EC6011 - Electromagnetic Interference & Compatibility: M.Jaiganesh, M.E., AP/ECE. V.Subashree, M.E., AP/ECE
EC6011 - Electromagnetic Interference & Compatibility: M.Jaiganesh, M.E., AP/ECE. V.Subashree, M.E., AP/ECE
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Unit - I
Basic Theory
1. I ntr oduction to EMI and EMC
2. I ntr a and inter system EMI
3. Elements of I nter fer ence
4. Sour ces and Victims of EMI
5. Conducted and Radiated EMI emission and susceptibility
6. Case Histor ies
7. Radiation hazar ds to humans
8 . Var ious issues of EMC
9. EMC Testing categor ies
10 . EMC Engineer ing Application
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Part - I
1. I ntr oduction to EMI and EMC
2. I ntr a and inter system EMI
3. Elements of I nter fer ence
4. Sour ces and Victims of EMI
5. Conducted and Radiated EMI emission and
susceptibility
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Introduction To EMI & EMC
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EM Spectrum Utilization
Non ionizing radiation Ionizing radiation
Frequency
1 10 100 1 10 100 1 10 100 1 10 100 1012 1013 1014 1015 1016 1017 1018 1019 1020 1021
Hz Hz Hz kHz kHz kHz MHz MHz MHz GHz GHz GHz Hz Hz Hz Hz Hz Hz Hz Hz Hz Hz
Extra-low Infrared
frequency Radio Microwave Ultra- X-rays,
Band (ELF) violet gamma rays
Visible light
UHF Microwave ovens,
TV
Electric Video police radar,
AM FM Sun
Use power display Radio Radio, Cellular satellite stations
Heat lamps
terminalsa VHF TV Phones lamps Visible Light
Spectr um
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What is EMI ?...
EMI (Electr o Magnetic I nter fer ence) is the
degr adation in the per for mance of the device or a
tr ansmission channel or an equipment or a system
caused by an electr omagnetic distur bance. (which
can be in the for m of electr omagnetic noise or an
unwanted signal, or a change in the pr opagation
medium itself).
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What is RFI ?...
EMI is sometimes called as r adio fr equency inter fer ence
(RFI ) when the inter fer ence is in the r adio fr equency
spectr um.
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Electromagnetic interference environment
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Examples of EMI
Distur bance in the audio/ video signals on r adio/ TV due to
an air cr aft flying at a low altitude.
Noise on micr ophones fr om a cell phone handshaking w ith
communication tow er to pr ocess a call
A w elding machine or a kitchen mixer / gr inder gener ating
undesir ed noise on the r adio
I n flights, par ticular ly w hile taking off or landing, we ar e
r equir ed to switch off cell phones since the EMI fr om an
active cell phone inter fer es w ith the navigation signals.
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Other examples of EMI
RFI = Radio Fr equency I nter fer ence Relay Chatter
TVI = Television I nter fer ence Noise I mmunity Level
Radio Noise Audio Hum
Electr ical Noise Shot Noise
Tr ansient Distur bances Flicker Noise
Electr omagnetic Pollution White Noise
Electr ostatic Dischar ges Ther mal Noise
Lightning Dischar ges Johnson Noise
Cr osstalk TV Snow
Sur ges and Sags Hum Bar s
Gr ound Bounce Motor boating
Cor ona and Ar cing Degener ative Feedback
Spar king Hiss, Buzz and Hum
Scr een Flicker
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History of EMI
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I n 1933, a meeting of the
I nter national Electr otechnical
Commission (I EC) in Par is r ecommended
the CI SPR be set up to deal w ith the
emer ging pr oblem of EMI .
CI SPR subsequently pr oduced
technical publications cover ing
measur ement and test techniques and r ecommended emission and
immunity limits. These have evolved over the decades and for m the
basis of much of the w or ld's EMC r egulations today.
I n 1979, legal limits wer e
imposed on electr omagnetic
emissions fr om all digital
equipment by the FCC in the USA in
r esponse to the incr eased number
of digital systems that wer e
inter fer ing w ith wir ed and r adio
communications.
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I n the mid 1980s, the Eur opean Union member states adopted
a number of "new appr oach" dir ectives w ith the intention of
standar dizing technical r equir ements for pr oducts so that they do
not become a bar r ier to tr ade w ithin the EC.
One of these w as the EMC Dir ective (89/ 336/ EC) and it applies
to all equipment placed on the mar ket or taken into ser vice. I ts
scope cover s all appar atus "liable to cause electr omagnetic
distur bance or the per for mance of w hich is liable to be affected by
such distur bance".
Futur e Scope
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What is EMC ?...
The ability of a r eceptor (a device, or an equipment, or a
system) to function satisfactor ily in its electr omagnetic
envir onment w ithout at the same time intr oducing intoler able
electr omagnetic distur bances to any other
device/ equipment/ system in that envir onment is called
Electr om a gnetic Com pa tibility ( EM C)
(OR)
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Electr omagnetic compatibility (EMC) is the br anch of electr ical science
of electr omagnetic ener gy w ith r efer ence to the unw anted effects
(Electr omagnetic inter fer ence, or EMI ) that such ener gy may induce.
The goal of EMC is the cor r ect oper ation, in the same electr omagnetic
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History of EMC
The U.S. Navy star ted using the wir eless
telegr aph in 1899 and encounter ed one of the fir st
know n EMC pr oblems. Because the tr ansmitter s wer e
all tuned to the same oper ating fr equency, no
intelligible infor mation could be r eceived when
oper ating mor e than one tr ansmitter at the same
time. This pr oblem was dubbed Radio Fr equency
I nter fer ence (RFI ).
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Sources of EMI
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Sources and Victims of EMI
EMI Environment
Radiated
Conducted
COUPLING PATHS
SOURCE
VICTIM
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Source(s) =>
Coupling Path(s) =>
Receptors(s)
Conducted Emissions (CE) Conducted Susceptibility/Immunity (CS)
Radiated Emissions (RE) Radiated Susceptibility/Immunity (RS)
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Four basic sub -problems of EMC
This per sists in all conductor s and mutual inductance between two r adiated
electr omagnetic fields w ill r esult in EMI .
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Control Interference at the Source
Pr efer r ed Appr oach –Shield/ Filter the Sour ce (Culpr it)
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Conducted and Radiated Emission &
Susceptibility
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Conducted Emission
Conducted emissions ar e inter nal electr omagnetic emissions
pr opagated along a pow er or signal conductor , cr eating noise. The
noise is subsequently tr ansfer r ed to the equipment. This test method
is used for measur ing conducted emissions on pow er leads, and
antenna ter minals.
Conducted Susceptibility
The conducted susceptibility is per for med to deter mine
a device's ability to oper ate in the pr esence of an exter nal
inter fer ence signal pr opagated via a conductor . This
method is used to deter mine whether equipment is
susceptible to exter nal electr omagnetic ener gy injected on
its pow er leads, antenna por ts, and inter conecting cables.
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Radiated Emission
Radiated emission is the electr omagnetic ener gy pr opagated
thr ough space. This test method is used to deter mine a device's ability
to oper ate in the pr esence of r adiated emission.
Radiated Susceptibility
The r adiated susceptibility test is per for med to
deter mine a device's ability to oper ate in the pr esence of an
exter nal inter fer ence signal pr opagated via fr ee space.
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Types of EMI
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Types of EMI
EMI - Electr omagnetic I nter fer ence can ar ise in many w ays
and fr om a number of sour ces. The differ ent types of EMI can be
categor ised in a number of w ays.
One w ay of categor ising the type of EMI is by the way it was
cr eated:
EMI
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Another method of categor ising the type of EMI is by its dur ation
This type of EMI Again, this type of EMI The unwanted signals A broadband EMI can
generally arises from a may be man-made or generated due to a occur through a source
source such as a circuit naturally occurring. distortion or inter- like arc welding in
that is emitting a Lightning, ESD, and modulation are which continuous
continuous signal. switching systems all example of Narrowband generation of arc is
However background contribute to impulse EMI. These unwanted involved. Natural
noise, which is noise which is a form of signal can be located broadband EMI can also
continuous may be EMI. anywhere in the be observed because of
created in a number of It is also possible to spectrum. the Sun.
ways, either manmade categorize the different
or naturally occurring. types of EMI by their
bandwidth.
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EMI Caused by Equipment
Ever y electr ic or electr onics device gener ates electr omagnetic field
I f this field is too str ong and has cer tain pr oper ties, it is good candidate
for EMI
Poor ly-maintained equipment is good sour ce of EMI (DC br ush motor s,
bad gr ounding)
EMI -gener ating equipment often causes pr oblems for itself
Or igin Fr equency Ra nge Envelope
Unintentional EMI :
I t is also Know n as non
functional since these ar e not
designed to emit electr omagnetic
ener gy and wher e as such an
emission is pur ely incidental. These
sour ces includes Man made sour ces
which ar e not intended/ designed to
gener ate EM ener gy but still they
r adiate in actual. These sour ces may
be DC motor s, Electr ical contr oller s,
Engines igniter s, Computer s,
Fluor escent lighting, Pow er lines,
Welding machines and many mor e.
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Intra System EMI :
I ntr asystem EMI occur s as a r esult
of self-jamming or undesir able emission
coupling w ithin a system. Such
inter fer ence can develop as a r esult of
voltage or cur r ent spikes that appear s on
power cables and w ir ing har nesses.
These spikes can be electr ically or
magnetically coupled in adjoining
sensitive cables via cable to cable
capacitance and or inductance, ther eby
causing undesir able signal to appear .
Intersystem EMI :
I nter system EMI occur s betw een
discr ete system oper ating within a wide
fr equency r ange fr om lower to micr o
wave fr equencies (50 Hz to sever al Ghz).
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Any electr onic device may be the sour ce of EMI , although
this is not the intension of the designer .
I ntr asystem pr oblem:
The cause of EMI either w ithin the system, in w hich case it is ter med
as intr asystem pr oblem.
I nter system pr oblem:
Pr oblem fr om the outside, in w hich case it is called an inter system
pr oblem. The ter m emitter is commonly denoting the sour ce of EMI , w hile
the ter m susceptor is used to designate the victim device.
Intrasystem problem Intersystem problem
Emitters Susceptors Emitters Susceptors
Power supplies relays Lightning strokes Radio receivers
Radar Radar receivers Computers TV sets
transmitters
Radar transmitter Aircraft navigational
Mobile radio Mobile radio receivers system
transmitters
Police radio taxicab receivers
Car ignition Car radio receivers
transmitters
system 39
Part - II
1. Radiation hazar ds to humans
2. Var ious issues of EMC
3. EMC Testing categor ies
4. Case Histor ies
5. EMC Engineer ing Application
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