Eng. & Tech. Journal ,Vol.27, No.

13 ,2009

Analysis Up To Failure of Straight and Horizontally

Curved Composite Precast Beam and Cast-In-Place Slab
with Partial Interaction

Dr. Husain M. Husain*, Dr. Mohammed J. Hamood*

& Shaima'a Tariq Sakin*
Received on: 12 / 11 /2008
Accepted on: 7 /5 /2009
Abstract
In this study, a nonlinear three dimensional finite element analysis has been
used to conduct an analytical investigation on the behavior of curved in plan
composite concrete-concrete beam using the analysis system computer program
(ANSYS v.9.0 2004).
Various types of beams, with available experimental results are chosen to
check the validity and the accuracy of the adopted models. In general good
agreement is obtained. The maximum percentage difference in ultimate load-
carrying capacity is 12%. Parametric studies are carried out to study the influence
of the curvature (L/R ratio of 0, 0.1, 0.15 and 0.2) on the behavior of the curved in
plan composite concrete beams. Also, some important material and solution
parameters that affect the structure behavior are studied. These include the slab
thickness, support condition, compressive strength of concrete and the percentage
of steel across the interface between the stem and the slab of the composite beam.

Keywords: Concrete-Concrete composite beams, Beams curved in plane,

Finite element analysis.

‫ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴل ﻟﺤﺩ ﺍﻟﻔﺸل ﻟﻠﻌﺘﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﻜﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺤﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻓﻘﻴﺎ ﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻜﻭﻨﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺭﺍﻓﺩﺓ‬

‫ﻜﻭﻨﻜﺭﻴﺘﻴﺔ ﻤﺴﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺏ ﻭ ﺴﻘﻑ ﻤﺼﺒﻭﺏ ﻤﻭﻗﻌﻴﺎ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﺩﺍﺨل ﺍﻟﺠﺯﺌﻲ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺨﻼﺼﺔ‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺘﻡ ﺍﺴﺘﻌﻤﺎل ﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﺼﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺩﺩﺓ ﺜﻼﺜﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﺒﻌﺎﺩ ﻻﺨﻁﻴـﺔ ﻟﺘﻘـﺼﻲ‬
‫ﻜﻭﻨﻜﺭﻴـﺕ ﺒﺎﻻﺴـﺘﻔﺎﺩﺓ ﻤـﻥ ﺒﺭﻨـﺎﻤﺞ‬-‫ﺴﻠﻭﻙ ﺍﻟﻌﺘﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﻭﺴﺔ ﺍﻓﻘﻴﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﻜﺒﺔﻤﻥ ﻜﻭﻨﻜﺭﻴـﺕ‬
.(2004‫ )ﺍﻻﺼﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺴﻊ‬ANSYS
‫ﺘﻡ ﺘﺤﻠﻴل ﺃﻨﻭﺍﻉ ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺘﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺨﺭﺴﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤـﺴﻠﺤﺔ ﺫﺍﺕ ﻨﺘـﺎﺌﺞ ﻋﻤﻠﻴـﺔ ﻤﺘـﻭﻓﺭﺓ‬
‫ﺒـﺼﻭﺭﺓ ﻋﺎﻤـﺔ ﺃﻋﻁـﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﺭﻨـﺔ‬.‫ﻟﺘﻘﻭﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﺎﺫﺝ ﻭ ﺍﻟﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺩﻤﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ‬
‫ ﺘﻤـﺕ ﺩﺭﺍﺴـﺔ‬.%12 ‫ﻭﺍﻜﺒﺭ ﻓﺭﻕ ﻓـﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻤـل ﺍﻷﻗـﺼﻰ ﻟﻠﻌﺘﺒـﺎﺕ ﺠـﺎﺀﺕ‬,‫ﺘﻭﺍﻓﻕ ﺠﻴﺩ‬
‫ ( ﻓـﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺘﺒـﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺨﺭﺴـﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﻜﺒـﺔ‬0.2 ‫ ﻭ‬0.15,0.1, 0 ‫ ﻟﻘـﻴﻡ‬L/R ‫ﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭﺍﻟﺘﻘﻭﺱ) ﻨﺴﺒﺔ‬
‫ ﻜﻤﺎ ﺘﻤـﺕ ﺩﺭﺍﺴـﺔ ﺘـﺄﺜﻴﺭﺍﺕ‬,‫ﺍﻟﻤﻘﻭﺴﺔ ﺍﻓﻘﻴﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻭﻙ ﻭ ﺍﻟﺤﻤل ﺍﻷﻗﺼﻰ ﻟﻬﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﺘﺒﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺨﻭﺍﺹ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻬﻤﺔ ﻭ ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻟﻌﻭﺍﻤل ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺩﻤﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺴﻠﻭﻙ ﺍﻟﻌﺘﺒـﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺘـﻲ‬
‫ ﻁﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺍﻹﺴﻨﺎﺩ ﻭ ﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ ﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺩﻴـﺩ ﺍﻟـﺫﻱ ﻴﻤـﺭ‬،‫ﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤﺔ ﺍﻻﻨﻀﻐﺎﻁ‬, ‫ﺘﺘﻀﻤﻥ ﺴﻤﻙ ﺍﻟﺴﻘﻑ‬
. ‫ﺨﻼل ﺍﻟﻭﺠﻪ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﻨﻲ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﺘﻠﺘﻘﻲ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺸﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺘﺒﺔ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻭﺘﺭﺓ‬

* Building and Construction Department, University of Technology/ Baghdad

2509

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 Eng. & Tech. Journal ,Vol.27, No.13 ,2009 Analysis Up To Failure of Straight and
Horizontally Curved Composite Precast Beam
and Cast-In-Place Slab with Partial Interaction

1. Introduction
In structural engineering practice, composite construction consists of two or
more components connected together in one structural unit, so that each component is
used to its best advantage. The most common material combinations are steel and
concrete, timber and concrete and precast and cast-in-place concrete.
A composite concrete beam is a built-up member. Some composite concrete
structures are made from the combination of precast concrete beam and cast in place
deck [1]. The structural stem is usually made of a material, which carries tensile
stresses efficiently, while the concrete slab has good compressive strength. The shear
connectors between the stem and the slab should tie the two components together
well enough so that they act as a monolithic beam such as the case for short to middle
span bridges. Common sections of composite reinforced concrete flexural beams used
for buildings and bridges are shown in Fig. (1).
A longitudinal shear flow in a composite concrete beam is transferred across the
stem-slab interface by the dowel action of steel bars and by friction at the contact
concrete surfaces.
The steel bars passing through the built-in interface of the composite concrete
beam, may act as shear connectors. Moreover, they have their ability to hold the slab
down against the beam and prevent the uplifting of the slab.
2. History of work:
Hanson [2] adopted push-off tests for studying the construction joints of
composite concrete-to-concrete beams. For the problem of shear connections
between precast beams and cast-in-place slabs, results of these preliminary tests
indicated that the ultimate horizontal shear strength of a smooth bonded joint was
about 2.0 MPa and that of a rough bonded joint was 3.4 MPa. In addition, it was
found that the shear strength of a joint could be increased approximately by about 1.2
MPa for each percent of reinforcing steel crossing the joint.
Tests were carried out at the Imperial Collage of Science and Technology,
London University, by Revesz [3] on five different composite T-beams to determine
the behavior of the beams under loads. The test load was applied at third-points of the
(4.25 m ) beam specimens. The particular shape of the section was chosen so as to
represent a strip of floor construction. The precast web consisted of a high quality
concrete core (152.4 mm) deep and (76.2 mm) wide, encased in nonstructural precast
foamslag plank. Reinforcement in four of these beams consisted of (2.6 mm)
diameter high tensile strength wire, tensioned to various stresses. For comparison,
one beam was reinforced with mild steel. It was concluded that the variation in the
quality of the cast-in-place concrete of T-beams does not exert appreciable influence
on the load capacity of composite beams, and it is desirable to roughen contact
surfaces of the precast web and cast-in-place concrete of composite beams, to prevent
failure by horizontal shear.
In 1978, Thomas et al.[4] studied the behavior of reinforced concrete horizontally
curved beams. They tested seven horizontally curved reinforced concrete beams with
cross section (152.4*304.8)mm and a radius of (2740mm) and a subtending angle of
90o, fixed at both ends. The beams were subjected to a concentrated load at mid-span.
The results showed that the conventional design of horizontally curved reinforced
concrete beams is suitable to calculate the flexure moments, torsion moments and the

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 Eng. & Tech. Journal ,Vol.27, No.13 ,2009 Analysis Up To Failure of Straight and
Horizontally Curved Composite Precast Beam
and Cast-In-Place Slab with Partial Interaction

shear forces by an elastic analysis using the uncracked cross section. Since moment
redistribution occurs after cracking, design of curved beams using cracked section is
then recommended particularly near supports where torsional moment changes
rapidly along the length. Torsional moments in a horizontally curved beam are
primary moments required by equilibrium. They cannot be reduced or neglected.
In 1993, Thannon[5] proposed a fully three dimensional finite element
computational model for the nonlinear analysis of a reinforced concrete curved beam.
The twenty-noded isoparametric elements were used with the standard derivation of
the stiffness matrix. Complete bond between the steel and the surrounding concrete
was assumed. The model was used to analyze reinforced concrete beam curved in
plan and loaded by a concentrated force which was tested by others. The result shows
good agreement between the test and the proposed model.
3. Materials Idealization:
• SOLID65 element
8-node isoparametric linear brick element is used, in this study, to simulate the
behavior of concrete beam and slab. Each of the eight corner nodes has three degrees
of freedom, displacements u, v and w in x, y and z directions, respectively [6] ,Fig.(2)
.

• Reinforcement Idealization
In the present research, the reinforcing steel bars are modeled as axial
members embedded within the concrete brick elements (embedded representation) to
include the reinforcement effect in the concrete beam and slab, excluding the
reinforcing bars that are crossing the joint, which are represented by using “bar
elements” (Discrete representation). In these two manners, the reinforcement is
assumed to be capable of transmitting axial forces only, and perfect bond is assumed
to exist between the concrete and the reinforcing bars ,Fig.(3) .
• LINK8 Element
This element is used to simulate the function of shear connectors in transferring
the normal force between the concrete beam and the slab and resisting the uplift
separation,Fig.(4) .

• COMBIN39 Element
This element is used to simulate the function of the shear connectors in resisting
the horizontal shear between the concrete beam and the slab and resisting the slip
,Fig.(5) .

• Shear-Friction and Contact Modeling

A three dimensional point-to-point contact element from ANSYS is used to
model the nonlinear behavior of the surface between two concretes cast at different
times. The contact elements are capable of supporting only compression in the
direction normal to the interface between the two surfaces and shear- friction in the
tangential direction ,Fig.(6) .

4. Materials Properties

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 Eng. & Tech. Journal ,Vol.27, No.13 ,2009 Analysis Up To Failure of Straight and
Horizontally Curved Composite Precast Beam
and Cast-In-Place Slab with Partial Interaction

• Modeling of concrete
The concrete is assumed to be homogeneous and initially isotropic. The
compressive stress-strain relation is described by an elastic-perfectly plastic brittle
fracture model ,Fig.(7) .
• Modeling of Cracked Concrete
The crack of concrete is modeled as "a smeared crack model". In this approach,
it is assumed that the concrete becomes orthotropic after the first cracking has
occurred with reduced modulus of elasticity in the direction normal to the crack
plane[7] ,Fig.(8) .

• Modeling of Steel Beam and Reinforcement

The steel can be considered as a homogeneous material .The simplest and the
most commonly used idealization of the stress-strain curve is the elastic-perfectly
plastic relation which ignores the strain hardening region as shown in Fig.(9) [8].

Modeling of Shear Connectors When composite beams deform under external

vertical loads ,effective shearing forces are developed that act on the planes of contact
.Shear force will be transferred by means of friction and the dowel action of crossing
bars. The normal forces are transmitted by the axial forces in the reinforcing bars and
are modeled using "link elements". While the shear forces that are transmitted by
shearing and flexure of the crossing bars are modeled by using "nonlinear spring
elements". When the bars are being normal to the plane of joint, dowel action
(shearing and flexure of the bars) will contribute to the overall shear stiffness
throughout the joint. The nonlinear shear stiffness of the dowel bars is given by [9]:

Fd
Ks =
∆U s
where :
Fd , is the dowel force and given by
 − ki ∆U s 
Fd =  
1 − e
Fdu
Fdu 
 
 

Fdu , is the ultimate dowel force, in (N) = 1.3φ 2 1.2 f c′ f y

ki , is the initial dowel stiffness
= 0.166 ∆Us Gf 0.75 φ1.75 Es0.25
Gf , foundation modulus of concrete and
it is Gf = 750 N/mm3 for 1.2 f´c ≤ 35 Mpa

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 Eng. & Tech. Journal ,Vol.27, No.13 ,2009 Analysis Up To Failure of Straight and
Horizontally Curved Composite Precast Beam
and Cast-In-Place Slab with Partial Interaction

φ , is the stud diameter.

Es, elastic modulus of steel stud, in (Mpa).

5. Numerical application
In order to assess the validity and accuracy of the finite element procedure, using
ANSYS computer program (v.9.0 2004),two composite concrete beams are selected,
which were experimentally tested by Grossfield and Birnstiel [10] .In this study,
comparison of the load-deflection behavior and the ultimate load between the finite
element analysis and the experimental tests were carried out.

• Description of Beams
Two straight composite concrete-concrete beams are chosen for the finite element
analysis, one is (Beam 1) of Type A and the other is (Beam 2) of Type B ,Fig.(10).
These two composite beams had their flanges cast to the web after the latter had been
cured and the joint treatment was troweled smooth .A typical beam is shown in
Fig(11). It is simply supported over (3048 mm) span and the external load was
applied to the speciments at two points.
In Type B,the area of steel joining the web and flange of the beam is twice as that
in Type A. Therefore, the steel ratio across the joints of Types A and B is kept
constant and has a value of ( 0.0088 ).
In general good agreement was obtained between the present finite element and
the experimental results.The maximum different in ultimate loads was (12%).The
ratio of Pu (Analytical) to Pu (Experimental) for (Beam 1) Type A is ( 0.88 ) and the
ratio of Pu (Analytical) to Pu (Experimental) for (Beam 2) Type B is ( 0.95
),Fig.(12).
6. Parametric Study
A parametric study was performed to investigate the influence of several
important parameters on the behavior of horizontally curved composite concrete-
concrete beams.
• The effect of curvature ( L/R) of the beam(L=arc length and R=radius).
• Effect of supports condition.
• Effect of compressive strength of concrete ( f ' c ).
Effect of Curvature(L/R)of the beam
In the current study, (beam 2) Type B (SP1) has been chosen in a numerical study
to demonstrate the effects of curvature on the nonlinear behaveor of the beam.
Based on the results of the analysis, the following observation may be noted:

• With respect to the straight beam SP1( L/R =0), the effect of L/R =0.1, in
designated beam SP2, resulted in reduction of the ultimate load by (23%).
• Similarly, the effect of L/R=0.15, in designated beam SP3 resulted in reduction of
the ultimate load by (37%).
• Also, the effect of L/R=0.2, in designated beam SP4 resulted in reduction of the
ultimate load by (40%).
Fig.(13) shows the load-deflection curves for various L/R ratios.

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 Eng. & Tech. Journal ,Vol.27, No.13 ,2009 Analysis Up To Failure of Straight and
Horizontally Curved Composite Precast Beam
and Cast-In-Place Slab with Partial Interaction

And, the beam (SP2) where L/R = 0.1 has been employed in a numerical study to
demonstrate the effects of some parameters on the nonlinear behavior. These
parameters include the following:
• Effect of support condition.
• Percentage of steel across the interface.
• Effect of compressive strength of concrete.
• Effect of the slab thickness.
Fig. (14) shows the finite element mesh with the boundary and loading conditions
of beam (SP2) .
Effect of Support Condition
• With respect to the hinge-roller supports (simply supported ends), the fixed-roller
support increased the ultimate load by (5.2%).
• Similarly, fixed end support increased the ultimate load by (61%).
Fig.(15) shows the effect of various support conditions.
Effect of Percentage of Steel across the Interface
Two different percentages have been considered in order to investigate the effect
of steel crossing the interface on the behavior of the horizontally curved composite
concrete-concrete beams. It is noted that:
• 35% increase of steel ratio caused an increase of 4% in the ultimate load capacity
while 36% decrease of steel ratio caused a decrease of 10% in the ultimate load
capacity with respect to the original crossing steel in beam SP2.
• The results concerning this effect on the load-slip response show that an increase
by 35% of the crossing steel ratio caused a decrease of 26% in maximum slip and
a decrease by 36% of the crossing steel ratio caused an increase of 38% in the
amount of slip.
This effect on the load-deflection and load-slip response is shown in Figs.
(16) and (17).
Effect of Compressive Strength of Concrete:
• With respect to the beam SP2 with originally f ' c =30 MPa, the effect of f ' c =25
MPa, caused a decrease in the ultimate load by about (16.8%).
• Similarly, the effect of f ' c =35 MPa, caused an increase in the ultimate load by
about (10.3%).
Fig. (18) shows the effect of f ' c on the load-deflection curve.

Effect of Slab Thickness:

• With respect to the original s lab thickness (105mm), when the thickness h= 120
mm is used, the ultimate load is increased by (7.4%).
• Similarly when h=140 mm is used, the ultimate load is increased by (17.3%).
Fig. (19) shows the effect of slab thickness on the load-deflection curves.
7. Conclusions:
• Based on the results of the available experimental tests on straight composite
concrete-concrete beams, the comparison with the results from the present finite
element analysis by (ANSYS),has shown that the adopted computer modeling can
be used efficiently to predict the behavior of such composite beams.

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 Eng. & Tech. Journal ,Vol.27, No.13 ,2009 Analysis Up To Failure of Straight and
Horizontally Curved Composite Precast Beam
and Cast-In-Place Slab with Partial Interaction

• It is found that the ultimate load capacity decreases with increase in L/R ratio in
curved -in- plan composite beams. With increase in L/R ratio up to 0.2 the main
cause of failure changes from dominant bending to combined action of bending
and twisting.
• The results for fixed end beam and fixed-roller beam indicate an increase in
ultimate load in comparison to a simply supported beam.
• When the percentage of steel across the interface increases the ultimate load
increases and the amount of slip at the interface between the concrete slab and the
precast beam (maximum near ends) decreases.
• Increasing the compressive strength of concrete causes an increase in the ultimate
load carrying capacity.
• It is found that increasing the slab thickness causes an increase in the load-
carrying capacity.

References

[1]Barbieri, B.A. "Numerical Model For Prestressesd Composite Concrete Flexural

Members", Francisco P.S.L. Journel of Advanced Concrete Technology Vol.1,
No.2, July 2003, pp. 201-210.
[2]Hanson, N.W. , “ Horizontal Shear Connections” , Part 2 of “ Precast
Prestressed Concrete Bridges” , Journal, PCA Research and Development
Laboratories, Vol.2, No.2, May 1960, pp. 38-58.
[3] Revesz, S. , “ Behavior of Composite T-Beams with Prestressed and
Unprestressed Reinforcement” , ACI Journal, Proc. Vol. 49, No. 6, February 1953,
pp. 585-592.
[4]Thomas, T. C., Leonard, F. and Mehmet, J., "Behavior of reinforced concrete
horizontally curved beams", ACI, Vol. 75, No. 4, April 1978, pp. 112-123.
[5]Thannon, A. Y. , " Nonlinear three dimensional finite element analysis of
reinforced concrete curved beams " , Al – Rafidain Engineering, University of
Mosul, Vol. 1, No. 2, Feb. 1993, pp.2-16.
[6]“ANSYS Manual”, Version 9.0,
USA , 2004 .
[7] Kwak, H. G., Filippou, F. C. “ Finite Element Analysis of Reinforced Concrete
Structures Under Monotonic Loads” Report No. USB/SEMM-90/14, Structural
Engineering Mechanics and Materials, Department of Civil Engineering,
University of California, Berkeley, USA , November 1990.
[8] Razaqpur G.A. and Nofal M. ,"Analytical Modeling of Nonlinear Behavior of
Composite Bridges",Journal of the Structural Engineering ,ASCE, Vol.
116,No.6,June 1990,pp. 1715-1733.
[9] Millard S. and Johnson R., “ Shear Transfer Across Cracks in Reinforced
Concrete due to Aggregate Interlock and to Dowel Action” Magazine of
Concrete Research, Vol.36, No.126, March 1984.
[10] Grossfield, B., and Birnstiel, C., “ Tests of T-Beams with Precast Webs and Cast-
in- Place Flanges” , ACI Journal, Proceedings Vol. 59, No.6 , June 1962, pp. 843-
851.

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 Eng. & Tech. Journal ,Vol.27, No.13 ,2009 Analysis Up To Failure of Straight and
Horizontally Curved Composite Precast Beam
and Cast-In-Place Slab with Partial Interaction

Figure (1): Common sections of composite concrete structures[1].

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 Eng. & Tech. Journal ,Vol.27, No.13 ,2009 Analysis Up To Failure of Straight and
Horizontally Curved Composite Precast Beam
and Cast-In-Place Slab with Partial Interaction

Figure (2): Brick element with 8-nodes (Solid65 in ANSYS) [6].

Axial Element Axial or Flexural Element

Discrete representation Embedded representation

Figure (3): Reinforcement idealization[6]

Force
Active segment
y

Ktg
1

x Deflection
z

Figure (4):Bar element (Link8 in Figure (5): Nonlinear spring

ANSYS) [6] element(Combine39 in ANSYS)
[6]

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 Eng. & Tech. Journal ,Vol.27, No.13 ,2009 Analysis Up To Failure of Straight and
Horizontally Curved Composite Precast Beam
and Cast-In-Place Slab with Partial Interaction

Z σ
x GAP J
z
y
ƒc
z
x
y E
I 1
z
β ε
εο εu
y
z
α x Y
y
x

Figure (6): Geometry of Contact173 [6]. Figure (7): Uniaxial stress-strain

relationship used for concrete[6].

Figure (8):Smeared crack modeling. Figure (9): Idealized bilinear stress-

strain curve for steel

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 Eng. & Tech. Journal ,Vol.27, No.13 ,2009 Analysis Up To Failure of Straight and
Horizontally Curved Composite Precast Beam
and Cast-In-Place Slab with Partial Interaction

Figure (10):Dimensions and reinforcement details of beams[10] .

P/2 P/2
355 355
105 mm
241 mm

CL

3048 mm

Figure (11):Dimensions and loading arrangement of a typical Grossfield-irnstiel

beams[10]

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 Eng. & Tech. Journal ,Vol.27, No.13 ,2009 Analysis Up To Failure of Straight and
Horizontally Curved Composite Precast Beam
and Cast-In-Place Slab with Partial Interaction

Load-deflection behavior of (Beam 1) Type A Load-deflection behavior of (Beam 2) Type B

Figure (12): Load-vertical displacement curves of composite beams.

Figure (13):Load-deflection curves of composite beams SP1,SP2,SP3,and SP4.

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 Eng. & Tech. Journal ,Vol.27, No.13 ,2009 Analysis Up To Failure of Straight and
Horizontally Curved Composite Precast Beam
and Cast-In-Place Slab with Partial Interaction

Figure (14): Finite element mesh with boundary and loading conditions of beam (SP2)

Figure (15): Load-deflection curves of composite beam SP2

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 Eng. & Tech. Journal ,Vol.27, No.13 ,2009 Analysis Up To Failure of Straight and
Horizontally Curved Composite Precast Beam
and Cast-In-Place Slab with Partial Interaction

Figure (16): Effect of percentage of steel across the Figure (17): Effect of percentage of steel across the
interface on the load-deflection curves of composite
on load-slip curves of composite interface
beam SP2
beam SP2.

Figure (18): Effect of ( f ' c ) on load-deflection Figure (19): Effect of slab thickness on the load-

curves, Beam SP2 deflection curve, Beam SP2

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