Applied Physics

Lecture#1
Orientation, Current and Voltage,
Electronic Components,
Passive and Active Components,
Resistor

By: Engr. Muhammad Adnan Malik

Class of BS-CS, NCBA&E, MULTAN. Week#1
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 Text Book
Grob's Basic Electronics(11 Edition)
BY
Mitchel E. Schultz

Course Outline
WILL BE MADE AVAILABLE ON GROUP
 Important
 Maintain good attendance, late comers will face loss in sessional
marks.

 You will submit your assignments in soft form and they will be
checked for plagiarism.
Orientation
 Orientation
Every computer device we use today such as laptops, mobile devices etc., all
have some basic building blocks in Them. These basic building blocks are
actually electronic components and we will investigate about them in this
course.
Charge, Electric Current
&
Electric Voltage
 Atom
Definition: An atom is the smallest unit of matter that has the properties of a
chemical element. Every solid, liquid, gas, and plasma is composed of atoms.
Atom has:
• Electrons with negative charge.
• Proton with positive charge
• Nucleus with no charge or neutral
Structure of An Atom
Electric Charge
 Charge
Definition: An Electric charge is the physical property of matter that causes it
to experience a force.
There are two types of charges:
• Positive Charge (On Proton)
• Negative Charge (On electron)
• Same charges repel ,opposite charge attract.
 Charge
Electrons will be attracted by?
• A positive charge.
• Or a matter which is positively charged.
Electric Current
 Current
Definition: An electric current is a flow of electric charge per unit
time.
• A charge can be positive, negative and neutral.
• So which flow of charge can create current?
• If “electrons” flows, we will have current.
• But positive charges flow can also create current.
 Current: Important!

Remember, current will only be created only if

charges will move. If charge is static or is not
moving, we will have no current.
• So how we can move charge?
 Current: Important!
• Every matter in the universe have charges.
• If we can move these charges, we will have current.
• The piece wire below have electrons in it, but how to move those
electrons?
 Current: Important!
• We can move these charges by applying voltage.
• Just like when we open a water tape water starts to flow, in the
same we just need to apply voltage to make the charges flow.
 Current: Important!
• Now imagine water as charges and voltage as
valve that we need to open to make the water(or
in this case charges) flow.
Electric Voltage or Potential
Difference
 Voltage
Definition: Electrical voltage is defined as electric potential difference between
two points.
• Voltage is the pressure from an electrical power source that pushes charged
electrons (current) through a conducting
• A battery creates a voltages that pushes the electron.
 Voltage
To understand voltage or potential difference, consider following example:
• When we are at bottom of stairs, potential is low.
• When we are at top of stairs, potential is high
• But to move on stairs, we need energy.
 Voltage
• Similarly electron is at lower potential and we need to move it at higher
potential to generate current.
• But if an electron is at lower potential, it cannot move.
• So we need to take electron from lower potential to higher potential so that
it can move, and hence current will be produced.
• More is the potential difference, more will be the energy required to over
the charge to higher potential.
 Voltage
• This is what happens when we charge a battery.
• We move all electrons to higher potential, and then when it discharges,
electrons moves to lower potential and we have current.
 Voltage: Important
• Negative mean low potential or low voltage.
• Positive mean high potential or high voltage.
• Electron moves from low(negative) to high(positive) potential.
How charges flow due to voltage.

Slide 26
Summary
 Summary
Charge: An Electric charge is the physical property of matter that causes it to
experience a force.

Current: An electric current is a flow of electric charge per unit time.

• No charge movement, no current. We need voltage.

Voltage: Electrical voltage is defined as electric potential difference between

two points.
Representation Letters
and Units
 Representation Letters and Units
Charge
• It is represented by letter “q”.
• Unit of charge is “Coulomb” represented by “C”.
Current
• It is represented by letter “I”.
• Unit of Current is “Ampere” represented by “A”.
𝒒𝒒
• Its formula is 𝑰𝑰 = i.e charge flow per unit time.
𝒕𝒕

Voltage
• It is represented by letter “V”.
• Unit of Current is “Volts” represented by “V”.
Electronic Components
 Active And Passive Electronics Components

•There are two classes of electronic components:

•Active Components
•Passive Components

Active Components:
Diode, Transistor, I.C
Electronic Logic Circuits etc.
Components
Passive Components:
Resistor, Inductor,
Capacitor.
 Active And Passive Electronics Components
What are Active Electronic Components?
•Active electronic components are those that can control the flow of current or
electrons.
•For example Diode, FET etc.
What are Passive Electronic Components?
•Passive electronic components are those that don’t have the ability to control
current or flow of electron.
•Examples of passive electronic components are capacitors, resistors and inductors
 Active And Passive Electronics Components

We will first study passive electronic components:

• Resistor
• Capacitor
• Inductor
Resistor

Capacitor
Resistor
 Resistor
• Imagine traffic as charges and speed breaker as a resistor that oppose these
traffic or charges.
 Resistor
Definition: A resistor is a passive electronic component which resists or limit
the flow of current by opposing flow of electrons.

 Resistors are used in a wide variety of applications in all types of electronic

circuits.

 Their main function in any circuit is to limit the amount of current or to

produce a desired drop in voltage.
 Ohm’s Law
Definition: Ohm’s Law States that the amount of voltage V , is
directly proportional to the current I given the resistance R remains
constant.

•Expressed mathematically, Ohm’s law is stated

V=IR
Units: Ohm’s, Ω
Circuit Symbol(Fixed Resistance):
Circuit Symbol(Variable Resistance):
Ohm’s Law
Ohm’s Law
 Types of Resistors
• Fixed resistors
• Variable Resistors
• Rheostat
• Potentiometer
 Types of Resistors
• Fixed resistors

• Variable Resistors
 Fixed Resistors
Definition: These Resistors have fixed resistance value and
they limit fixed amount of current in a circuit.
 Variable Resistors
Definition: These Resistors have variable resistance value and they can limit
variable amount of current in a circuit.
 Basic Electronics

Lecture#2
Types of resistors,
Basic Formula Derivation And units
Basic Problems
Series and Parallel Resistance

By: Engr. Muhammad Adnan Malik Week#2

Class of BS-CS, NCBA&E, MULTAN.
Types Of resistors
 Types of Resistors
• Fixed resistors
• Variable Resistors
• Rheostat
• Potentiometer
 Types of Resistors
• Fixed resistors

• Variable Resistors
 Fixed Resistors
Definition: These Resistors have fixed resistance value and they limit fixed
amount of current in a circuit.
 Variable Resistors
Definition: These Resistors have variable resistance value and they can limit
variable amount of current in a circuit.
 Rheostat
• Definition: A rheostat is a variable R with two
terminals connected in series with a load. The
purpose is to vary the amount of current.
 Potentiometer
• Definition: A potentiometer is three terminal device used for voltage division
in a circuit.
• The fixed maximum R across the two ends is connected across a voltage
source. Then the variable arm is used to vary the voltage division between
the center terminal and the ends.
 Rheostats and Potentiometers
• Rheostat • Potentiometer
Two terminals  Three terminals
Connected in series with the  Ends connected across the
load and the voltage source voltage source
Varies the current  Taps off part of the voltage
D.C and A.C Voltage and Current
 A.C Voltage and Current
• In direct current (DC), the electric charge (current) only flows in
one direction.
• Electric charge in alternating current (AC), on the other hand,
changes direction periodically.
• The voltage in AC circuits also periodically reverses because the
current changes direction.
 DC vs AC Voltage
• Below is intuition for D.C potential difference, that does not change.
 DC vs AC Voltage
• Below is intuition for A.C potential difference, that does changes
periodically.
 DC vs AC Voltage
• Similarly “low” and high “potential” or positive and negative is always
changing in A.C voltage and so charges repeatedly moves from low to high
and then again high to low due to changing potential difference.
 DC vs AC Voltage
• You can image A.C voltage as a D.C battery whose positive and negative
terminal is changing.
AC And DC Voltage and Current:
 A.C: Change over time.  D.C: Doesn't change over time.
Electric Power
 Electric Power
Voltage: Work done per unit charge
V=W/Q
Or
V=IR
Current: Charges following per Unit time
I=Q/T
Electric Power
 Electric Power
Definition: Electric power is the rate, per unit time, at which electrical energy
is transferred by an electric circuit.
Basic Formulae And their
Derivation
Basic Formulae & Units
 Basic Formulae
• REMEMBER THESE BASIC FORMULAE
 Units Of Basic Quantities
• REMEMBER THESE BASIC UNITS

Power P watts W
Work w Joule J
 Warm Up Yourself!!
•What is the output voltage of a battery that expends 3.6 J
of work in moving 0.5 C of charge?
V = W/Q = 3.6 J / 0.5 C =7.2 V

•The charge of 12 C moves past a given point every second.

How much is the intensity of charge flow(current flow)?
I = q / t = 12 C /1 s
I =12 A
 Keep going on
•A 6-V battery connected across a resistance of 0.01 ohm
produces how much current?

I =V/R I=6/0.01 I =600 A

•If a 12 ohm resistor is carrying a current of 2.5 A, how

much is its voltage?
V =IR V=2.5x12=30 V
 Some More Practice
How much is the resistance of a light bulb if it draws 0.16 A
from a 12-V battery?
R = V/ I = 12x0.16 = 75 Ω

•The I of 8 mA flows through a 5k R . How much is the IR

voltage?
V =IR = (8 x 10^-3) x (5 x 10^3) = 8 x 5
V =40 V
 Practice Makes The Man Perfect ;)
An oven takes 10 A from 220v voltage source. How much
power is used?
P =VxI =220 V x 10 A
P = 2200 W or 2.2 kW

•Calculate the power in a circuit where the source of 100 V

produces 2 A in a 50 ohm R.
P = (I2) x R = 4 x 50
P 200 W
 Series and Parallel
Combinations of Resistors

• Series Combination

• Parallel Combination
 Important
•An open resistor or circuit shows an infinite resistance

∞Ω

•A short circuit has zero resistance

 Series Combinations of Resistors
• In Series combination of resistors current across each resistor is same but
voltage is different.
 Parallel Combinations of Resistors
•In Parallel combination of resistors current across each resistor is different but
voltage is same.