reaction and load.
(Fixed-Pinned Support)

Moment theory (N.mm

400
Moment (N.mm)

300

200

100

0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6

Load (N)

Figure (15): Showing the theoretical data of the relation between moment and load.
(Fixed-Pinned Support)

4
DEFLECTION

0
120 165 195 70
-2

LENGTH
Y Theory formal (Y)

Figure (16): Showing the theoretical and experimental data of the relation between
deflection and length. (Fixed-Pinned Support)

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 80
60
MOMENT

40
20
0
-20 120 165 195 70
-40
-60
-80 LENGTH
ML (N.mm) MR (N.mm)

Figure (17): Showing the theoretical data of the relation between moment and length.
(Fixed-Pinned Support)

2
REACTION (N)

1.5
1
0.5
0
120 165 195 70

LENGTH
RL theory (N) RR theory (N)

Figure (18): Showing the theoretical data of the relation between reaction and length.
(Fixed-Pinned Support)

Moment theory (N.mm)

MOMENT (N.MM)

200
150
100
50
0
120 165 195 70

LENGTH

Figure (19): Showing the theoretical data of the relation between moment and length.
(Fixed-Pinned Support)

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 3.3 Experiment 3: Loading and Buckling of Struts.

Table (13): The Buckling of Column (Fixed –Fixed Support)

The Load Buckling

(Ƹ = 0.0 )

50 N Less than 1 mm

120 N 3 mm

140 N 6 mm

150 N 9 mm

160 N 14 mm
170 N 24 mm

Table (14): The Buckling of Columns) Fixed-Pinned Support)

The Buckling Buckling Buckling
Load
(Ƹ = 0.0 ) (Ƹ = 3 mm ) (Ƹ = 6 mm )

The Load - The Load -

50 N 3 mm 50 N 6 mm 20 N 3 mm

60 N 4 mm 60 N 10 mm 30 N 4 mm

70 N 7 mm 70 N 17 mm 50 N 8 mm

80 N 20 mm 750 N 25 mm 60 N 14 mm

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 Table (15): The Buckling of Columns (Pinned-Pinned)
Buckling Buckling

The Load Buckling (Ƹ = 3 mm ) (Ƹ = 6 mm )

(Ƹ = 0.0 )
The Load - The Load -

30 N 5 mm 10 N 2 mm 10 N 3 mm

35 N 10 mm 20 N 5 mm 20 N 6 mm

40 N 80 mm 30 N 11 mm 30 N 20 mm

- - 35 N 20 mm 35 N 36 mm

- - 37 N 46 mm - -

 The Results Analysis :

30
▲

25
24
20

15
14
10
9
5 6
3
0
120 140 150 160 170

LOAD

Figure (20): Showing the relation between loads and buckling of column (Fixed-Fixed
support)

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 90
▲
80 80
70
60
50
40
30
20 20
10 10 11
523 65
0
10 20 30
LOAD

Figure (21): Showing the relation between loads and buckling of column (Fixed-Pinned
support)

90
▲

80 80
70
60
50
40
30
20 20
10 10 11
53 65
0 2
10 20 30
LOAD

Figure (22): Showing the relation between loads and buckling of column (Pinned-Pinned
support)

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4. Discussions

4.1 Experiment 1: Deflection of Simply supported Beams:

This experiment has been carried out to determine how the four factors which are the
load, span of beam, the beam’s material and the moment of Inertia affects the deflection
in the simply supported beam. As it can be seen from table (1), when the load increases
the deflection will increase which means there is direct relationship as the figure (1)
shows, although when the load is applied on the middle of the beam the deflection will
get to its maximum level due to the low reaction and the long distance from the supports,
in other case when the load is applied near to the support (far from the center) of the
beam, the deflection will be low due to the high reaction. (Talha Atta , 2017)

Moreover, from the results on table (2) it can be seen that when length (Span) Increases it
causes increasement on the Young’s modulus and the deflection is directly proportional
to the young’s modulus. Hence, the deflection increases whenever the span increases.
As it can be seen from Table(3), The strongest material which shows the highest young’s
modulus rate is the steel , as the results shows that the moment of inertia increases which
leads to the reduction of the young’s modulus and as a result the deflection will get low.

From the results obtained in Table (4), the moment of inertia kept on increasing which
means the young’s modulus decreasing due to the inversely proportional relation between
them which leads to the decreasing in deflection. There are some differences in the
readings of the experimental data and the theoretical data due to some lab errors which
can be not fixing the machine well or the environmental condition may affect the exact
reading.

4.2 Experiment 2: Reactions and Fixing Moment of a fixed Beam.

In this experiment three components will be discussed which are the deflection, moment
and the reaction with changing the load and the position in two states of supporting
(Fixed-Fixed) and (Fixed-Pinned). It has been observed from the results that when the

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load is changed the deflection will decrease more due to the increasement of the load
which leads to increasing the reaction and the moment. On the other hand, when the
position of the load is near to the mid-point or far the supports it will cause increasement
in the deflection which means increasing the reaction and the moment. Likewise when
the load is near to the supports the deflection will decrease and same for the moment and
reaction. There were some errors in the machine used which lead to slight reading errors
from compared to the theoretical data. Also an basic error was observed as reading zero
was noted as a reaction of the right side and its known that same value has to be noted but
with different sign. (Engineers Edge , 2017)

Moreover, the moment of the Fixed-pin is equal to zero due to the non-existence of
rotation, as whenever a rotation is available there will be no resistance to deformation
which means no moment. (Mechanicalc , 2018)

4.3 Experiment 3: Loading and Buckling of Struts

This experiment has been conducted to determine the factors that affects the buckling of a
column in three states of supports (Fixed-Fixed), Fixed–Pinned and the Pinned-Pinned.
The common known factors that affects the buckling can be listed as the following: load,
length, Material type, type of support, load position.( F.Mohri , 2012)

From the Table (13) it can be observed that the Buckling Increases with the increasing
Load, as Buckling is directly proportional to load in the Fixed –fixed beam but not to the
failure mode and the buckling range is really small compared to the other supports types.
The Fixed-Fixed column is the strongest type which has the lowest buckling value.

On the other hand, it can be seen from Table (14) that Buckling in the fixed-Pinned is
increasing with the increasement of the distance (distance from the mid-point) and with
the added load. The last support type (pinned-Pinned ) has the highest Buckling value due
to the large distance and the large load that is applied , which means the column will be
very weak and not able to carry load which fails directly.( Dr. Ibrahim askkaf , 2003)
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5. Conclusion:
In conclusion, this report has covered three experiments that has been conducted on
beams and column to determine the deflection and the factors that affect its value which
can be summarized as the moment of inertia, material type, load position, span, Young’s
Modulus and the load size. It has been observed that in all experiments the deflection is
directly proportional to the load and steel is the strongest material to be used as a beam
due to its stiffness and it’s high Young’s modulus range. There were some slight
differences which are considered as errors between the theoretical data and the
experimental ones due to some factors like the machine wasn’t working properly or the
load hasn’t noted down correctly.

References:
Designing Building wiki (2018) “Elements of structure in buildings” [Online] Available
from: https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Elements_of_structure_in_buildings
[Accessed on 10th May 2018]

Vinodh Chennu (2017) “Different types of Beams’ [Online] Available from: https://me-
mechanicalengineering.com/different-types-of-beams/ [Accessed on 10th May 2018]

Sky Civil (2017) “Deflection Of Beams” [Online] Available from:

https://skyciv.com/tutorials/what-is-deflection/ [Accessed on 10th May 2018]

Bob McGinty (2013) “Column Buckling” [Online] Available from:

http://www.continuummechanics.org/columnbuckling.html [Accessed on 10th May 2018]

Talha Atta (2017) “Deflection of Beam Lab Report” [Online] Available from :
https://www.green-mechanic.com/2017/01/Deflection-of-Beam-Lab-Report-pdf.html
[Accessed on 10th May 2018]

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Engineers Edge (2017) “Structural Beam Deflection Equation” [Online] Available from :
https://www.engineersedge.com/beam_calc_menu.shtml [Accessed on 10th May 2018]

MechaniCalc (2018) “Stresses & Deflections in Beams” [Online] Available from :

https://mechanicalc.com/reference/beam-analysis [Accessed on 10th May 2018]

F.Mohri (2012) “Buckling and lateral Buckling” [Online] Available from :

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0307904X12004817 [Accessed on
10th May 2018]

(Dr. Ibrahim askkaf , 2003) “Columns : Buckling Pinned-Pinned Ends” [Online]

Available from : http://www.assakkaf.com/courses/enes220/lectures/lecture26.pdf
[Accessed on 10th May 2018]

Appendices:

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