A.

TITLE OF EXPERIMENT
Transition Metal Ion Reaction

B. DATE OF EXPERIMENT
Wednesday, 16th October 2019 / 09:30 – 12:00 WIB

C. PURPOSE OF EXPERIMENT
1. To study the reaction of transition metal salt
2. To know the formation of ion transition metal complex
3. To observiing in color due to change in oxidation number of transition metal
compounds

D. BASIC THEORIES
1. Transition Metal
In chemistry, the term transition metal (or transition element) has three
possible meanings:
a. The IUPAC definition defines a transition metal as "an element whose
atom has a partially filled d sub-shell, or which can give rise to cations
with an incomplete d sub-shell" (“transition element,” n.d.).
b. Many scientists describe a "transition metal" as any element in the d-
block of the periodic table, which includes groups 3 to 12 on the periodic
table. In actual practice, the f-block lanthanide and actinide series are
also considered transition metals and are called "inner transition metals"
(Hill, Petrucci, McCreary, & Perry, 2005).
c. Cotton and Wilkinson expand the brief IUPAC definition (see above)
by specifying which elements are included. As well as the elements of
groups 4 to 11, they add scandium and yttrium in group 3, which have a
partially filled d subshell in the metallic state. Lanthanum and actinium
in group 3 are, however, classified as lanthanides and actinides
respectively (Cotton, Wilkinson, Murillo, & Bochmann, 1999).
2. Transition Metal Ion Reactions
Transition Metal Ion Reaction with NaOH
In each case the formula of the precipitate will be given as if it were
the simple neutral complex. In fact, these "hydroxide" precipitates

1 | (T r a n s i t i o n M e t a l I o n R e a c t i o n )
 sometimes rearrange by losing water from combinations of the attached OH
groups. This produces oxides closely associated with the lost water. These
changes are beyond the scope of this site.
Adding hydroxide ions to 3+ hexaaqua ions
The argument here is exactly as before - the only difference is the
number of hydrogen ions which have to be removed from the original
hexaaqua complex to produce the neutral complex. Going beyond the neutal
complex is also rather more common with 3+ than with 2+ ions, and may
go as far as having a hydrogen ion removed from each of the six water
molecules.

(Anonim, n.d.-b)

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 2+ ions
hexaaquacobalt(II)

hexaaquacopper(II)

hexaaquairon(II)

Iron is very easily oxidised under alkaline conditions. Oxygen in the

air oxidises the iron(II) hydroxide precipitate to iron(III) hydroxide
especially around the top of the tube. The darkening of the precipitate comes
from the same effect (Anonim, n.d.-b).
hexaaquamanganese(II)

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 The original solution as very pale pink (the palest I can produce!), but
in fact it is virtually colourless. The pale brown precipitate is oxidised to a
darker brown manganese(III) compound in contact with oxygen from the
air (Anonim, n.d.-b).
hexaaquanickel(II)

hexaaquazinc

hexaaquachromium(III)

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 hexaaquairon(III)

(Anonim, n.d.-b)
Transition Metal Ion Reaction with NH4OH

The complete change as an overall equilibrium reaction. This will be

important for later on.

The same reaction with a 3+ ion, the only difference is that it would have to
remove a total of 3 hydrogen ions in order to get to the neutral complex.
That would give the overall equation:

(Anonim, n.d.-a)

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 2+ ions
hexaaquacobalt(II)

hexaaquacopper(II)

hexaaquairon(II)

Iron is very easily oxidised under alkaline conditions. Oxygen in the

air oxidises the iron(II) hydroxide precipitate to iron(III) hydroxide
especially around the top of the tube. The darkening of the precipitate comes

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 from the same effect. This is NOT a ligand exchange reaction (Anonim,
n.d.-a).
hexaaquamanganese(II)

hexaaquanickel(II)

hexaaquazinc

(Anonim, n.d.-b)

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 3+ ions
hexaaquachromium(III)

hexaaquairon(III)

(Anonim, n.d.-b)
3. Coloured compounds
Colour in transition-series metal compounds is generally due to
electronic transitions of two principal types.
a. Charge transfer transitions
An electron may jump from a predominantly ligand orbital to a
predominantly metal orbital, giving rise to a ligand-to-metal charge-
transfer (LMCT) transition. These can most easily occur when the metal
is in a high oxidation state. For example, the colour of chromate,
dichromate and permanganate ions is due to LMCT transitions. Another
example is that mercuric iodide, HgI2, is red because of a LMCT
transition. A metal-to-ligand charge transfer (MLCT) transition will be

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 most likely when the metal is in a low oxidation state and the ligand is
easily reduced.
b. d-d transitions
In general charge transfer transitions result in more intense colours than
d-d transitions. An electron jumps from one d-orbital to another. In
complexes of the transition metals the d orbitals do not all have the same
energy. The pattern of splitting of the d orbitals can be calculated using
crystal field theory. The extent of the splitting depends on the particular
metal, its oxidation state and the nature of the ligands. The actual energy
levels are shown on Tanabe–Sugano diagrams.
In centrosymmetric complexes, such as octahedral complexes, d-d
transitions are forbidden by the Laporte rule and only occur because of
vibronic coupling in which a molecular vibration occurs together with a d-
d transition. Tetrahedral complexes have somewhat more intense colour
because mixing d and p orbitals is possible when there is no centre of
symmetry, so transitions are not pure d-d transitions. The molar absorptivity
(ε) of bands caused by d-d transitions are relatively low, roughly in the range
5-500 M−1 cm−1 (where M = mol dm−3) (Orgel, 1966).
aaa

E. TOOLS AND SUBSTANCES

Tools
1. Test tubes 47 pcs
2. Bunsen burner 1 pcs
3. Glass stirrer 1 pcs
4. Test tube rack 3 pcs
5. Pipettes 11 pcs

Substances
1. Aquades sufficiently
2. Concentrated ammonia, 2M sufficiently
3. CoCl2 0,1M sufficiently
4. CrCl3.6H2O(s), 0,1M sufficiently

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 5. CuSO4.5H2O(s), 0,1M sufficiently
6. CuCl2.2H2O(s) sufficiently
7. Dimethylglioxime (DMG) sufficiently
8. Ethanol sufficiently
9. Ethylenediamine sufficiently
10. FeCl3(s), 0,1M sufficiently
11. FeSO4(s), 0,1M sufficiently
12. Fe(NH3)2SO4, 0,1M sufficiently
13. Fe(NO3) 0,1M sufficiently
14. Concntrated HCl 12M, 2M sufficiently
15. Concentrated HNO3, 2M sufficiently
16. K2C2O7(s), 0,1M sufficiently
17. K4[Fe(CN)6], 0,1M sufficiently
18. Saturated KSCN sufficiently
19. NaOH 0,6M; 1M; 2M; 6M sufficiently
20. Na2C2O4 solution sufficiently
21. Na2EDTA solution sufficiently
22. NiCl2 0,1M sufficiently
23. NaNO2 saturated sufficiently
24. MnSO4 0,1M sufficiently
25. NH4CNS 0,1M sufficiently
26. 1,10-phenantrolin sufficiently
27. Ni(NO3)2 sufficiently
28. Zn, grains/powder sufficiently
29. ZnCl2 0,1M sufficiently

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 F. LANES WORK
1. Experiment 1 : Reaction of Some Transition Metals Ion
a) Reaction with NaOH

@1 mL CrCl3, MnSO4, Fe(NH3)2SO4, FeCl3.

CoCl2, NiCl2, CuSO4, ZnCl2 0,1 M

- Entered into different test tube

- Addeddrop by drop NaOH solution 0,1 M
- Added excess NaOH
- Observed the color of resulting precipitate
- Observed also precipitate that dissolve in excess NaOH (If available,
which transition metal hydroxide are amphoter)

CrCl3 Fe(NH3)2SO4 CoCl2 CuSO4

Dark green Dark green Blue Dark blue

MnSO4 FeCl3 NiCl2 ZnCl2

Brownish Brownish Light green Dark green
White green turbid

Reactions:
(1) [Cr(H2O)6]3+(aq) + OH-(aq) → [Cr(H2O)3(OH)3](s)
Greenish blue solution → dark blue solution
[Cr(H2O)3(OH)3](s) + OH-(aq) → [Cr(H2O)2(OH)4](aq) + 3H2O(l)
dark blue solution → green solution
(2) [Mn(H2O)6]2+(aq) + OH-(aq) → [Mn(H2O)4(OH)2](s)
Colorless solution → colorless solution, orange
Precipitate
[Mn(H2O)4(OH)2](s) + OH-(aq) → [Mn(H2O)3(OH)3](s)
colorless solution, orange precipitate → brownish white solution,
brownish white precipitate
(3) [Fe(H2O)6]2+(aq) + OH-(aq) → [Fe(H2O)5(OH)]+(aq)
Yellow solution → light orange solution
[Fe(H2O)5(OH)]+(aq) + OH-(aq)→ [Fe(H2O)4(OH)2](s)
light orange solution → strong orange solution, turbid,

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 orange precipitate
(4) [Fe(H2O)6]3+(aq) + OH-(aq) → [Fe(H2O)5(OH)]2+(aq)
Strong yellow solution → orange solution
[Fe(H2O)5(OH)]2+(aq) + OH-(aq) → [Fe(H2O)4(OH)2]+(aq)
orange solution → strong orange solution
(5) [Co(H2O)6]2+(aq) + OH-(aq) → [Co(H2O)5(OH)]+(aq)
Pink solution → purple solution, turbid
[Co(H2O)5(OH)]+(aq) + OH-(aq) → [Co(H2O)3(OH)3](s)
purple solution, turbid → blue solution, blue
precipitate
(6) [Ni(H2O)6]2+(aq) + OH-(aq) → [Ni(H2O)4(OH)2](s)
Light green solution → light green solution, green
precipitate
[Ni(H2O)4(OH)2](s) + OH-(aq) → [Ni(H2O)4(OH)2](s)
light green solution, green precipitate → light green solution, green
precipitate (++)
(7) [Cu(H2O)6]2+(aq) + OH-(aq) → [Cu(H2O)4(OH)2](s)
Light blue solution → light blue solution, blue
Precipitate
[Cu(H2O)4(OH)2](s) + OH-(aq) → [Ni(H2O)3(OH)3](s)
Light blue solution, blue precipitate → Colorless solution, blue
precipitate
(8) [Zn(H2O)6]2+(aq) + OH-(aq) → [Zn(H2O)4(OH)2](s)
Colorless solution → colorless solution, white
precipitate
[Zn(H2O)4(OH)2](s) + OH-(aq) → [Zn(H2O)4(OH)2](s)
colorless solution, white precipitate → colorless solution, white
precipitate (++)

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 b) Reaction with Ammonia

@1 mL CrCl3, MnSO4, Fe(NH3)2SO4, FeCl3.

CoCl2, NiCl2, CuSO4, ZnCl2 0,1 M

- Entered into different test tube

- Addeddrop by drop NH4OH
- Added excess NH4OH
- Observed the color of resulting precipitate
- Observed also precipitate ammonia that soluble to give [M(NH3)x] n+

Color of precipitate

Reactions:
(1) [Cr(H2O)6]3+(aq) + NH3(aq) → [Cr(H2O)4(OH)2]+(aq)
Greenish blue solution → greenish grey solution
[Cr(H2O)4(OH)2]+(aq) + NH3(aq) → [Cr(NH3)3(H2O)3](s)
greenish grey solution → turbid and green solution,
white precipitate
(2) [Mn(H2O)6]2+(aq) + NH3(aq) → [Mn(H2O)5(OH)]+(aq)
Colorless solution → white solution
[Mn(H2O)5(OH)]+(aq) + NH3(aq) → [Mn(H2O)4(OH)2](s)
white solution → brown solution, white
precipitate
(3) [Fe(H2O)6]2+(aq) + NH3(aq) → [Fe(H2O)4(OH)2](s)
Yellow solution → yellow solution, orange precipitate
[Fe(H2O)4(OH)2](s)+ NH3(aq) → [Fe(H2O)4(OH)2](s)
yellow solution, orange precipitate → yellow solution, orange
precipitate (++)
(4) [Fe(H2O)6]3+(aq) + NH3(aq) → [Fe(H2O)3(OH)3](s)
Strong yellow solution → orange solution, brown precipitate
[Fe(H2O)3(OH)3](s) + NH3(aq) → [Fe(H2O)2(OH)4]-(aq)
Orange solution, brown precipitate → orange solution, brown
precipitate (++)

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 (5) [Co(H2O)6]2+(aq) + NH3(aq) → [Co(H2O)4(OH)2](s)
Pink solution → green solution, blue precipitate
[Co(H2O)4(OH)2](s) + NH3(aq) → [Co(H2O)4(OH)2](s)
green solution, blue precipitate → green solution, green
precipitate
(6) [Ni(H2O)6]2+(aq) + NH3(aq) → [Ni(H2O)4(OH)2](s)
Light green solution → blue solution
[Ni(H2O)4(OH)2](s) + NH3(aq) → [Ni(NH3)4(H2O)2]2+(aq)
blue solution → light blue solution
(7) [Cu(H2O)6]2+(aq) + NH3(aq) → [Cu(H2O)4(OH)2](s)
Light green solution → dark blue solution, light blue
precipitate
[Cu(H2O)4(OH)2](s) + NH3(aq) → [Ni(H2O)4(H2O)2]2+(aq)
dark blue solution, light blue precipitate → dark blue solution
(8) [Zn(H2O)6]2+(aq) + NH3(aq) → [Zn(H2O)4(OH)2](s)
Colorless solution → colorless solution, white
precipitate
[Zn(H2O)4(OH)2](s) + NH3(aq) → [Zn(NH3)4(H2O)2]2+(aq)
colorless solution, white precipitate → colorless solution

c) Reaction with NH4CNS

@1 mL CrCl3, MnSO4, Fe(NH3)2SO4, FeCl3.

CoCl2, NiCl2, CuSO4, ZnCl2 0,1 M

- Entered into different test tube

- Added 0,1 NH4CNS with the same volume in each solution
- Observed the color change comparing with bank solution

Color change

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 Blank solution

@1 mL CrCl3, MnSO4, Fe(NH3)2SO4, FeCl3.

CoCl2, NiCl2, CuSO4, ZnCl2 0,1 M

- Entered into different test tube

- Added each test tube with 1 mL aquades
- Observed the change of color

Color change

Reactions:
Reactions with NH4CNS
(1) [Cr(H2O)6]3+(aq) + 6SCN-(aq) → [Cr(H2O)5(SCN)]2+(aq) +6H2O(l)
Greenish blue solution → dark blue solution

(2) [Mn(H2O)6]2+(aq) + 6SCN-(aq) → [Mn(H2O)5(SCN)]+(aq) + 6H2O(l)

Colorless solution → colorless solution
(3) [Fe(H2O)6]2+(aq) + 6SCN-(aq) → [Fe(H2O)5(SCN)]+(aq) + 6H2O(l)
Yellow solution → blackish brown solution
(4) [Fe(H2O)6]3+(aq) + 6SCN-(aq) → [Fe(H2O)5(SCN)]2+(aq) + 6H2O(l)
Strong yellow solution → blackish brown solution
(5) [Co(H2O)6]2+(aq) + 6SCN-(aq)→ [Co(H2O)5(SCN)]+(aq) + 6H2O(l)
Pink solution → strong pink solution
(6) [Ni(H2O)6]2+(aq) + 6SCN-(aq) → [Ni(H2O)5(SCN)]+(aq) + 6H2O(l)
Light green solution → Light green solution
(7) [Cu(H2O)6]2+(aq) + 6SCN-(aq) → [Cu(H2O)5(SCN)]+(aq) + 6H2O(l)
Light blue solution → green solution
Blank for Transition Salt Reactions with ammonium thiocyanate
(1) CrCl3 (greenish blue solution) + water → blue solution
(2) Mn(SO4) (colorless solution) + water → colorless solution
(3) Fe(NH3)2SO4 (yellow solution) + water → orange solution
(4) FeCl3 (strong yellow solution) + water → yellow solution
(5) CoCl2 (pink solution) + water → pink solution

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 (6) NiCl2 (light green solution) + water → light green solution
(7) CuSO4 (light blue solution) + water → light blue solution

2. Experiment : Complex Ion Formation by Transition Metal Ion

a) Complex Cr(III)
2 mL dilute solution CrCl3

- Added into test tube

- Added little Na2C2O4
- Shaken
- Observe colorchange of solution
- Write the reactionand complex structure

Blackish blue
Reaction:
CrCl3.6H2O(aq) + Na2C2O4(aq) → [Cr(C2O4)3]3-(aq)
Greenish blue solution → blackish blue solution

Structure Complex :

b) Complex Fe(II)and (III)

1 mL Fe(II) solution

- Added into test tube

- Observe color change of solution
-
Blackish blue
- Added 2-3 drops 1,10 phenonthroline
- Observed the change and observed when complex
ion that produce

Orange solution
Reaction:
Fe(NO3)2 + H2O(l) + 1,10 phenanthroline →
[Fe(1,10phenanthroline)3]2+
Yellow solution → orange solution

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 Complex [Fe(phen)3]2+ :

c) Complex Fe(III)
2 mL Fe(III) solution
- Added into test tube
- Added 2 drops NH4CNS solution to give a dark color solution that
contain Fe(CNS)2+
- Added a few soution Na2C2O4
- Shaken
- Obeserved the last color
-
Yellow solution
- Added excess of NH4CNS

Brownish red
Reaction:
FeCl3 + 3NH4CNS → [Fe(CNS)Cl2(H2O)3]
Strong yellow solution → dark orange
[Fe(SCN)Cl2(H2O)3] + Na2C2O4 → [Fe(H2O)3(SCN)(C2O4)]+
Dark orange → orange

Complex Structure :

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 d) Complex of cobalt (II)
1 mL CoCl2 0,1 M

- Added into test tube

- Added some drops ethylendiamine
- Observe color change of solution
-
Orange solution

1 mL CoCl2 0,1 M

- Added into test tube

- Added little Na2EDTA solution
- Observe color change of solution

Orange solution

CoCl2 + ethylendiamine → [Co(H2O)4(en)]2+

Pink solution → orange solution

Complex structure :

CoCl2(aq) + Na2EDTA → [Co(EDTA)]2-

Pink solution → pink solution

Complex Structure :

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 e) Complex Nikel (II)
1 mL Ni solution

- Added into test tube

- Added some drops ethylendiamine
- Shaken
- Observed the color change

Light Blue

1 mL Ni solution

- Added into test tube

- Added some drops DMG
- Shaken
- Observed the color change

Pink precipitate

1 mL Ni solution

- Added into test tube

- Added some drops N2EDTA
- Shaken
- Observed the color change

Light Blue
Reaction:
NiCl2 + ethylendiamine → [Ni(en)3]2+
light green solution → light blue solution

NiCl2 + Dimethylglioxime → [Ni(H2O)4(DMG)]2+

light green solution → pink precipitate

19 | (T r a n s i t i o n M e t a l I o n R e a c t i o n )
 NiCl2 + Na2EDTA →
light green solution → blue solution

f) Complex Cu (II)
1 mL Ni
solution
- Placed into watch glass
- Observed the physical properties

Crystal Blue Crystal Green

CuSO4.5H2O CuCl2.2H2O

1 mL CuSO4 solution

- Added into test tube

- Added some drops ethylendiamine
- Shaken
- Observed the color change

Dark Blue

20 | (T r a n s i t i o n M e t a l I o n R e a c t i o n )
 1 mL CuSO4 solution

- Added into test tube

- Added some drops N2EDTA
- Shaken
- Observed the color change

Light Blue

Reaction:
CuSO4(aq) + ethylenediamine → [Cu(H2O)4(en)]2+
Light blue solution → dark blue solution

CuSO4(aq) + Na2EDTA → [Cu(EDTA)]2-

Light blue solution → blue solution

3. Experiment 3 : change of oxidation Rates

a) Change F2+ into Fe3+
1 mL FeSO4

- Added into test tube

- Added 2-3 drops HNO3 concentrated
- Heated 1-2 minutes
- Cooled the solution
- Added drop by drop NaOH 2 M until precipitate form

Brown precipitate

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 Reaction:
2Fe2+(aq) + 4H+(aq) + NO3-(aq) → 2Fe3+(aq) + NO(g) + 2H2O(l)
Orange solution → yellow solution
2Fe3+(aq) + NO2(aq) + H2O(l) → [Fe(H2O)6]3+(aq)
Yellow solution → yellow solution
[Fe(H2O)6]3+(aq) + NaOH(aq) → [Fe(H2O)3(OH)3](s)
yellow solution → yellow solution, brown precipitate

b) Change Cr6+ into Cr3+

1 mL CuSO4 solution

- Added into test tube

- Heated
- Added 1-2 zinc grain
- Added 1,5 mL HCl concentrated
- Heated slowly until reduction
- Take into test tube rack
- Oserved the color change
Green solution with precipitate

- Take 1 mLthe solution into another test tube

- Added drop by brop HNO3 contentrated, shaken

Light green solution

Reaction:
K2Cr2O7(aq) → 2K+(aq) + Cr2O72-(aq)
Orange solution → orange solution (++)
Cr2O72-(aq) + 3Zn + 14H+ → 3Zn2+ + 2Cr3+ + 7H2O(l)
orange solution (++) → green solution
Complex : [Cr(H2O)3Cl]-

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G. OBSERVATION RESULT
Experiment I
a. Transition Metal Ion with NaOH solution 0,1 M (colorless solution)
Observation
After addition of
Salts Empirical formula that After addition of Complex ion formula that
Before NaOH solution drop
formed excess of NaOH formed
by drop (5 drops)
CrCl3 Greenish blue Dark blue solution [Cr(H2O)5(OH)]2+ Green solution (20 [Cr(H2O)4(OH)2]+
solution drops)
Mn(SO4) Colorless Colorless solution, [Mn(H2O)4(OH)2] Turbid, brownish [Mn(H2O)3(OH)3]
solution orange precipitate white solution (20
drops), brownish
white precipitate
Fe(NH3)2SO4 Yellow Light orange solution [Fe(H2O)5(OH)]+ Strong orange [Fe(H2O)4(OH)2]
solution solution, turbid (15
drops), orange
precipitate
FeCl3 Strong yellow Orange solution [Fe(H2O)5(OH)]2+ Strong orange [Fe(H2O)4(OH)2]+
solution solution (15 drops)

23 | (T r a n s i t i o n M e t a l I o n R e a c t i o n )
 Observation
After addition of
Salts Empirical formula that After addition of Complex ion formula that
Before NaOH solution drop
formed excess of NaOH formed
by drop (5 drops)
CoCl2 Pink solution Purple solution, [Co(H2O)5(OH)]+ Blue solution, blue [Co(H2O)3(OH)3]
turbid precipitate
(10 drops)
NiCl2 Light green Light green solution, [Ni(H2O)4(OH)2] Light green solution, [Ni(H2O)4(OH)2]
purple light green precipitate light green
precipitate
CuSO4 Light blue Light blue solution, blue [Ci(H2O)4(OH)2] Colorless solution, [Cu(H2O)3(OH)3]
solution precipitate blue precipitate (10
drops)
ZnCl2 Colorless Colorless solution, white [Zn(H2O)4(OH)2] Colorless solution, [Zn(H2O)4(OH)2]
solution precipitate white precipitate (10
drops)

24 | (T r a n s i t i o n M e t a l I o n R e a c t i o n )
 b. Reaction with ammonia solution 2M (colorless solution)
Observation
After
After addition of
Salts Empirical formula addition Complex ion formula that
Before NH3 solution drop
that formed of excess formed
by drop (5 drops)
of NH3
CrCl3 Greenish blue Greenish grey [Cr(H2O)4(OH)2] + Turbid and green [Cr(H2O)4(OH)2]
solution solution solution, white
precipitate (20
drops)
Mn(SO4) Colorless White solution [Mn(H2O)5(OH)]+ Brown solution, [Mn(H2O)4(OH)2]
solution white precipitate
(15 drops)
Fe(NH3)2SO4 Yellow Yellow solution, [Fe(H2O)4(OH)2] Orange solution, [Fe(H2O)4(OH)2]
solution orange precipitate orange precipitate
(10 drops)
FeCl3 Strong yellow Orange solution, [Fe(H2O)3(OH)3] Orange solution, [Fe(H2O)2(OH)4]-
solution brown precipitate brown precipitate
(10 drops)

25 | (T r a n s i t i o n M e t a l I o n R e a c t i o n )
 Observation
After
After addition of
Salts Empirical formula addition Complex ion formula that
Before NH3 solution drop
that formed of excess formed
by drop (5 drops)
of NH3
CoCl2 Pink solution Green solution, blue [Co(H2O)4(OH)2] Orange solution, [Co(H2O)4(OH)2]
precipitate green precipitate
(20 drops)
NiCl2 Light green Blue solution [Ni(H2O)4(OH)2] Light blue solution [Ni(NH3)4(H2O)4]2+
solution (30 drops)
CuSO4 Light green Dark blue solution, light [Ci(H2O)4(OH)2] Dark blue solution [Cu(NH3)4(H2O)2]2+
solution blue precipitate (15 drops)
ZnCl2 Colorless Colorless solution, white [Zn(H2O)4(OH)2] Colorless solution [Zn(NH3)4(H2O)2]2+
solution precipitate (22 drops)

26 | (T r a n s i t i o n M e t a l I o n R e a c t i o n )
 c. Reaction with ammonium thiocyanate 0,1M
Ammonium thiocyanate solution’s color: colorless solution
Observation

Salt solution After addition of

Before Complex ion formula
NH4CNS (1 mL)
CrCl3 Greenish blue solution Dark blue solution [Cr(H2O)5(SCN)]2+
Mn(SO4) Colorless solution Colorless solution [MnH2O)5(SCN)]+
Fe(NH3)2SO4 Yellow solution Blackish brown [FeH2O)5(SCN)]+
FeCl3 Strong yellow solution Blackish brown [FeH2O)5(SCN)]2+
CoCl2 Pink solution Strong pink solution [CoH2O)5(SCN)]+
NiCl2 Light green solution Light green solution [NiH2O)5(SCN)]+
CuSO4 Light blue solution Green solution [CuH2O)5(SCN)]+

Blank for Transition Salt Reactions with ammonium thiocyanate

Observation
Salt solution
Before After addition of Water (1 mL)
CrCl3 Greenish blue solution Blue solution
Mn(SO4) Colorless solution Colorless solution

27 | (T r a n s i t i o n M e t a l I o n R e a c t i o n )
 Observation
Salt solution
Before After addition of Water (1 mL)
Fe(NH3)2SO4 Yellow solution Orange solution
FeCl3 Strong yellow solution Yellow solution
CoCl2 Pink solution Pink solution
NiCl2 Light green solution Light green solution
CuSO4 Light blue solution Light blue solution

28 | (T r a n s i t i o n M e t a l I o n R e a c t i o n )
 Experiment II: Complex Ion Formation
a. Cr(III) complex
Color of CrCl3.6H2O solid : Dark green solid
Color of CrCl3.6H2O solution : Greenish blue solution
Reagent that Reagent’s color that
After Complex ion formula that formed
added added
Na2C2O4(s) Colorless solution Blackish blue solution [Cr(C2O4)3]3-

Complex ion structure:

29 | (T r a n s i t i o n M e t a l I o n R e a c t i o n )
 b. Fe(II) complex
Color of ferro sulfate solid : Light green solid
Color of ferro sulfate solution : Yellow solution
Observation
Salts After addition of crystalline Complex ion formula that formed
1,10 phenanthroline
FeSO4 + water Orange [Fe(phe)3]2+

Complex ion structure:

30 | (T r a n s i t i o n M e t a l I o n R e a c t i o n )
 c. Fe(III) complex
Color of FeCl3 solid : Yellow solid
Color of FeCl3 solution : Strong yellow solution
Pengamatan
Salt solution After addition of NH4CNS Complex ion formula that After addition of Complex ion formula
solution drop by drop formed Na2C2O4 that formed
FeCl3 Dark orange [Fe(SCN)Cl2(H2O)3] Orange [Fe(H2O)3(SCN)(C2O4)]+

After addition of NH4CNS excess, solution’s color: brownish red

complex ion structure:

31 | (T r a n s i t i o n M e t a l I o n R e a c t i o n )
 d. Co(II) complex
Color of CoCl2 solid : Red solid
Color of CoCl2 solution : Pink solution
Reagent that Reagent’s color
After Complex ion formula that formed
added that added
Ethylenediamine Colorless Orange solution [Co(H2)4(en)]2+
Na2EDTA solution colorless Pink solution [Co(EDTA)]2-

Complex ion structure:

32 | (T r a n s i t i o n M e t a l I o n R e a c t i o n )
 e. Ni(II) complex
Color of Ni(Cl)2 solid : Green
Color of Ni(Cl)2 solution : Light green
Reagent that Reagent’s color that
After Complex ion formula that formed
added added
Ethylenediamine Colorless Light blue
Dimethylglioxime Colorless Pink precipitate [Ni(H2O)4(DMG)]2+
Na2EDTA solution Colorless Light blue

Complex ion structure:

f. Cu(II) complex
Color of CuSO4.5H2O solid : Blue

33 | (T r a n s i t i o n M e t a l I o n R e a c t i o n )
 Color of CuCl2.2H2O solid : Blue
Reagent that Reagent’s color that
After Complex ion formula that formed
added added
Ethylenediamine Colorless Dark blue [Cu(H2O)4(en)]2+
Na2EDTA solution Colorless Blue [Cu(EDTA)]2-

Complex ion structure:

Experiment III : Changes of Oxidation State

a. Changing from Fe2+ into Fe3+
Color of ferro sulfate solid : Orange
Color of ferro sulfat solution : Orange

34 | (T r a n s i t i o n M e t a l I o n R e a c t i o n )
 Activity Observation Complex ion formula that formed

Addition of concentrated HNO3 3 drops Yellow solution (+) Fe3+

After heated for 1-2 mins Yellow solution [Fe(H2O)6]3+
After cooled it down Yellow solution [Fe(H2O)6]3+
Addition of NaOH 2 M solution Brown precipitate, yellow solution (15 drops) [Fe(H2O)3(OH)3]3+

b. Changing from Cr6+ into Cr3+

Color of K2Cr2O7 solid : Orange
Color of K2Cr2O7 solution : Orange solution
Activity Observation Complex ion formula that formed
Heated Orange solution (++) K+ + Cr2O72-
Addition of Zn solid Orang solution + grey solid Zn2+ + Cr3+
Addition of concentrated HCl Brown solution Cr3+
solution
Heated Dark green solution
Addition of HNO3 after the last Green solution [Cr(H2O)3Cl]-
color changing
(6 drops)

35 | (T r a n s i t i o n M e t a l I o n R e a c t i o n )
H. ANALYSIS
1. Experiment 1: Reaction of some Transition Metal Ions
a. Reaction with NaOH
The first experiment was aimed at identifying the reaction of
transition metal ions with 1M of NaOH solution, which is a type of
hydroxocomplex reaction (amphoteric hydroxide). Colour in transition-
series metal compounds is generally due to electronic transitions of two
principal types: Charge transfer transitions and d-d transitions. In this
experiment using 8 types of solutions, namely: CrCl3; Mn(SO4);
Fe(NH3)2SO4; FeCl3; CoCl2; NiCl2; CuSO4; ZnCl2. The results of this
experiment will show which transition metal hydroxides are amphoteric
from the eight solutions. Amphoteric hydroxides are formed in the form
of precipitate of metal hydroxides, while the formation of
hydroxocomplex is characterized by the dissolution of precipitate from
the addition of excess bases.
1. CrCl3
Theorytical color changes

The first experiment was as much as 1 mL of greenish blue

CrCl3 solution into the test tube. Then add NaOH drop by drop of 5
drops. The solution turns into a dark blue solution without any
precipitate. The formed reactions are:
[Cr(H2O)5(OH)]2+(aq) + OH-(aq) → [Cr(H2O)4(OH)2]+(aq)
Then added excess NaOH, after adding 20 drops the solution
turns green without any precipitate. The formed reactions are:
[Cr(H2O)5(OH)]2+(aq) + OH-(aq) → [Cr(H2O)4(OH)2]+(aq)

36 | (T r a n s i t i o n M e t a l I o n R e a c t i o n )
 Experimental color changes

Added
Added excess
NaOH NaOH

Before +5 drops +20 drops

NaOH NaOH
The formation of precipitate does not indicate two possible
additions of NaOH that have not formed precipitate or the addition
of excess deposition so that the precipitate dissolves. In this
practicum it is caused by the addition of NaOH lacking for the
reason from the first addition up to 25 drops of NaOH there is no
precipitate at all.

2. Mn(SO4)
Theorytical color changes

The second experiment was as much as 1 mL of colorless

Mn(SO4) solution into the test tube. Then add NaOH drop by drop
of 5 drops. The solution didn’t change but formed orange
precipitate. The formed reactions are:
[Mn(H2O)5(OH)]+(aq) + OH-(aq) → [Mn(H2O)4(OH)2](s)
Then added excess NaOH, after adding 20 drops the solution
turns into turbid and brownish white solution with brownish white
precipitate. The formed reactions are:
[Mn(H2O)4(OH)2](aq) + OH-(aq) → [Mn(H2O)3(OH)3](s)

37 | (T r a n s i t i o n M e t a l I o n R e a c t i o n )
 Experimental color changes

Added
Added excess
NaOH NaOH

Before +5 drops +20 drops

NaOH NaOH
In this experiment the addition of 5 drops of NaOH has formed
precipitate, then added another 20 drops of NaOH. Precipitate do not
disappear because the precipitate in the Mn complex tend to be
stable, so it is necessary to add more than 20 drops of NaOH to
dissolve the precipitate that has formed.

3. Fe(NH3)2SO4
Theorytical color changes

The third experiment was as much as 1 mL of yellow

Fe(NH3)2SO4 solution into the test tube. Then add NaOH drop by
drop of 5 drops. The solution turn into light orange solution. The
formed reactions are:
[Fe(H2O)6](aq) + OH-(aq) → [Fe(H2O)5(OH)]+(aq)
Then added excess NaOH, after adding 15 drops the solution
turns into strong orange solution and turbid with orange
precipitate. The formed reactions are:
[Fe(H2O)5(OH)]+(aq) + OH-(aq) → [Fe(H2O)4(OH)2](s)

38 | (T r a n s i t i o n M e t a l I o n R e a c t i o n )
 Experimental color changes

Added
Added excess
NaOH NaOH

Before +5 drops +15 drops

NaOH NaOH
In this experiment addition of 5 drops of NaOH has not formed
sediment. Then when added to excess NaOH a precipitate is formed
with the formula of the complex compound [Fe(H2O)4(OH)2](s).

4. FeCl3
Theorytical color changes

The fourth experiment was as much as 1 mL of strong yellow

FeCl3 solution into the test tube. Then add NaOH drop by drop of 5
drops. The solution turns into a orange solution solution without
any precipitate. The formed reactions are:
[Fe(H2O)6]2+(aq) + OH-(aq) → [Fe(H2O)5(OH)]2+(aq)
Then added excess NaOH, after adding 15 drops the solution
turns strong orange without any precipitate. The formed reactions
are:
[Fe(H2O)5(OH)]2+(aq) + OH-(aq) → [Fe(H2O)4(OH)2]+(aq)

39 | (T r a n s i t i o n M e t a l I o n R e a c t i o n )
 Experimental color changes

Added
Added excess
NaOH NaOH

Before +5 drops +15 drops

NaOH NaOH
The formation of precipitate does not indicate two possible
additions of NaOH that have not formed precipitate or the addition
of excess deposition so that the precipitate dissolves. In this
practicum it is caused by the addition of NaOH lacking for the
reason from the first addition up to 20 drops of NaOH there is no
precipitate at all.

5. CoCl2
Theorytical color changes

The fifth experiment was as much as 1 mL of pink CoCl2

solution into the test tube. Then add NaOH drop by drop of 5 drops.
The solution turn into purple solution and turbid. The formed
reactions are:
[Co(H2O)6](aq) + OH-(aq) → [Co(H2O)5(OH)]+(aq)
Then added excess NaOH, after adding 10 drops the solution
turns into blue solution and turbid with blue precipitate. The
formed reactions are:
[Co(H2O)5(OH)]+(aq) + OH-(aq) → [Co(H2O)4(OH)2](s)

40 | (T r a n s i t i o n M e t a l I o n R e a c t i o n )
 Experimental color changes

Added
Added excess
NaOH NaOH

Before +5 drops +10 drops

NaOH NaOH
In this experiment addition of 5 drops of NaOH has not formed
sediment. Then when added to excess NaOH a precipitate is formed
with the formula of the complex compound [Co(H2O)4(OH)2](s).

6. NiCl2
Theorytical color changes

The sixth experiment was as much as 1 mL of light green NiCl2

solution into the test tube. Then add NaOH drop by drop of 5 drops.
The solution didn’t change but formed green precipitate. The
formed reactions are:
[Ni(H2O)5(OH)]+(aq) + OH-(aq) → [Ni(H2O)4(OH)2](s)
Then added excess NaOH, after adding 15 drops the solution
didn’t change. The formed reactions are:
[Ni(H2O)5(OH)2] (aq) + OH-(aq) → [Ni(H2O)4(OH)2](s)

41 | (T r a n s i t i o n M e t a l I o n R e a c t i o n )
 Experimental color changes

Added
Added excess
NaOH NaOH

Before +5 drops +15 drops

NaOH NaOH
In this experiment the addition of 5 drops of NaOH has formed
precipitate, then added another 15 drops of NaOH. Precipitate do not
disappear because the precipitate in the Nii complex tend to be
stable, so it is necessary to add more than 15 drops of NaOH to
dissolve the precipitate that has formed.

7. CuSO4
Theorytical color changes

The seventh experiment was as much as 1 mL of light blue

CuSO4 solution into the test tube. Then add NaOH drop by drop of
5 drops. The solution turn into light blue solution and formed blue.
The formed reactions are:
[Cu(H2O)5(OH)]+(aq) + OH-(aq) → [Cu(H2O)4(OH)2](s)
Then added excess NaOH, after adding 10 drops the solution
turns into colorless solution with blue precipitate. The formed
reactions are:
[Cu(H2O)4(OH)2](s) + OH-(aq) → [Cu(H2O)3(OH)3](s)

42 | (T r a n s i t i o n M e t a l I o n R e a c t i o n )
 Experimental color changes

Added
Added excess
NaOH NaOH

Before +5 drops +10 drops

NaOH NaOH
In this experiment addition of 5 drops of NaOH has not formed
sediment. Then when added to excess NaOH a precipitate is formed
with the formula of the complex compound [Cu(H2O)3(OH)3](s).

8. ZnCl2
Theorytical color changes

The eighth experiment was as much as 1 mL of colorless ZnCl2

solution into the test tube. Then add NaOH drop by drop of 5 drops.
The solution turn into colorless solution and formed white
precipitate. The formed reactions are:
[Zn(H2O)5(OH)]+(aq) + OH-(aq) → [Zn(H2O)4(OH)2](s)
Then added excess NaOH, after adding 10 drops the solution
turns into colorless solution with white precipitate. The formed
reactions are:
[Zn(H2O)4(OH)2](s) + OH-(aq) → [Zn(H2O)2(OH)4](s)

43 | (T r a n s i t i o n M e t a l I o n R e a c t i o n )
 Experimental color changes

Added
Added excess
NaOH NaOH

Before +5 drops +10 drops

NaOH NaOH
In this experiment addition of 5 drops of NaOH has not formed
sediment. Then when added to excess NaOH a precipitate is formed
with the formula of the complex compound [Zn(H2O)2(OH)4](s).

b. Reaction with Ammonia

The second experiment aims to find out the reaction of transition
metal ions with 1M ammonia solution, which is a type of amine complex
reaction. Colour in transition-series metal compounds is generally due
to electronic transitions of two principal types: Charge transfer
transitions and d-d transitions. In this experiment using 8 types of
solutions, namely: CrCl3; Mn(SO4); Fe(NH3)2SO4; FeCl3; CoCl2; NiCl2;
CuSO4; ZnCl2. The results of this experiment will show which transition
hydroxocomplex is the [M(NH3)X]n+ complex type of the eight
solutions. Amphoteric hydroxides are formed in the form of deposits of
metal hydroxides, while the formation of hydroxocomplex is
characterized by the dissolution of the precipitate from the addition of
excess ammonia.

44 | (T r a n s i t i o n M e t a l I o n R e a c t i o n )
 1. CrCl3
Theorytical color changes

The first experiment was as much as 1 mL of greenish blue

CrCl3 solution into the test tube. Then add ammonia (NH4OH) drop
by drop of 5 drops. The solution turn into greenish grey solution.
The formed reactions are:
[Cr(H2O)6]3+(aq) + NH3(aq) → [Cr(H2O)4(OH)2]+(aq)
Then added excess NH4OH, after adding 20 drops the solution
turns into green solution and turbid with white precipitate. The
formed reactions are:
[Cr(H2O)4(OH)2]+(aq) + NH3(aq) → [Cr(NH3)3(H2O)3](s)
Experimental color changes

Added
Added excess
NH4OH NH4OH

Before +5 drops +20 drops

NH4OH NH4OH
In this experiment addition of 5 drops of NH4OH has not
formed precipitate. Then when added to excess NH4OH a precipitate
is formed with the formula of the complex compound
[Cr(H2O)3(OH)3](s).

45 | (T r a n s i t i o n M e t a l I o n R e a c t i o n )
 2. Mn(SO4)
Theorytical color changes

The second experiment was as much as 1 mL of colorless

Mn(SO4) solution into the test tube. Then add ammonia (NH4OH)
drop by drop of 5 drops. The solution turn into white solution. The
formed reactions are:
[Mn(H2O)6]2+(aq) + NH3(aq) → [Mn(H2O)5(OH)]+(aq)
Then added excess NH4OH, after adding 15 drops the solution
turns into brown solution and white precipitate. The formed
reactions are:
[Mn(H2O)5(OH)]+(aq) + NH3(aq) → [Mn(H2O)4(OH)2](s)
Experimental color changes

Added
Added excess
NH4OH NH4OH

Before +5 drops +15 drops

NH4OH NH4OH
In this experiment addition of 5 drops of NH4OH has not
formed precipitate. Then when added to excess NH4OH a precipitate
is formed with the formula of the complex compound
[Mn(H2O)4(OH)2](s).

46 | (T r a n s i t i o n M e t a l I o n R e a c t i o n )
 3. Fe(NH3)2SO4
Theorytical color changes

The third experiment was as much as 1 mL of yellow

Fe(NH3)2SO4 solution into the test tube. Then add ammonia
(NH4OH) drop by drop of 5 drops. The solution turn into yellow
solution and orange precipitate. The formed reactions are:
[Fe(H2O)6]2+(aq) + NH3(aq) → [Fe(H2O)4(OH)2](s)
Then added excess NH4OH, after adding 10 drops the solution
turns into orange solution and orange precipitate. The formed
reactions are:
[Fe(H2O)4(OH)2](s)+ NH3(aq) → [Fe(H2O)4(OH)2](s)
Experimental color changes

Added
Added excess
NH4OH NH4OH

Before +5 drops +10 drops

NH4OH NH4OH
In this experiment addition of 5 drops of NH4OH allready
formed precipitate. Then when added to excess NH4OH a precipitate
is formed with the formula of the complex compound
[Fe(H2O)4(OH)2](s).

47 | (T r a n s i t i o n M e t a l I o n R e a c t i o n )
 4. FeCl3
Theorytical color changes

The fourth experiment was as much as 1 mL of strong yellow

FeCl3 solution into the test tube. Then add ammonia (NH4OH) drop
by drop of 5 drops. The solution turn into yellow solution and
orange precipitate. The formed reactions are:
[Fe(H2O)6]3+(aq) + NH3(aq) → [Fe(H2O)3(OH)3](s)
Then added excess NH4OH, after adding 30 drops the solution
turns into orange solution and without precipitate. The formed
reactions are:
[Fe(H2O)3(OH)3](s) + NH3(aq) → [Fe(H2O)2(OH)4]-(aq)
Experimental color changes

Added
Added excess
NH4OH NH4OH

Before +5 drops +10 drops

NH4OH NH4OH
In this experiment addition of 5 drops of NH4OH allready
formed precipitate, which is complex [Fe(H2O)3(OH)3](s). Then
when added to excess NH4OH, the precipitate dissolve again
becomes [Fe(H2O)2(OH)4]-(aq).

48 | (T r a n s i t i o n M e t a l I o n R e a c t i o n )
 5. CoCl2
Theorytical color changes

The fifth experiment was as much as 1 mL of pink CoCl2

solution into the test tube. Then add ammonia (NH4OH) drop by
drop of 5 drops. The solution turn into green solution and blue
precipitate. The formed reactions are:
[Co(H2O)6]2+(aq) + NH3(aq) → [Co(H2O)4(OH)2](s)
Then added excess NH4OH, after adding 20 drops the solution
turns into orange solution and green precipitate. The formed
reactions are:
[Co(H2O)4(OH)2](s) + NH3(aq) → [Co(H2O)4(OH)2](s)
Experimental color changes

Added
Added excess
NH4OH NH4OH

Before +5 drops +20 drops

NH4OH NH4OH
In this experiment addition of 5 drops of NH4OH allready
formed blue precipitate, which is complex [Co(H2O)4(OH)2](s).
Then when added to excess NH4OH, the precipitate isn’t dissolve
yet because it is classified as stable complex, still exist green
precipitate or complex [Co(H2O)4(OH)2](s).

49 | (T r a n s i t i o n M e t a l I o n R e a c t i o n )
 6. NiCl2
Theorytical color changes

The sixth experiment was as much as 1 mL of light green NiCl2

solution into the test tube. Then add ammonia (NH4OH) drop by
drop of 5 drops. The solution turn into blue solution. The formed
reactions are:
[Ni(H2O)6]2+(aq) + NH3(aq) → [Ni(H2O)5(OH)]+(aq)
Then added excess NH4OH, after adding 30 drops the solution
turns into light blue solution. The formed reactions are:
[Ni(H2O)4(OH)2](s) + NH3(aq) → [Ni(NH3)4(H2O)2]2+(aq)
Experimental color changes

Added
Added excess
NH4OH NH4OH

Before +5 drops +30 drops

NH4OH NH4OH
In this experiment addition of 5 drops of NH4OH still didn’t
formed precipitate. Then when added to excess NH4OH, the solution
becomes light blue solution from blue solution without precipitate
or complex [Ni(NH3)4(H2O)2]2+(aq).

50 | (T r a n s i t i o n M e t a l I o n R e a c t i o n )
 7. CuSO4
Theorytical color changes

The seventh experiment was as much as 1 mL of light green

CuSO4 solution into the test tube. Then add ammonia (NH4OH) drop
by drop of 5 drops. The solution turn into dark blue solution with
blue precipitate. The formed reactions are:
[Cu(H2O)6]2+(aq) + NH3(aq) → [Cu(H2O)4(OH)2](s)
Then added excess NH4OH, after adding 15 drops the solution
turns into dark blue solution without precipitate. The formed
reactions are:
[Cu(H2O)4(OH)2](s) + NH3(aq) → [Ni(H2O)4(H2O)2]2+(aq)
Experimental color changes

Added
Added excess
NH4OH NH4OH

Before +5 drops +15 drops

NH4OH NH4OH
In this experiment addition of 5 drops of NH4OH allready
formed precipitate. Then when added to excess NH4OH, the
precipitate dissolve and formed [Ni(H2O)4(H2O)2]2+(aq) complex.

51 | (T r a n s i t i o n M e t a l I o n R e a c t i o n )
 8. ZnCl2
Theorytical color changes

The eighth experiment was as much as 1 mL of colorless ZnCl2

solution into the test tube. Then add ammonia (NH4OH) drop by
drop of 5 drops. The solution turn into colorless solution with white
precipitate. The formed reactions are:
[Zn(H2O)6]2+(aq) + NH3(aq) → [Zn(H2O)4(OH)2](s)
Then added excess NH4OH, after adding 32 drops the solution
turns into colorless solution without precipitate. The formed
reactions are:
[Zn(H2O)4(OH)2](s) + NH3(aq) → [Zn(NH3)4(H2O)2]2+(aq)
Experimental color changes

Added
Added excess
NH4OH NH4OH

Before +5 drops +32 drops

NH4OH NH4OH
In this experiment addition of 5 drops of NH4OH allready
formed precipitate. Then when added to excess NH4OH, the
precipitate dissolve and formed [Zn(NH3)4(H2O)2]2+(aq) complex.

52 | (T r a n s i t i o n M e t a l I o n R e a c t i o n )
 c. Reaction with NH4CNS
The third experiment aims to determine the reaction of transition
metal ions with a solution of ammonium thiocyanate, (NH4CNS), 1M,
which is a type of complex reaction of thiocyanate. In this experiment
using 7 solutions. The results of this experiment will show which cations
form complex ions with CNS ions from the eight solutions. Thiocyanate
is used in some cases to detect ions.
1. CrCl3
In the first experiment each of 1 mL of greenish blue CrCl3
was put into 2 test tubes. Test tube for reaction with CNS- and the
second tube as a blank solution. Tube 1 added 1 mL of NH4CNS and
tube 2 added 1 mL of distilled water (H2O). Tube 1 after adding
NH4CNS produces a dark blue solution. Tube 2 after adding H2O
to a blue solution. The reaction in a blank solution is nothing but a
metal which is reacted by a polar solvent, as is the dilution process.
So the results obtained are not too significant. Whereas the test
solution, added 2 drops of NH4CNS 0.1M solution in the form of a
greenish blue solution, produced a significant change, namely dark
blue solution. The reactions that occur are:
Reactions with NH4CNS:
[Cr(H2O)6]3+(aq) + 6SCN-(aq) → [Cr(H2O)5(SCN)]2+(aq) +6H2O(l)
Greenish blue solution → dark blue solution
Reaction with water (H2O):
CrCl3 (greenish blue solution) + water → blue solution
Color Changes:

Added
NH4CNS

Before After added NH4CNS

53 | (T r a n s i t i o n M e t a l I o n R e a c t i o n )
 2. Mn(SO4)
In the second experiment each of 1 mL of colorless Mn(SO4)
was put into 2 test tubes. Test tube for reaction with CNS- and the
second tube as a blank solution. Tube 1 added 1 mL of NH4CNS and
tube 2 added 1 mL of distilled water (H2O). Tube 1 after adding
NH4CNS, the color still colorless solution. Tube 2 after adding H2O
didn’t change, still colorless solution. The reaction in a blank
solution and with NH4CNS didn’t give significant difference in
color, both solution keep colorless even after adding with NH4CN
and H2O. The reactions that occur are:
Reactions with NH4CNS:
[[Mn(H2O)6]2+(aq) + 6SCN-(aq) → [Mn(H2O)5(SCN)]+(aq) +
6H2O(l)
Colorless solution → colorless solution
Reaction with water (H2O):
Mn(SO4) (colorless solution) + water → colorless solution
Color Changes:

Added
NH4CNS

Before After added NH4CNS

3. Fe(NH3)2SO4
In the third experiment each of 1 mL of yellow Fe(NH3)2SO4
solution was put into 2 test tubes. Test tube for reaction with CNS-
and the second tube as a blank solution. Tube 1 added 1 mL of
NH4CNS and tube 2 added 1 mL of distilled water (H2O). Tube 1
after adding NH4CNS produces a blackish brown solution. Tube 2
after adding H2O to a orange solution. The reaction in a blank

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 solution is nothing but a metal which is reacted by a polar solvent,
as is the dilution process. So the results obtained are not too
significant. Whereas the test solution, added 2 drops of NH4CNS
0.1M solution in the form of a yellow solution, produced a
significant change, namely blackish brown solution. The reactions
that occur are:
Reactions with NH4CNS:
[Fe(H2O)6]2+(aq) + 6SCN-(aq) → [Fe(H2O)5(SCN)]+(aq) + 6H2O(l)
Yellow solution → blackish brown solution
Reaction with water (H2O):
Fe(NH3)2SO4 (yellow solution) + water → orange solution
Color Changes:

Added
NH4CNS

Before After added NH4CNS

4. FeCl3
In the fourth experiment each of 1 mL of strong yellow FeCl3
solution was put into 2 test tubes. Test tube for reaction with CNS-
and the second tube as a blank solution. Tube 1 added 1 mL of
NH4CNS and tube 2 added 1 mL of distilled water (H2O). Tube 1
after adding NH4CNS produces a blackish brown solution. Tube 2
after adding H2O to a yellow solution. The reaction in a blank
solution is nothing but a metal which is reacted by a polar solvent,
as is the dilution process. So the results obtained are not too
significant. Whereas the test solution, added 2 drops of NH4CNS
0.1M solution in the form of a strong yellow solution, produced a

55 | (T r a n s i t i o n M e t a l I o n R e a c t i o n )
 significant change, namely blackish brown solution. The reactions
that occur are:
Reactions with NH4CNS:
[Fe(H2O)6]3+(aq) + 6SCN-(aq) → [Fe(H2O)5(SCN)]2+(aq) +6H2O(l)
Strong yellow solution → blackish brown solution Yellow
Reaction with water (H2O):
FeCl3 (strong yellow solution) + water → yellow solution
Color Changes:

Added
NH4CNS

Before After added NH4CNS

5. CoCl2
In the fifth experiment each of 1 mL of pink CoCl2 solution
was put into 2 test tubes. Test tube for reaction with CNS- and the
second tube as a blank solution. Tube 1 added 1 mL of NH4CNS and
tube 2 added 1 mL of distilled water (H2O). Tube 1 after adding
NH4CNS produces a strong pink solution. Tube 2 after adding
H2O, the solution still pink solution. The reaction in a blank solution
is nothing but a metal which is reacted by a polar solvent, as is the
dilution process. So the results obtained are not too significant.
Whereas the test solution, added 2 drops of NH4CNS 0.1M solution
in the form of a pink solution, produced a significant change, namely
strong pink solution. The reactions that occur are:
Reactions with NH4CNS:
[Co(H2O)6]2+(aq) + 6SCN-(aq)→ [Co(H2O)5(SCN)]+(aq) + 6H2O(l)
Pink solution → strong pink solution
Reaction with water (H2O):

56 | (T r a n s i t i o n M e t a l I o n R e a c t i o n )
 CoCl2 (pink solution) + water → pink solution
Color Changes:

Added
NH4CNS

Before After added NH4CNS

6. NiCl2
In the sixth experiment each of 1 mL of light green NiCl2
solution was put into 2 test tubes. Test tube for reaction with CNS-
and the second tube as a blank solution. Tube 1 added 1 mL of
NH4CNS and tube 2 added 1 mL of distilled water (H2O). Tube 1
after adding NH4CNS the color still light green solution. Tube 2
after adding H2O, the solution still light green solution. The
reaction in a blank solution is nothing but a metal which is reacted
by a polar solvent, as is the dilution process. In this experiment, both
of the test tube no color changes. The reactions that occur are:
Reactions with NH4CNS:
[Ni(H2O)6]2+(aq) + 6SCN-(aq) → [Ni(H2O)5(SCN)]+(aq) + 6H2O(l)
Light green solution → Light green solution
Reaction with water (H2O):
NiCl2 (light green solution) + water → light green solution
Color Changes:

Added
NH4CNS

Before After added NH4CNS

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 7. CuSO4
In the fourth experiment each of 1 mL of light blue CuSO4
solution was put into 2 test tubes. Test tube for reaction with CNS-
and the second tube as a blank solution. Tube 1 added 1 mL of
NH4CNS and tube 2 added 1 mL of distilled water (H2O). Tube 1
after adding NH4CNS produces a green solution. Tube 2 after
adding H2O the solution still light blue solution. The reaction in a
blank solution is nothing but a metal which is reacted by a polar
solvent, as is the dilution process. So the results obtained are not too
significant. Whereas the test solution, added 2 drops of NH4CNS
0.1M solution in the form of a light blue solution, produced a
significant change, namely green solution. The reactions that occur
are:
Reactions with NH4CNS:
[Cu(H2O)6]2+(aq) + 6SCN-(aq)→ [Cu(H2O)5(SCN)]+(aq) + 6H2O(l)
Light blue solution → green solution
Reaction with water (H2O):
CuSO4 (light blue solution) + water → light blue solution
Color Changes:

Added
NH4CNS

Before After added NH4CNS

2. Experiment 2: Complex Ion Formation by Transition Metal Ion

a. Complex Cr(III)
The experiment in the second title is about the formation of ion
complexes. The first subtitle, which is to prepare a solution containing
Cr3+ cation, which is CrCl3 as much as 2 mL and then put into a test

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 tube. The initial color of the CrCl3 solution is bluish green. Then added
Na2C2O4 which is a colorless solution. After adding Na2C2O4 reagent a
blackish blue solution is produced. The function of adding Na2C2O4
reagent is to provide as many ligands as 3, namely Cl- ion, Cl- ion will
be replaced by 3C2O42- ions to form [Cr(C2O4)3]3-. The complex formed
has a coordination number of 6 and has an octahedral coordination form.
With the structure of complex compounds as follows. This can be seen
through the equation below:
CrCl3.6H2O(aq) + Na2C2O4(aq) → [Cr(C2O4)3]3-(aq)
Greenish blue solution → blackish blue solution

Structure Complex :
Experimental Result:

b. Complex Fe(II) and Fe(III)

The experiment in the second title is about the formation of ion
complexes. First, As much as 1 mL of Fe(II) solution inserted into test
tube which is yellow solution. Then added 1,10 phenanthroline which is
a colorless solution. After adding 1,10 phenanthroline reagent a orange
solution is produced. The function of adding 1,10 phenanthroline
reagent is to provide as many bidentat ligands as 3, it will be replaced
NO3- ions to form [Fe(1,10phenanthroline)3]2+. The complex formed has

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 a coordination number of 6 and has an octahedral coordination form.
With the structure of complex compounds as follows. This can be seen
through the equation below:
Fe(NO3)2 + H2O(l) + 1,10-phe → [Fe(1,10-phe)3]2+
Yellow solution → orange solution

Complex [Fe(phen)3]2+ :
Second, prepared as much as 2 mL of FeCl3 solution and put in a test
tube. The initial state of the FeCl3 solution is yellow. After that, 2 drops
of NH4CNS solution are added to darken the solution containing
Fe(CNS)2+. In theory, the addition of this reagent will give a darker
solution, brownish red or dark orange. This is in accordance with our
experiments, where after the addition of NH4SCN the solution changed
from yellow to dark orange. This discoloration occurs due to the
replacement of CNS ligands replacing Cl-. Subsequently added with 10
drops of Na2C2O4, the solution changes color from dark orange to
orange. The reaction is as follows:
FeCl3 + 3NH4CNS → [Fe(CNS)Cl2(H2O)3]
Strong yellow solution → dark orange
[Fe(SCN)Cl2(H2O)3] + Na2C2O4 → [Fe(H2O)3(SCN)(C2O4)]+
Dark orange → orange

Complex Structure :

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 Experimental Result:

c. Complex of Cobalt(II)
The third subtitle experiment aims to form the cobalt (II) complex.
The procedure is done by inserting 1 ml of pink 0.1Cl CoCl2 into two
test tubes. The first tube is the addition of a colorless ethylenediamine
reagent, forming an orange solution. CoCl2 added with
ethylenediamine solution turns orange. The change in color of the
solution indicates that complexes are formed with Co as the central atom
and etylendiamin as a ligand, in this case etylendiamin is a bidentate
ligand. And kolbalt charged +2 Meanwhile, in the second tube, the
addition of the colorless Na2EDTA reagent was carried out and after this
addition there was no change, and the complex formed was
[Co(EDTA)]2-. Reaction shown below.
CoCl2 + ethylendiamine → [Co(H2O)4(en)]2+
Pink solution → orange solution

Complex structure :

CoCl2(aq) + Na2EDTA → [Co(EDTA)]2-

Pink solution → pink solution

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 Complex Structure :
Experimental Result:

d. Complex Nikel(II)
The fourth subtitle experiment was carried out for the formation of
Ni(II) complex ions. The first thing to do is prepare three test tubes, then
into each test tube 1 ml of light green Ni solution is put into each reaction
tube. The first test tube was added with ethylenediamine reagent,
formed a blue solution. Ethylenediamine reagent is a yellowish red
solution which causes the formation of [Ni(NO3)(en)]+ complex.
NiCl2 + ethylendiamine → [Ni(en)3]2+
light green solution → light blue solution

The second test tube was added dimethylglioxin, and a pink

precipitate was formed. The color formed due to the formation of
complexes between glyoxin and Ni metals by reaction.
NiCl2 + Dimethylglioxime → [Ni(H2O)4(DMG)]2+

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 light green solution → pink precipitate

The third test tube is added with the Na2EDTA reagent and the
result is a light blue solution. Addition of the reagent makes the
formation of [Ni (EDTA)2]2- complex by reaction.
NiCl2 + Na2EDTA →
light green solution → blue solution

NiCl2

Experimental Result:

Tube 1 Tube 2 Tube 3

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 e. Complex Cu(II)
The fifth subtitle experiment aims at the formation of the Cu(II)
complex. There are two different reagent additions, the first is placing
CuSo4.5H2O (a blue solid) and CuCl2.2H2O (blue on the watch glass and
observing. The second method is provided by two test tubes, the first
test tube is inserted into CuSo4.5H2O crystal and the second tube is
CuCl2.2H2O. then the first tube is added with a few drops of
ethylenediamine, a dark blue solution is formed. This indicates the
formation of a complex between Cu and ethylenediamine, [Cu(en)].
With the following reaction.
CuSO4(aq) + ethylenediamine → [Cu(H2O)4(en)]2+
Light blue solution → dark blue solution

Furthermore, the second tube was added with Na2EDTA reagent

and a blue solution was formed, and the complex formed was Cu
(EDTA) with the following reaction.
CuSO4(aq) + Na2EDTA → [Cu(EDTA)]2-
Light blue solution → blue solution

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 Experimental Result:

3. Experiment 3: Change of Oxidation Rates

In this third experiment aims to study color changes due to changes in
the oxidation states of Fe and Cr metal ions in FeSO4 and K2Cr2O7 solutions.
a. Change Fe2+ and Fe3+
As much as 1 mL of FeSO4 solution inserted into a test tube. The
initial state of the FeSO4 solution is the orange solution. Then added 3
drops of concentrated HNO3. The results obtained after the addition of
concentrated HNO3 is a change in the color of the solution from orange
Fe2+ to a yellow solution. This color change occurs quite quickly,
exactly when concentrated HNO3 is added then shaken slightly. That is,
the oxidation of Fe2+ to Fe3+ has occurred at this stage, due to the
influence of the addition of a strong oxidizer of concentrated HNO3. The
oxidation reaction of Fe2+ to Fe3+ is written as follows:
3Fe2+ + 3H+ + HNO3- → NO↑ + 3Fe3+ + 2H2O
oxydation
+2 +3
+5 +2
reduction
The next step is to heat it on the bath for 1-2 minutes. The results
obtained after heating is a yellow solution. In theory, Fe(II) salts in
solution contain cation Fe2+ and are slightly green in color. Whereas in
the solution, cationcation Fe3+ is yellow. So it can be concluded that at
this stage the oxidation reaction of Fe2+ to Fe3+ takes place perfectly, this
is indicated from the color of the resulting solution changes from
yellowish green to yellow which is the color of the cation of Fe3+ in
solution.

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 The purpose of this addition is to oxidize Fe2+ to Fe3+ because
concentrated HNO3 is a strong oxidizing agent. In theory, oxidation of
Fe2+ to Fe3+ occurs slowly when exposed to air. Fast oxidation if reacted
with strong oxidizing agents such as HNO3 and H2O2. The purpose of
this warm-up is so that the reaction between concentrated FeSO4 and
HNO3 lasts perfectly, so that the oxidation of Fe2+ to Fe3+ is also the
same.
The solution was cooled then added with 2M NaOH. The addition
of NaOH aims to prove whether Fe2+ has really oxidized to Fe3+. As
learned in experiment 1a, a solution of FeCl3 (containing the cation of
Fe3+) when reacted with NaOH will give an orange color. The result
obtained after this addition is the solution changes color from yellow to
brown precipitate formed after adding 15 drops. So it can be concluded
that the results of our experiment are appropriate because Fe2+ is
oxidized to Fe3+. The reaction of Fe3+ with NaOH is written as follows:
[Fe(H2O)6]3+(aq) + OH-(aq) → [Fe(H2O)3(OH)3](s)
From the discussion above of course we can already explain if the
cation of Fe2+ is less stable than Fe3+ because of its easily oxidized
nature. If exposed to air constantly then the color will change to yellow,
which means it is oxidized to Fe3+.
Observation Result:

Added 3 drops of HNO3

concentrated After heated for 1-2 minutes

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 After cooled it down Final result

b. Change Cr6+ and Cr3+

In the second experiment 2 mL of K2Cr2O7 was prepared and then
put in a test tube and heated 1-2 minutes. The initial state of the K2Cr2O7
solution is orange. Then added 1-2 grains of zinc and 1.5 mL of
concentrated HCl are added and reheated. The function of concentrated
Zn and HCl is as a reducing agent to reduce Cr6+ to Cr3+. The heating
function so that the Zn grains dissolve completely and automatically
reduce completely. In theory, on heating a chromate or dichromate with
concentrated hydrochloric acid a solution containing Cr(III) ions will be
produced. This means that at this stage the reduction of Cr6+ to Cr3+ has
already taken place. This is consistent with the results of our
experiments, where after the addition of concentrated Zn and HCl the
solution is then heated to change from orange to dark green solution.
The reaction is written as follows:
3Zn(s) + Cr2O72- + 14H+ → 3Zn2+ + 2Cr3+ + 2H2O
oxydation
0 +2
+6 +3
reduction
Furthermore, it is allowed to stand and take 1 mL of solution, added
set by drop of concentrated HNO3 solution (as much as 6 drops) while
shaken. This addition will theoretically reduce Cr3+ to Cr2+ as explained
in the following reaction:

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 Cr3+ + 4H+ + 2NO3- + 3e- → Cr2+ + 2NO2↑ + 2H2O
Reduction
+3 +2
2+
In theory, the color of the Cr ion in solution is blue. While the
results we get after the addition of concentrated HNO3 are green, where
green is the color of Cr3+ ions. So it can be concluded that the Cr2+ ion
is unstable and easily oxidized to Cr3+. Another conclusion that can be
drawn from this experiment is that the Cr6+ ion is more stable than the
Cr3+ ion in solution.
Observation Result:

After heated Addition of Zn Solid

Addition of concentrated HCl Heating process

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 After heated Addition of HNO3 after the last
color changing (6 drops)

I. CONCLUSION
From these experiments, it can conclude that:
1. Transition metal ions can be studied by reacting transition metal salts with
NaOH, NH3, and NH4CNS so as to obtain changes in the physical form of
the solution such as changes in color and changes in deposits which indicate
a reaction between transition metal salts and their reagents in forming
complexes with ligands, color- the color is unique and there are deposits in
the compound, the deposits formed have different colors according to the
central metal charge of the complex compound. If the complex compound
is uncharged, the phase of the complex compound is a solid phase whereas
if the complex compound is charged, the phase of the compound is a
solution.
2. The formation of transition metal complex ions can be identified by adding
ligands such as oxalate ions, H2O, CNS-, EDTA, and DMG from their
reagents.
3. The cation of Fe2+ is less stable than Fe3+ because of its easily oxidized
nature. If exposed to air constantly then the color will change to yellow,
which means it is oxidized to Fe3+. Cr2+ ion is unstable and easily oxidized
to Cr3+. Another conclusion that can be drawn from this experiment is that
the Cr6+ ion is more stable than the Cr3+ ion in solution.

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 REFERENCES

Anonim. (n.d.-a). Reactions of Aqua Ions with Ammonia Solution. Retrieved

October 27, 2019, from
https://www.chemguide.co.uk/inorganic/complexions/aquanh3.html
Anonim. (n.d.-b). Reactions of Aqua Ions with Hydroxide Ions. Retrieved October
27, 2019, from
https://www.chemguide.co.uk/inorganic/complexions/aquaoh.html
Cotton, F. A., Wilkinson, G., Murillo, C. A., & Bochmann, M. (1999). Advance
Inorganic Chemistry (6th ed.). United Staes of America: Jonh Wiley and Sons,
INC.
Hill, J. W., Petrucci, R. H., McCreary, T. W., & Perry, S. S. (2005). General
Chemistry (4th ed.). Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Pearson Prentice Hall.
Orgel, L. E. (1966). An Introduction to Transition-Metal Chemistry, Ligand field
theory (2nd.). London: Methuen.
transition element. (n.d.). In IUPAC Compendium of Chemical Terminology.
Research Triagle Park, NC: IUPAC.
https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.T06456

70 | (T r a n s i t i o n M e t a l I o n R e a c t i o n )
 ATTACHMENTS

A. Question Answers
1) Write down all the reactions in experiments I through IV and give the color
change!
Answer:
Experiment 1
a) Reactions with NaOH
(1) [Cr(H2O)6]3+(aq) + OH-(aq) → [Cr(H2O)3(OH)3](s)
Greenish blue solution → dark blue solution
[Cr(H2O)3(OH)3](s) + OH-(aq) → [Cr(H2O)2(OH)4](aq) + 3H2O(l)
dark blue solution → green solution
(2) [Mn(H2O)6]2+(aq) + OH-(aq) → [Mn(H2O)4(OH)2](s)
Colorless solution → colorless solution, orange
Precipitate
[Mn(H2O)4(OH)2](s) + OH-(aq) → [Mn(H2O)3(OH)3](s)
colorless solution, orange precipitate → brownish white solution,
brownish white precipitate
(3) [Fe(H2O)6]2+(aq) + OH-(aq) → [Fe(H2O)5(OH)]+(aq)
Yellow solution → light orange solution
[Fe(H2O)5(OH)]+(aq) + OH-(aq)→ [Fe(H2O)4(OH)2](s)
light orange solution → strong orange solution, turbid,
orange precipitate
(4) [Fe(H2O)6]3+(aq) + OH-(aq) → [Fe(H2O)5(OH)]2+(aq)
Strong yellow solution → orange solution
[Fe(H2O)5(OH)]2+(aq) + OH-(aq) → [Fe(H2O)4(OH)2]+(aq)
orange solution → strong orange solution
(5) [Co(H2O)6]2+(aq) + OH-(aq) → [Co(H2O)5(OH)]+(aq)
Pink solution → purple solution, turbid
[Co(H2O)5(OH)]+(aq) + OH-(aq) → [Co(H2O)3(OH)3](s)
purple solution, turbid → blue solution, blue
precipitate

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 (6) [Ni(H2O)6]2+(aq) + OH-(aq) → [Ni(H2O)4(OH)2](s)
Light green solution → light green solution, green
precipitate
[Ni(H2O)4(OH)2](s) + OH-(aq) → [Ni(H2O)4(OH)2](s)
light green solution, green precipitate → light green solution, green
precipitate (++)
(7) [Cu(H2O)6]2+(aq) + OH-(aq) → [Cu(H2O)4(OH)2](s)
Light blue solution → light blue solution, blue
Precipitate
[Cu(H2O)4(OH)2](s) + OH-(aq) → [Ni(H2O)3(OH)3](s)
Light blue solution, blue precipitate → Colorless solution, blue
precipitate
(8) [Zn(H2O)6]2+(aq) + OH-(aq) → [Zn(H2O)4(OH)2](s)
Colorless solution → colorless solution, white
precipitate
[Zn(H2O)4(OH)2](s) + OH-(aq) → [Zn(H2O)4(OH)2](s)
colorless solution, white precipitate → colorless solution, white
precipitate (++)

Reactions with NH3

(1) [Cr(H2O)6]3+(aq) + NH3(aq) → [Cr(H2O)4(OH)2]+(aq)
Greenish blue solution → greenish grey solution
[Cr(H2O)4(OH)2]+(aq) + NH3(aq) → [Cr(NH3)3(H2O)3](s)
greenish grey solution → turbid and green solution,
white precipitate
(2) [Mn(H2O)6]2+(aq) + NH3(aq) → [Mn(H2O)5(OH)]+(aq)
Colorless solution → white solution
[Mn(H2O)5(OH)]+(aq) + NH3(aq) → [Mn(H2O)4(OH)2](s)
white solution → brown solution, white
precipitate
(3) [Fe(H2O)6]2+(aq) + NH3(aq) → [Fe(H2O)4(OH)2](s)
Yellow solution → yellow solution, orange precipitate

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 [Fe(H2O)4(OH)2](s)+ NH3(aq) → [Fe(H2O)4(OH)2](s)
yellow solution, orange precipitate → yellow solution, orange
precipitate (++)
(4) [Fe(H2O)6]3+(aq) + NH3(aq) → [Fe(H2O)3(OH)3](s)
Strong yellow solution → orange solution, brown precipitate
[Fe(H2O)3(OH)3](s) + NH3(aq) → [Fe(H2O)2(OH)4]-(aq)
Orange solution, brown precipitate → orange solution, brown
precipitate (++)
(5) [Co(H2O)6]2+(aq) + NH3(aq) → [Co(H2O)4(OH)2](s)
Pink solution → green solution, blue precipitate
[Co(H2O)4(OH)2](s) + NH3(aq) → [Co(H2O)4(OH)2](s)
green solution, blue precipitate → green solution, green
precipitate
(6) [Ni(H2O)6]2+(aq) + NH3(aq) → [Ni(H2O)4(OH)2](s)
Light green solution → blue solution
[Ni(H2O)4(OH)2](s) + NH3(aq) → [Ni(NH3)4(H2O)2]2+(aq)
blue solution → light blue solution
(7) [Cu(H2O)6]2+(aq) + NH3(aq) → [Cu(H2O)4(OH)2](s)
Light green solution → dark blue solution, light blue
precipitate
[Cu(H2O)4(OH)2](s) + NH3(aq) → [Ni(H2O)4(H2O)2]2+(aq)
dark blue solution, light blue precipitate → dark blue solution
(8) [Zn(H2O)6]2+(aq) + NH3(aq) → [Zn(H2O)4(OH)2](s)
Colorless solution → colorless solution, white
precipitate
[Zn(H2O)4(OH)2](s) + NH3(aq) → [Zn(NH3)4(H2O)2]2+(aq)
colorless solution, white precipitate → colorless solution

Reactions with NH4CNS

(1) [Cr(H2O)6]3+(aq) + 6SCN-(aq) → [Cr(H2O)5(SCN)]2+(aq) +6H2O(l)

Greenish blue solution → dark blue solution

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 (2) [Mn(H2O)6]2+(aq) + 6SCN-(aq) → [Mn(H2O)5(SCN)]+(aq) +
6H2O(l)
Colorless solution → colorless solution
(3) [Fe(H2O)6]2+(aq) + 6SCN-(aq) → [Fe(H2O)5(SCN)]+(aq) + 6H2O(l)
Yellow solution → blackish brown solution
(4) [Fe(H2O)6]3+(aq) + 6SCN-(aq) → [Fe(H2O)5(SCN)]2+(aq) +
6H2O(l)
Strong yellow solution → blackish brown solution
(5) [Co(H2O)6]2+(aq) + 6SCN-(aq)→ [Co(H2O)5(SCN)]+(aq) + 6H2O(l)
Pink solution → strong pink solution
(6) [Ni(H2O)6]2+(aq) + 6SCN-(aq) → [Ni(H2O)5(SCN)]+(aq) + 6H2O(l)
Light green solution → Light green solution
(7) [Cu(H2O)6]2+(aq) + 6SCN-(aq)→ [Cu(H2O)5(SCN)]+(aq) + 6H2O(l)
Light blue solution → green solution
Blank for Transition Salt Reactions with ammonium thiocyanate
(1) CrCl3 (greenish blue solution) + water → blue solution
(2) Mn(SO4) (colorless solution) + water → colorless solution
(3) Fe(NH3)2SO4 (yellow solution) + water → orange solution
(4) FeCl3 (strong yellow solution) + water → yellow solution
(5) CoCl2 (pink solution) + water → pink solution
(6) NiCl2 (light green solution) + water → light green solution
(7) CuSO4 (light blue solution) + water → light blue solution

Experiment 2
(1) Complex Cr(III)
CrCl3.6H2O(aq) + Na2C2O4(aq) → [Cr(C2O4)3]3-(aq)
Greenish blue solution → blackish blue solution

74 | (T r a n s i t i o n M e t a l I o n R e a c t i o n )
 Structure Complex :
(2) Complex Fe(II) and Fe(III)
Fe(NO3)2 + H2O(l) + 1,10 phenanthroline →
[Fe(1,10phenanthroline)3]2+
Yellow solution → orange solution

Complex [Fe(phen)3]2+ :

(3) Complex Fe(III)

FeCl3 + 3NH4CNS → [Fe(CNS)Cl2(H2O)3]
Strong yellow solution → dark orange
[Fe(SCN)Cl2(H2O)3] + Na2C2O4 → [Fe(H2O)3(SCN)(C2O4)]+
Dark orange → orange

Complex Structure :

(4) Complex of Cobalt (II)

CoCl2 + ethylendiamine → [Co(H2O)4(en)]2+
Pink solution → orange solution

75 | (T r a n s i t i o n M e t a l I o n R e a c t i o n )
 Complex structure :

CoCl2(aq) + Na2EDTA → [Co(EDTA)]2-

Pink solution → pink solution

Complex Structure :

(5) Complex Ni(II)

NiCl2 + ethylendiamine → [Ni(en)3]2+
light green solution → light blue solution

NiCl2 + Dimethylglioxime → [Ni(H2O)4(DMG)]2+

light green solution → pink precipitate

NiCl2 + Na2EDTA →

76 | (T r a n s i t i o n M e t a l I o n R e a c t i o n )
 light green solution → blue solution

(6) Complex Cu(II)

CuSO4(aq) + ethylenediamine → [Cu(H2O)4(en)]2+
Light blue solution → dark blue solution

CuSO4(aq) + Na2EDTA → [Cu(EDTA)]2-

Light blue solution → blue solution

Experiment 3
(1) Change Fe2+ into Fe3+
2Fe2+(aq) + 4H+(aq) + NO3-(aq) → 2Fe3+(aq) + NO(g) + 2H2O(l)
Orange solution → yellow solution
2Fe3+(aq) + NO2(aq) + H2O(l) → [Fe(H2O)6]3+(aq)
Yellow solution → yellow solution
[Fe(H2O)6]3+(aq) + NaOH(aq) → [Fe(H2O)3(OH)3](s)

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 yellow solution → yellow solution, brown precipitate
(2) Change Cr6+ into Cr3+
K2Cr2O7(aq) → 2K+(aq) + Cr2O72-(aq)
Orange solution → orange solution (++)
Cr2O72-(aq) + 3Zn + 14H+ → 3Zn2+ + 2Cr3+ + 7H2O(l)
orange solution (++) → green solution
Complex : [Cr(H2O)3Cl]-
2) Complex [Cr(H2O)4Cl2]+ has an isomer. Make a molecular structure and
name it!
Answer:
+ +
Cl H2O Cl H2O
OH2 OH2

Cr Cr
Cl Cl Cl H2O
H2O Cl

cis-ion tetraaquodiclorocromate trans-ion tetraaquodiclorocromate

78 | (T r a n s i t i o n M e t a l I o n R e a c t i o n )