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EC6011 - Electromagnetic Interference & Compatibility: M.Jaiganesh, M.E., AP/ECE. V.Subashree, M.E., AP/ECE

The document provides an introduction to the course EC6011 – ELECTROMAGNETIC INTERFERENCE & COMPATIBILITY. It discusses electromagnetic interference (EMI) and electromagnetic compatibility (EMC), defining EMI as unwanted electromagnetic disturbance that can degrade performance, and EMC as the ability of systems to function satisfactorily in a common electromagnetic environment without disruption. A brief history of EMI/EMC is also given, noting that issues arose with early radio technology and grew during World War II, leading to modern EMC standards and engineering practices.

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
236 views40 pages

EC6011 - Electromagnetic Interference & Compatibility: M.Jaiganesh, M.E., AP/ECE. V.Subashree, M.E., AP/ECE

The document provides an introduction to the course EC6011 – ELECTROMAGNETIC INTERFERENCE & COMPATIBILITY. It discusses electromagnetic interference (EMI) and electromagnetic compatibility (EMC), defining EMI as unwanted electromagnetic disturbance that can degrade performance, and EMC as the ability of systems to function satisfactorily in a common electromagnetic environment without disruption. A brief history of EMI/EMC is also given, noting that issues arose with early radio technology and grew during World War II, leading to modern EMC standards and engineering practices.

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Sakthivelan
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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EC6011 – ELECTROMAGNETIC

INTERFERENCE & COMPATIBILITY


- Don‘t disturb others (EMI)
&
don‘t get disturbed by them(EMC)…

M.Jaiganesh, M.E., AP/ECE.


V.Subashree, M.E., AP/ECE.
1
Objective of the Course

Outcome of the Course

2
Unit - I
Basic Theory
1. I ntr oduction to EMI and EMC
2. I ntr a and inter system EMI
3. Elements of I nter fer ence
4. Sour ces and Victims of EMI
5. Conducted and Radiated EMI emission and susceptibility
6. Case Histor ies
7. Radiation hazar ds to humans
8 . Var ious issues of EMC
9. EMC Testing categor ies
10 . EMC Engineer ing Application
3
Part - I
1. I ntr oduction to EMI and EMC
2. I ntr a and inter system EMI
3. Elements of I nter fer ence
4. Sour ces and Victims of EMI
5. Conducted and Radiated EMI emission and
susceptibility

4
Introduction To EMI & EMC

5
EM Spectrum Utilization
Non ionizing radiation Ionizing radiation
Frequency
1 10 100 1 10 100 1 10 100 1 10 100 1012 1013 1014 1015 1016 1017 1018 1019 1020 1021
Hz Hz Hz kHz kHz kHz MHz MHz MHz GHz GHz GHz Hz Hz Hz Hz Hz Hz Hz Hz Hz Hz

Extra-low Infrared
frequency Radio Microwave Ultra- X-rays,
Band (ELF) violet gamma rays
Visible light
UHF Microwave ovens,
TV
Electric Video police radar,
AM FM Sun
Use power display Radio Radio, Cellular satellite stations
Heat lamps
terminalsa VHF TV Phones lamps Visible Light
Spectr um

Note: All of these frequencies designations are approximate


because each category has fields over a range depending on the
exact device. Fields from video display terminals vary depending
on the number of pictures per second on the screen: terminals
also have 60 Hz fields.

6
What is EMI ?...
EMI (Electr o Magnetic I nter fer ence) is the
degr adation in the per for mance of the device or a
tr ansmission channel or an equipment or a system
caused by an electr omagnetic distur bance. (which
can be in the for m of electr omagnetic noise or an
unwanted signal, or a change in the pr opagation
medium itself).

EM inter fer ence (EMI ): The unwanted effect


of EM noise inter fer ing with our signals.

7
What is RFI ?...
EMI is sometimes called as r adio fr equency inter fer ence
(RFI ) when the inter fer ence is in the r adio fr equency
spectr um.

8
Electromagnetic interference environment

9
Examples of EMI
 Distur bance in the audio/ video signals on r adio/ TV due to
an air cr aft flying at a low altitude.
 Noise on micr ophones fr om a cell phone handshaking w ith
communication tow er to pr ocess a call
 A w elding machine or a kitchen mixer / gr inder gener ating
undesir ed noise on the r adio
 I n flights, par ticular ly w hile taking off or landing, we ar e
r equir ed to switch off cell phones since the EMI fr om an
active cell phone inter fer es w ith the navigation signals.

10
Other examples of EMI
 RFI = Radio Fr equency I nter fer ence  Relay Chatter
 TVI = Television I nter fer ence  Noise I mmunity Level
 Radio Noise  Audio Hum
 Electr ical Noise  Shot Noise
 Tr ansient Distur bances  Flicker Noise
 Electr omagnetic Pollution  White Noise
 Electr ostatic Dischar ges  Ther mal Noise
 Lightning Dischar ges  Johnson Noise
 Cr osstalk  TV Snow
 Sur ges and Sags  Hum Bar s
 Gr ound Bounce  Motor boating
 Cor ona and Ar cing  Degener ative Feedback
 Spar king  Hiss, Buzz and Hum
 Scr een Flicker

11
History of EMI

12
I n 1933, a meeting of the
I nter national Electr otechnical
Commission (I EC) in Par is r ecommended
the CI SPR be set up to deal w ith the
emer ging pr oblem of EMI .
CI SPR subsequently pr oduced
technical publications cover ing
measur ement and test techniques and r ecommended emission and
immunity limits. These have evolved over the decades and for m the
basis of much of the w or ld's EMC r egulations today.
I n 1979, legal limits wer e
imposed on electr omagnetic
emissions fr om all digital
equipment by the FCC in the USA in
r esponse to the incr eased number
of digital systems that wer e
inter fer ing w ith wir ed and r adio
communications.
13
I n the mid 1980s, the Eur opean Union member states adopted
a number of "new appr oach" dir ectives w ith the intention of
standar dizing technical r equir ements for pr oducts so that they do
not become a bar r ier to tr ade w ithin the EC.

One of these w as the EMC Dir ective (89/ 336/ EC) and it applies
to all equipment placed on the mar ket or taken into ser vice. I ts
scope cover s all appar atus "liable to cause electr omagnetic
distur bance or the per for mance of w hich is liable to be affected by
such distur bance".

Futur e Scope

14
What is EMC ?...
The ability of a r eceptor (a device, or an equipment, or a
system) to function satisfactor ily in its electr omagnetic
envir onment w ithout at the same time intr oducing intoler able
electr omagnetic distur bances to any other
device/ equipment/ system in that envir onment is called
Electr om a gnetic Com pa tibility ( EM C)
(OR)

Electr om agnetic com pa tibility ( EM C) is a near per fect


state in w hich a r eceptor ( device , system or subsystem) functions
satisfactor ily in common electr omagnetic envir onment, w ithout
intr oducing intoler able electr omagnetic distur bance to any other
devices / equipments / system in that envir onment.

15
Electr omagnetic compatibility (EMC) is the br anch of electr ical science

w hich studies the unintentional gener ation, pr opagation and r eception

of electr omagnetic ener gy w ith r efer ence to the unw anted effects

(Electr omagnetic inter fer ence, or EMI ) that such ener gy may induce.

The goal of EMC is the cor r ect oper ation, in the same electr omagnetic

envir onment, of differ ent equipment w hich use electr omagnetic

phenomena, and the avoidance of any inter fer ence effects.

A system is said to be electr o magnetically compatible if : -

I t doesn't cause inter fer ence w ith other system .

I t is not susceptible to emissions fr om other systems.

I t doesn’t cause inter fer ence w ith itself


16
History of EMC

17
History of EMC
The U.S. Navy star ted using the wir eless
telegr aph in 1899 and encounter ed one of the fir st
know n EMC pr oblems. Because the tr ansmitter s wer e
all tuned to the same oper ating fr equency, no
intelligible infor mation could be r eceived when
oper ating mor e than one tr ansmitter at the same
time. This pr oblem was dubbed Radio Fr equency
I nter fer ence (RFI ).

Dur ing Wor ld War I I new types of


r adio tr ansmitter s and r eceiver s w er e
being developed to be used in the war .
Because of the immediacy of war time, no
extensive test wer e conducted and the
equipment caused sever e EMC pr oblems
on ships and planes as a r esult. At the
end of the war the Navy issued the fir st
RFI standar d and EMC became a
r espected engineer ing specialization.
18
I n the 1970’s, micr opr ocessor s star ted to appear in
consumer devices. These pr olifer ated because of the
low development costs, but also caused new EMC
pr oblems br ought by the mor e sensitive cir cuits. These
developments r esulted in even mor e focus on the
pr evention of EMC pr oblems. I n the 1970’s a number of
guidelines and standar ds wer e cr eated to tackle the
pr oblems caused by all these new electr onic devices.

I n the 1980’s the r ise of the per sonal


computer br ought new EMC pr oblems to the
fr ont, but also gave engineer s the computing
power to analyze and solve these pr oblems.

Company’s wer e for ced to star t thinking


about EMC in the design pr ocess of their
pr oducts. Out of this and entir e new industr y
was bor n. New test pr ocedur es and standar ds
wer e being cr eated and r esulted in a
significant r eduction of EMC r elated pr oblems.
19
Dur ing the star t of the 20th centur y the fir st
EMC r egulations w er e being issued. To r educe
the pr oblem of RFI , differ ent fr equencies w er e
assigned to pr ivate r adio stations and the Navy.
On the technical side, tr ansmitter s wer e being
developed with incr easingly mor e nar r ow
bandwidths.
This and other technological
developments made it possible to tr ansmit clear
human speech and r emar ked the star t of the
golden age of br oadcasting.
With electr onic devices getting smaller ,
faster , and incr easingly mor e complex, EMC
engineer s face new challenges ever y day. New
tr ends suggest EMC is given mor e impor tance
ar ound the w or ld.
Wor ldw ide standar ds ar e being
tr ansposed on countr ies and test r equir ements
incr ease. A design w ith EMC consider ed in
mind is becoming the nor m r ather than an
annoying after thought.
20
Mechanism Of Electromagnetic Interference
Figur e illustr ates var ious mechanisms in
w hich electr omagnetic inter fer ence can tr avel
fr om its sour ce to the r eceptor .
These a r e:
 dir ect r adiation fr om sour ce to r eceptor (path 1)

 dir ect r adiation fr om sour ce picked up by the


electr ical power cables (or ) the signal / contr ol
cables connected to the r eceptor , w hich r eaches
the r eceptor via conduction (path 2)

 electr omagnetic inter fer ence r adiated by the


electr ical power , signal, or contr ol cables of the
sour ce (path 3)

 electr omagnetic inter fer ence dir ectly conducted


fr om its sour ce to the r eceptor via common
electr ical power supply lines, or via common
signal/ contr ol cables (path 4)
21
 Path 1 & 3 –RE(Radiated Emission)
 Path 2 &4 –CE(Conducted Emission).
 RS(Radiated susceptibility)- I t can be defined as how much the equipment is
susceptible to the r adiation emission.
 CS(Conducted Susceptibility)-I t can be defined as how much is the equipment
susceptible to the conducted emission. 22
Elements of EMI
 High fr equency devices
 Electr onics/ computer s
 Cell phones/ r adios
 Wir eless/ RF ener gy
 Micr ow ave equipment
 Pow er lines
 Electr ic motor s
 Electr ostatic dischar ge (ESD)
 Lightning (LEMP)
 Nuclear event (HEMP)

23
Sources of EMI

24
Sources and Victims of EMI
EMI Environment

Radiated

Conducted
COUPLING PATHS

SOURCE
VICTIM

25
Source(s) =>
Coupling Path(s) =>
Receptors(s)
Conducted Emissions (CE) Conducted Susceptibility/Immunity (CS)
Radiated Emissions (RE) Radiated Susceptibility/Immunity (RS)

The thr ee aspects (gener ation, tr ansmission& r eception) of EMC pr oblem


for ms the basic of any EMC design
A sour ce (also r efer r ed to as an emitter ) pr oduces the emission, and a
tr ansfer or coupling path tr ansfer s the emission ener gy to a r eceptor
(r eceiver ), wher e it is pr ocessed, r esulting in either desir ed or
undesir ed behaviour .
I nter fer ence occur s if the r eceived ener gy causes the r eceptor to
behave in an undesir ed manner .

26
Four basic sub -problems of EMC

N a r r ow ba nd inter fer ence usually ar ises fr om intentional tr ansmissions such


as r adio and TV stations, pager tr ansmitter s , cell phones etc. I t is a high
fr equency oper ation .
Exa m ple: pr oximity effect
Br oa d ba nd inter fer ence usually comes fr om incidental r adio fr equency
emitter s. These includes electr ic pow er tr ansmission lines, electr ic motor s etc.
I t is a low fr equency oper ation
27
Exa m ple : skin effect
Conducted electr omagnetic inter fer ence is caused by the physical contact of
the conductor s as opposed to r adiated EMI , w hich is caused by induction
(without physical contact of the conductor s).

Electr omagnetic distur bances in the EM field of a conductor will no longer be


confined to the sur face of the conductor and w ill r adiate aw ay fr om it.

This per sists in all conductor s and mutual inductance between two r adiated
electr omagnetic fields w ill r esult in EMI .
28
Control Interference at the Source
Pr efer r ed Appr oach –Shield/ Filter the Sour ce (Culpr it)

Alter nate Appr oach –Shield/ Filter Potential Receiver s (Victims)

29
Conducted and Radiated Emission &
Susceptibility

30
Conducted Emission
Conducted emissions ar e inter nal electr omagnetic emissions
pr opagated along a pow er or signal conductor , cr eating noise. The
noise is subsequently tr ansfer r ed to the equipment. This test method
is used for measur ing conducted emissions on pow er leads, and
antenna ter minals.
Conducted Susceptibility
The conducted susceptibility is per for med to deter mine
a device's ability to oper ate in the pr esence of an exter nal
inter fer ence signal pr opagated via a conductor . This
method is used to deter mine whether equipment is
susceptible to exter nal electr omagnetic ener gy injected on
its pow er leads, antenna por ts, and inter conecting cables.
31
Radiated Emission
Radiated emission is the electr omagnetic ener gy pr opagated
thr ough space. This test method is used to deter mine a device's ability
to oper ate in the pr esence of r adiated emission.

Radiated Susceptibility
The r adiated susceptibility test is per for med to
deter mine a device's ability to oper ate in the pr esence of an
exter nal inter fer ence signal pr opagated via fr ee space.

32
Types of EMI

33
Types of EMI
EMI - Electr omagnetic I nter fer ence can ar ise in many w ays
and fr om a number of sour ces. The differ ent types of EMI can be
categor ised in a number of w ays.
One w ay of categor ising the type of EMI is by the way it was
cr eated:
EMI

M a n-m a de EM I N a tur a lly occur r ing EM I

M a n-m a de EM I N a tur a lly occur r ing EM I


This type of EMI gener ally ar ises This type of EMI can ar ise fr om
fr om other electr onics cir cuits, many sour ces - cosmic noise as
although some EMI can ar ise fr om w ell as lightning and other
switching of lar ge cur r ents, etc. atmospher ic types of noise all
contr ibute

34
Another method of categor ising the type of EMI is by its dur ation

Continuous Impulse noise Narrowband Broadband


interference

This type of EMI Again, this type of EMI The unwanted signals A broadband EMI can
generally arises from a may be man-made or generated due to a occur through a source
source such as a circuit naturally occurring. distortion or inter- like arc welding in
that is emitting a Lightning, ESD, and modulation are which continuous
continuous signal. switching systems all example of Narrowband generation of arc is
However background contribute to impulse EMI. These unwanted involved. Natural
noise, which is noise which is a form of signal can be located broadband EMI can also
continuous may be EMI. anywhere in the be observed because of
created in a number of It is also possible to spectrum. the Sun.
ways, either manmade categorize the different
or naturally occurring. types of EMI by their
bandwidth.
35
EMI Caused by Equipment
 Ever y electr ic or electr onics device gener ates electr omagnetic field
 I f this field is too str ong and has cer tain pr oper ties, it is good candidate
for EMI
 Poor ly-maintained equipment is good sour ce of EMI (DC br ush motor s,
bad gr ounding)
 EMI -gener ating equipment often causes pr oblems for itself
Or igin Fr equency Ra nge Envelope

Equipment 10kHz...2GHz Continuous and


tr ansient
ESD Events 10MHz ...2GHz Tr ansients

Mobile Phones, 0.8..1GHz Pulsed


WLAN 1.8..1.9GHz
2.4..2.5GHz 36
Intentional EMI:
I t is also Know n as functional EMI . As its name suggests, I t is the
EMI which we gener ate intentionally. I n this, the equipment ar e designed to
emit electr omagnetic ener gy. For eg – Radar s and Radio tr ansmitter ,
jammer s etc. We use it in Electr onic w ar far e extensively.

Unintentional EMI :
I t is also Know n as non
functional since these ar e not
designed to emit electr omagnetic
ener gy and wher e as such an
emission is pur ely incidental. These
sour ces includes Man made sour ces
which ar e not intended/ designed to
gener ate EM ener gy but still they
r adiate in actual. These sour ces may
be DC motor s, Electr ical contr oller s,
Engines igniter s, Computer s,
Fluor escent lighting, Pow er lines,
Welding machines and many mor e.
37
Intra System EMI :
I ntr asystem EMI occur s as a r esult
of self-jamming or undesir able emission
coupling w ithin a system. Such
inter fer ence can develop as a r esult of
voltage or cur r ent spikes that appear s on
power cables and w ir ing har nesses.
These spikes can be electr ically or
magnetically coupled in adjoining
sensitive cables via cable to cable
capacitance and or inductance, ther eby
causing undesir able signal to appear .

Intersystem EMI :
I nter system EMI occur s betw een
discr ete system oper ating within a wide
fr equency r ange fr om lower to micr o
wave fr equencies (50 Hz to sever al Ghz).

38
Any electr onic device may be the sour ce of EMI , although
this is not the intension of the designer .
I ntr asystem pr oblem:
The cause of EMI either w ithin the system, in w hich case it is ter med
as intr asystem pr oblem.
I nter system pr oblem:
Pr oblem fr om the outside, in w hich case it is called an inter system
pr oblem. The ter m emitter is commonly denoting the sour ce of EMI , w hile
the ter m susceptor is used to designate the victim device.
Intrasystem problem Intersystem problem
Emitters Susceptors Emitters Susceptors
Power supplies relays Lightning strokes Radio receivers
Radar Radar receivers Computers TV sets
transmitters
Radar transmitter Aircraft navigational
Mobile radio Mobile radio receivers system
transmitters
Police radio taxicab receivers
Car ignition Car radio receivers
transmitters
system 39
Part - II
1. Radiation hazar ds to humans
2. Var ious issues of EMC
3. EMC Testing categor ies
4. Case Histor ies
5. EMC Engineer ing Application

40

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