A.

Functions and Relations

A "relation" is just a relationship between sets of information. Think of all the people in one of your classes, and think of their
heights. The pairing of names and heights is a relation. In relations and functions, the pairs of names and heights are "ordered",
which means one comes first and the other comes second. To put it another way, we could set up this pairing so that either you give
me a name, and then I give you that person's height, or else you give me a height, and I give you the names of all the people who are
that tall.

A function is a "well-behaved" relation. Just as with members of your own family, some members of the family of pairing
relationships are better behaved than other. (Warning: This means that, while all functions are relations, since they pair
information, not all relations are functions. Functions are a sub-classification of relations.) When we say that a function is "a well-
behaved relation", we mean that, given a starting point, we know exactly where to go; given an x, we get only and exactly one y.

The figure above illustrates how a function machine works. An input x is entered into the machine, then the machine processes it by
performing operations defined by the function f on the input, and that gives a result as an output, f(x). This special relationship
guarantees that for every input, there is a unique output from the machine.

A function is a relationship between two variables such that every input corresponds to exactly one output. In symbols, we
say that for every x, there is exactly one y.

We use the following function notation.

f(x) = y

We read this as “f of x is equal to y,” which means that y is a function of the independent variable x.

The domain of a function is the set of all possible values for the independent variable x, while the range of a function is the
set of all possible values for the dependent variable y.

There are different ways to represent a function. Among these representations are: mapping diagram, table of values, set
of ordered pairs, graph, and equation.

mapping diagram

Table of values

Set of ordered pair

{(2,1), (0,-5), (1, -2), (5,10)}

 Graph

Equation

c = 2s – 20

3
f(x) =
5𝑥+4

To determine if an equation represents a function, check that for any value substituted to x, there will only be one value for
y.

Example 1. The set of ordered pair {(2,1), (0,-5), (1, -2), (5,10)} represents a function since all x-coordinates are unique. On the
other hand, {(3,4), (-3,4), (-3, -4), (3,-4)} is NOT a function, because there are two ordered pairs with x-coordinate 3 , and two
ordered pairs with an x-coordinate of -3.

Example 2. The graph below represents a function since it satisfies the vertical line test.

However, the graph below does NOT represent a function since there are parts of the graph that touch the vertical
line at more than one point.

Example 3. The table below represents a function since for ever input x, there is a unique output g(x).

x -2 -1 0 1 2 3
g(x) -15 -11 -7 -3 1 5

B. Finding the Domain

1. State the domain and range of the following relation. Is the relation a function?
{(2, –3), (4, 6), (3, –1), (6, 6), (2, 3)}

The above list of points, being a relationship between certain x's and certain y's, is a relation. The domain is all the x-
values, and the range is all the y-values. To give the domain and the range, I just list the values without duplication:
domain: {2, 3, 4, 6}
range: {–3, –1, 3, 6}

2. Determine the domain of the function: y= x4 + 4

 This is just a garden-variety polynomial. There are no denominators (so no division-by-zero problems) and no radicals
(so no square-root-of-a-negative problems). There are no problems with a polynomial. There are no values that I can't
plug in for x. When I have a polynomial, the answer is always that the domain is "all x".

𝑥 2 +𝑥−2
3. Determine the domain of the function : y=
𝑥 2 −𝑥−2

The domain is all the values that x is allowed to take on. The only problem I have with this function is that I need to
be careful not to divide by zero. So the only values that x cannot take on are those which would cause division by
zero. So I'll set the denominator equal to zero and solve; my domain will be everything else.

x2 – x – 2 = 0
(x – 2)(x + 1) = 0
x = 2 or x = –1

Then the domain is "all x not equal to –1 or 2".

4. Determine the domain of the function: 𝑦 = √−2𝑥 + 3

The domain is all values that x can take on. The only problem I have with this function is that I cannot have a negative
inside the square root. So I'll set the insides greater-than-or-equal-to zero, and solve. The result will be my domain:
–2x + 3 > 0
–2x > –3
2x < 3 Reminder: Change the direction of the inequality when you divide by negative.
x < 1.5

Then the domain is "all x < 1.5".

C. EVALUATION OF FUNCTIONS

Example 1. Given f(x) = 3x – 7, evaluate the following:

a. f(8)
Solution: f(8)= 3(8) – 7
= 24 – 7
= 17
b. f(x-1)
Solution: f(x-1)= 3(x-1) – 7
= 3x – 3 – 7
= 3x – 10

Example 2. Given f(x) = x2 – 3x + 4

a. What is the value of f(x) when x=1?

Solution: f(1) = (1)2 – 3 (1) + 4

=1–3+4
=2
b. What is/are the value/s of x when f(x) = 32?

Solution: x2 – 3x + 4 = 32
x2 – 3x + 4 – 32 = 0
x2 – 3x – 28 = 0
(x – 7)(x + 4) = 0
x= 7 x= -4

𝑥+5
c. Given g(x) = , if x≤ -3 and g(x) = 4x + 9, if x≥ -3
𝑥−1
Find 2g(3) + g(-4).

Solution: g(3) = 4x + 9= 4(3) + 9 = 12 + 9 = 21

2g(3) = 2 (21) = 42
 𝑥+5 −4 +5 1
g(-4) = = = −5
𝑥−1 −4 −1

209
So, 2g(3) + g(-4). = 42 + (− 15) =
5

Example 4: A function may also be represented by a graph. To evaluate a function based on its graph, we look at the x-axis for
the value of x and and y-axis for the corresponding value of f(x).

Given the graph of h, find h(4).

Solution: Locate 4 on the x –axis. Thenm locate the corresponding y-value. We see that h(4)=-3

References:

Melosantos, Luis Allan B, et al. “Math Connections in the Digital Age General Mathematics,” Sibs Publishing House Inc, 2016

Stapel, Elizabeth. "Functions: Domain and Range." Purplemath. Available from

http://www.purplemath.com/modules/fcns2.htm. Accessed 19 June 2016

Stapel, Elizabeth. "Solving Linear Inequalities: Introduction and Formatting." Purplemath. Available from
http://www.purplemath.com/modules/ineqlin.htm. Accessed 19 June 2016
SEATWORK

Name: _________________________ Date: ___________

Time: __________________________

On the line provided, write F if the given represents a function. Write R if it represents a mere function.

____1. The rule that assigns to an integer its reciprocal.

____2. X -2 -1 0 1 2
Y 1 0 1 2 3

____3. y = x3

____4.

____5. {(1,1), (2,2), (3,3), (4,4), (5,5)}

A. Find the domain of each of the following functions.

1
1. f(x) =
√2𝑥−1

3 2
2. f(x) = +
𝑥 𝑥−7

3. g(x) = 3x2 + 4x – 10
4. k(x) = {(3,-2), (4,1), (-2,-2), (5,1)
5.

B. Given f(x) = 14x – 23, find the following:

1. f(10)
2. f(-1)
3. f(4)
4. f(2x-7
5. x when f(x) = 5

6. Given f(x) = x2 + x – 5, solve for f(-2).

ASSIGNMENT

Name: ________________________ Date: ________________

Time: _________________________

A. Encircle the letter of the best/correct answer.

1. Xavier has a $25 gift certificate for a movie theater. Each time that he sees a movie, m, $5 is deducted from his gift
certificate balance, b. The equation b = 25 - 5m describes this relationship. Which is the dependent quantity in this
functional relationship?

a. The price of each movie ticket c. The original value of the gift certificate

b. The balance left on the gift certificate d. The number of movies he sees

2. Which of the following does NOT correctly represent a dependent and independent relationship?

a. Independent variable: Time of day

Dependent variable: Outside temperature

b. Independent variable: Number of gallons of gas in a car’s tank

Dependent variable: Number of miles a car can be driven on a tank of gas

c. Independent variable: Number of coins put into a gumball machine

Dependent variable: Number of gumballs from a gumball machine

d. Independent variable: Pace of a runner in a race

Dependent variable: Time it takes to complete the race

3. The ordered pairs ( - 6, 18 ), (- 4, 8 ), ( 0, 0 ), ( 2, 2 ), and ( 8, 32 ) represent points on a parabola. Which equation can
be used to describe this functional relationship?

1
a. y = x b. y = 4x c. y = x2 d. y = x2
2

4. Which set of coordinates describes a function?

a. {(- 5, - 1), (- 3, - 3), (- 1, - 5), (- 5, - 7)} c. {( 6, 3), (4, 5), (2, 3), (0, 5)}

b. {( 4, - 3), ( - 4, - 6), ( 4, 3), ( - 4, 6)} d. {( 2, 4), ( 2, - 4), ( 4, 8), ( 6, 2)}

5. For a wholesale buyer, the fixed cost of purchasing the first 20 televisions is $480. The variable cost per television is
$12. The cost function is c(x) = 12x + 480. In this relationship, the total cost, c(x), to the buyer is dependent on

a. The variable cost per television c. The fixed cost for 20 televisions

b. The number of televisions over 20 purchased d. The size of the televisions

B. Find the domain of each of the following functions.

5𝑥
1. f(x) = 2
𝑥 −16

2. g (x) = 3

3
3. h(x)=
√𝑥−1

𝑝−1
4. f(x) = 2
𝑝 −4
 4
5. h(x) = 2
𝑥 −3𝑥−4

C. Solve for f(2) – f(-1) for each of the following functions.

1. f(x) = 2x+3
2. f(x) = (x – 6)2
3. f(x) = 12x – 5, if x > 0
= x2 – 14x + 36, if x < 0
4. f(x) = x3 + 2x2 – 3x + 18
QUIZ

Name: _____________________________ Date: ____________

Time: _____________

A. Directions: Encircle the letter of the correct answer to each question below.
Erasure or any form of alteration is considered wrong.

1. Which equation best describes the relationship between the corresponding values

of x and y shown in the table?

x y
-2 -12
0 -6
1 -3
4 6

a. F( y) = x – 10 b. G y = 3x – 6 c. H(y) = 2x – 8 d. J(y) = x2 – 8

2. For Saturday’s debate tournament, Sarah ordered 3 cookies for each student participant and a tray of 30 cookies for
the sponsors’ hospitality room. This relationship can be expressed by the function f(s) = 3x + 30, where s is the
number of student participants. Which is the dependent quantity in this functional relationship?

a. The number of cookies ordered c. The number of trays ordered

b. The number of student participants d. The number of sponsors

3. For the invitational math competition, Mr. Biros ordered 3 medals for each event scheduled. Mrs. Saunders ordered
5 certificates for each team that competed and 10 certificates for sponsors. This relationship can be expressed by the
function f (t) = 5 (t) + 10, where t is the number of teams that compete. Which is the independent quantity in this
functional relationship?

a. The number of certificates ordered c. The number of medals ordered

b. The number of teams competing d. The number of events

4. The table shows the number of slices of pepperoni placed on each size of pizza at Pepe's Pizza Shop.

Radius of Pizza Number of

Size of Pizza
(inches) Pepperoni Slices

Single 2 5

Small 4 17

Medium 5 26

Large 8 65

Extra large 10 101

 Let r represent the radius of the pizza and let n represent the number of slices of pepperoni. Identify the equation
that best represents the relationship between the radius and the number of slices of pepperoni.

a. r = 2n + 1 b. n = 2r + 1 c. r = n² + 1 d. n = r² + 1

5. A math club decided to buy T-shirts for its members. A clothing company quoted the following prices for the T-shirts.

Number of Total Cost

T-Shirts (dollars)

10 75

15 105

20 135

Which equation best describes the relationship between the total cost, c, and the number of T-shirts, s?

a. c = 6.75s b. c = 7.00s c. c = 2s – 20 d. c = 15 + 6s

B. Find the domain of each of the following functions.

3 4
1. f(x) = 4. h(x) = 2
5𝑥+4 𝑥 −2𝑥−3

2. g (x) = √2𝑥 − 1 5. {(–3, 5), (–2, 5), (–1, 5), (0, 5), (1, 5), (2, 5)}

3.f(x) = 6x

C. Given h(x) = x2 + 4x – 45, solve for the following:

1. h(0)
2. h(3) – 9h(7)
3. h(x-2) – h(x)
4. [h(6)]2
5. [h(10)] ÷ 10