SYLLABUS FOR

M.Sc. ZOOLOGY

Paper Title of the paper

SEMESTER I

I Biosystematics, Structure & Function of Invertebrates

II Tools and Techniques in Biology

III Animal Physiology and Ethology

IV Genetics and Evolution

SEMESTER II
I Structure and Function of Vertebrates

II Environmental Biology
III Biochemistry
IV Biostatistics and Computer Applications
SEMESTER III

I Molecular biology

II Immunology

III Elective: Parasitology OR Clinical Science

IV Elective: Endocrinology& Reproductive Biology OR

Bioinformatics
SEMESTER IV

I Cell Biology

II Developmental Biology
III Elective: Fisheries and Aquaculture OR Neurophysiology
IV Elective: Animal Biotechnology OR Entomology

Prof. T. RAVINDER REDDY

Chairman
Board of Studies
Department of Zoology
KAKATIYA UNIVERSITY, WGL-506 009 (T.S)

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 SYLLABUS FOR
M.Sc. ZOOLOGY
(With effect from the academic year 2016-17 Under CBCS system)

Prof. T. RAVINDER REDDY

Chairman
Board of Studies

DEPARTMENT OF ZOOLOGY
KAKATIYA UNIVERSITY
WARANGAL 506 009
TELANGANA STATE

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 KAKATIYA UNIVERSITY, DEPARTMENT OF ZOOLOGY
(With effect from the academic year 2016-17 Under CBCS system)

Paper Instruction No. of Marks Total

S.No Title of the Paper
Code Hrs/Week Credits External Internal Marks

SEMESTER-I
Biosystematics,
1 101 Structure & Function 4 4 80 20 100
Of Invertebrates
Tools and
2 102 Techniques in 4 4 80 20 100
Biology
Animal Physiology
3 103 4 4 80 20 100
and Ethology
Genetics and
4 104 4 4 80 20 100
Evolution
5 105 Practical-I 4 4 100 -- 100
6 106 Practical-II 4 4 100 -- 100
7 107 Seminar -- 1 -- 25 25
Total 25 520 105 625

SEMESTER-II

Structure and
1 201 Function of 4 4 80 20 100
Vertebrates
Environmental
2 202 4 4 80 20 100
Biology
3 203 Biochemistry 4 4 80 20 100
Biostatistics and
4 204 Computer 4 4 80 20 100
Applications
5 205 Practical-I 4 4 100 -- 100
6 206 Practical-II 4 4 100 -- 100
7 207 Seminar -- 1 -- 25 25
Total 25 520 105 625

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 Paper Instruction No. of Marks Total
S.No Title of the Paper
Code Hrs/Week Credits External Internal Marks
SEMESTER-III
1 301 Molecular Biology 4 4 80 20 100
2 302 Immunology 4 4 80 20 100
Subject Elective – I
Parasitology
3 303 (OR) 4 4 80 20 100
Subject Elective – II
Clinical Science
Subject Elective – III
Endocrinology &
Reproductive
4 304 Biology 4 4 80 20 100
(OR)
Subject Elective – IV
Bioinformatics
5 305 Practical – I 4 4 100 -- 100
6 306 Practical – II 4 4 100 -- 100
7 307 Seminar -- 1 -- 25 25
Total 25 520 105 625
SEMESTER-IV
1 401 Cell Biology 4 4 80 20 100
Developmental
2 402 4 4 80 20 100
Biology
Subject Elective – I
Fisheries And
Aquaculture
3 403 4 4 80 20 100
(OR)
Subject Elective – II
Neurophysiology
Subject Elective – III
Animal
Biotechnology
4 404 4 4 80 20 100
(OR)
Subject Elective – IV
Entomology
5 305 Practical – I 4 4 100 -- 100
6 406 Practical – II 4 4 100 -- 100
7 407 Seminar -- 1 -- 25 25
Total 25 520 105 625
GRAND TOTAL
100 2080 420 2500
(Sem I+II+III+IV)

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 FIRST YEAR – ZOOLOGY

SEMESTER – I
AND
SEMESTER - II

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 Kakatiya University - Faculty of Science
M.Sc, Zoology, SEMESTER – I
Paper Code: 101
BIOSYSTEMATICS, STRUCTURE & FUNCTION OF INVERTEBRATES

Unit – I: Biosystematics and Applications

1.1. Basic principles of classification.

1.2. Species concept Mechanism of speciation. Allopatric and Sympatric speciation.
1.3 Apomictic species and Panmictic species.
1.4. Typification and different types of zoological types, Taxonomic keys

Unit –II: Nutrition & Respiration

2.1 Patterns of feeding and digestion in metazoan.

2.2 Filter feeding in polychaeta
2.3 Modifications in the digestive system of invertebrates with Special reference to
modifications in Arthropoda & Mollusca
2.4 Respiration: Respiratory pigments, Organs of respiration-gills, trachea and lungs;
mechanism of respiration

Unit – III: Excretory and Nervous systems

3.1 Organs of excretion-coelome, coelomoducts, Nephridia, Malphighian tubules. Mechanism

of excretion and osmoregulation
3.2 Nervous system: coelenterates and Echinodemata
3.3 Nervous system: arthropods (Crustaceans and insects) and Molluscs Cephalopoda)
3.4 Trends in Evolution of nervous system.

Unit – IV: Minor phyla and invertebrate larvae

4.1 General organization and affinities of Mesozoa, sipunculida and chaetognatha.

4.2 Larval forms of free living invertebrates (Coelenterata, Annelida, Arthropoda, mollusca
and Echinodermata).
4.3 Larval forms of helminth and crustacean parasites.
4.4 Evolutionary significance of larval forms.

Prof. T. RAVINDER REDDY

Chairman
Board of Studies
Department of Zoology
KAKATIYA UNIVERSITY, WGL-506 009 (T.S)

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PRACTICALS :

1. Observations of nervous system development from lower to higher invertebrates and

write the indentified modifications in the record. Dissection of the following
a) Nervous system of Leech
b) Nervous system of Cockroach & Reproductive system
c) Nervous system of Aplsia
d) Nervous system of Unio mytilus
e) Nervous system of Cabs
f) Nervous system of Sepia
2. Modifications of Mouth parts in insects. Separate the mouth parts from the insects, mount
and observe the modifications and write the adaptations – Chewing, Piercing and Sucking
etc..
3. Collect 10 invertebrates and prepare permanent slides and submit in the examinations
(Parasites – 5 and Non-parasites – 5).
4. Museum specimens (from each phylum not less than 10 specimens).
5. Slides and preserved animals (from each phylum not less than 5 slides).
6. Karyotype studies for Numerical Taxonomy.
7. Hemoglobin Variation in different phyla for Evolutionary Studies.
8. Species variation – Drosophila Variants.
9. Collection of Termites to observe variants.
10. Collection of Fresh Water Molluscs.
11. Collection of Endo- parasites for species variations Trypansomes from Rats

REFERENCE BOOKS

1. Invertebrate Zoology ------- EL Jordan; P.S. Verma

2. A Text Book of Zoology Vol.I ------ P.S. Dhami; Jk.Dhami.
3. A Text Book of Invertbrate zoology ----- R.L.Kotpal.
4. Biology of Animals --- Cleveland P. Hickman JR Larryds. Roberts.

Prof. T. RAVINDER REDDY

Chairman
Board of Studies
Department of Zoology
KAKATIYA UNIVERSITY, WGL-506 009 (T.S)

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 Kakatiya University - Faculty of Science
M.Sc, Zoology, SEMESTER – I
Paper Code: 102
TOOLS AND TECHNIQUES IN BIOLOGY

Unit – I: Instrumentation in Biology

1.1. Centrifugation: Principle and applications of Centrifugation; differential and density gradient
Centrifugation..
1.2. Electrophoresis: Principle, structural components and applications of electrophoresis.
1.3. Chromatography: Principle and applications of chromatography; adsorption, Ion exchange, gel
permeation and affinity.
1.4. Spectrophotometer: Principle, PH meter and applications of Spectrophotometer.

Unit –II: Microscopy and Histological techniques in Biology

2.1. Microscopy: Principle, and applications of different types of microscopes Light, Phase Contrast,
Electron: SEMUTEM
2.2. Microtome: Types and applications. Collection & preservation of animal tissue – fixation,
embedding, Sectioning, Staining, Identification of deferent components.
2.3. Tissue preparation for light microscopy.
2.4. Cryotechniques: History and applications of Cryotechniques, Cryoultramicrotomy.

Unit – III: Cell Culture Techniques

3.1 Cell Culture System, and History of development of cell culture

3.2 Natural surroundings and metabolic capabilities animals’ cell.
3.3 Commonly used Cell Lines and their Uses.
3.4 Transplantation of Cultured Cell.

Unit – IV: Radiation techniques in Biology

4.1. GM (Geiger-Muller) Counter – Description and Applications

4.2. Scintillation Counter – Description and Applications.
4.3. Autoradiography – Method and applications.
4.4 Principle and applications of Biosensors.

Prof. T. RAVINDER REDDY

Chairman
Board of Studies
Department of Zoology
KAKATIYA UNIVERSITY, WGL-506 009 (T.S)

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PRACTICALS :

1. Separation of call organelles by Differential centrifugation.

2. Separation of protein by electrophori (Native & SDS page).
3. Separation of amino acids by paper and thin layer Chromatography Demonstration of column
Chromatography.
4. Validation of Beer-lamberts law of a coloured compound (CuSO4).
5. Measurement of pH meter Preparation of buffer.
6. Light microscope and its parts Observation of unstained and stained cells.
7. Demonstration of a fixation, dehydration, sectored and stand of any animal tissue.
8. Demonstration of Carbohydrates, Proteins Lipids and nuclear acids in tissue sections.
9. Preparation of chick fibroblast culture and viability testing.

REFERENCE BOOKS :

1. Principles and Techniques in biochemistry and molecular biology - Wilson & Walkes
2. Culture of animal cells - Freshuay
3. Sharma V.K. (1991), Techniques in microscopy and cell Viology, Tata-Mc Craw Hil.
4. Robert Braun Introduction to instrumental analysis - Mc.Crew.Hil
5. Bisen & Mathw. Tools and Techniques in Life Sciences,- CBS Publishers & distributors.
6. Principles of Animal Cell Culture - Basant Kumar & Rinesh Kumar, Int.Bork 2008,XXII edn.

Prof. T. RAVINDER REDDY

Chairman
Board of Studies
Department of Zoology
KAKATIYA UNIVERSITY, WGL-506 009 (T.S)

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 Kakatiya University - Faculty of Science
M.Sc, Zoology, SEMESTER – I
Paper Code: 103
ANIMAL PHYSIOLOGY AND ETHOLOGY

Unit – I: Digestion and Respiration

1.1. Functional anatomy of digestive system.

1.2. Digestion and absorption. Neuroendocrine regulation of gastro – intestinal movements and
secretions.
1.3 Breathing movements and exchange of respiratory gases at the pulmonary surface. Respiratory
quotient Respiratory Pigments Transport of respiratory gases
1.4 Neural and hormonal control of breathing. Respiratory acidosis and alkalosis and regulation of
blood PH.

Unit –II: Circulation and Excretion

2.1. Cardiac physiology: physiology of heartbeat, Rhythmicity, and diseases associated with heart.
2.2. Components of blood and functional significance. Cascade of biochemical reactions (factors)
involving in blood coagulation.
2.3. Functional anatomy of mammalian kidney and its renal units. Physiology of urine formation.
The significance of Henley’s loop. Role of hormones in renal physiology.
2.4. Formation of nitrogenous excretory products NH 3, Urea & Uric acid.

Unit – III: Neuro – Muscular Physiology

3.1 Structure of neuron, Fundamentals of nerve impulse- resting potential, Action potential, role of
ion channels.
3.2 Types of synapses- electrical and chemical, gap junctions, ligand gated channels and the
Mechanism of synaptic transmission, cholinergic and adrenergic, Neuromuscular junction
3.3 Types of muscles: striated, non-striated and cardiac muscles. Ultra structure of striated muscle.
3.4 Muscle contraction – Muscle proteins, sliding filament theory, Energetics of muscle contraction.

Unit – IV: Ethology

4.1 Definition of ethology. Introduction and History of ethology. Ethology Vs behaviourism. Instinct
Vs Learning.
4.2 Evolution of communication: Dance language of honeybees, pheromones, and aggression.
4.3 Foraging and Predation. Defensive secretions in Insect.
4.4 Social behavior in Insects.

Prof. T. RAVINDER REDDY

Chairman
Board of Studies
Department of Zoology
KAKATIYA UNIVERSITY, WGL-506 009 (T.S)

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PRACTICALS:

1. Action of pepsin in digestion of proteins.

2. Estimation of salivary amylase activity.
3. Estimation of lipase activity.
4. Oxygen consumption d estimation in an aquatic or terrestrial animal.
5. Demonstration of fermentation.
6. Action of insulin on blood sugar level.
7. Experiments on urine analysis in human urine sample:
a) Test for urea, blood cells, bile salts, albumin, ketone bodies and sugar in human urine sample.
8. Determination of cell fragility by osmotic hemolysis experiment.
9. Identification of relation between temperature and heart beat in freshwater mussel.
10. Water and ionic regulation of freshwater animal in different osmotic media.
11. The Study of changes in the earthworm’s responsiveness to the stimulus of touch.
12. Observation of an earthworm’s responses in the cases of repeated stimulation and dual
stimulation.
13. Observation of the response of invertebrates to different lighting conditions.

REFERENCE BOOKS :

1. Animal Physiology ----- Samson & Writy

2. Animal Physiology ----- Nelsion & Nelsion
3. Animal Physiology ----- Medical Physiology-Guiton
4. Text book of Animal Physiology ----- Nagbhushenen
5. Text book of Animal Physiology ----- Guize
6. Text book of Animal Physiology ----- A.K. Berry.

Prof. T. RAVINDER REDDY

Chairman
Board of Studies
Department of Zoology
KAKATIYA UNIVERSITY, WGL-506 009 (T.S)

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 Kakatiya University - Faculty of Science
M.Sc, Zoology, SEMESTER – I
Paper Code: 104
GENETICS AND EVOLUTION

Unit I: Genetics
1.1 Interaction of Genes- epistasis, genes and environment, Lethality, Meiotic drive, pleiotropism,
polygenic inheritance, Extra chromosomal inheritance
1.2 Linkage and Crossing Over - coupling, testcross, linkage maps, recombination,cytological
basis for crossing-over
1.3 Chromosomal aberrations- Structural and numerical changes
1.4 Gene mutations – in drosophila and man.

Unit II: Population Genetics

2.1 Genetic structure of populations –Gene pool, Genotype Frequency, Allelic frequency, kinds of
selection, Fisher’s theorem, genetic variability, canalization, genetic load, genetic death.
2.2 Gene Frequency and Genetic Equilibrium – Hardy Weinberg Law, conservation of gene
frequency co-dominance and dominance in natural populations.
2.3 Changes in gene frequency - mutation, fitness, genetic drift, migration, selection, heterozygous
advantage, inbreeding depression.
2.4 Genetic variation in natural populations- Protein level and DNA level

Unit III: Molecular Evolution

3.1 Molecular phylogeny- Immunological techniques, amino acid sequences, nucleic acid
phylogeny.
3.2 Patterns and modes of substitution- (Nucleotide substitutions, Evolutionary rate, molecular
clock.
3.3 Phylogenetic trees, construction method, Multigene families, phylogenetic gradualism,
punctuated equilibrium, phylogenetic classification, phenetics, cladistics.
3.4 Induced Changes in genetic material- ionizing and UV radiation, chemical mutagens, Oxygen
and environmental effects, DNA repair, induced mutations in humans.

Unit IV: Concepts of Evolution

4.1 Lamarckism, Neo Lamarckism, Darwinism, Neo Darwinism, Natural Selection.

4.2 Modes of speciation, Isolating Mechanism.
4.3 Origin of unicellular and multicellular organisms, plants and animals
4.4 Primate and human evolution, Eugenics, Evolution by genetic engineering

Prof. T. RAVINDER REDDY

Chairman
Board of Studies
Department of Zoology
KAKATIYA UNIVERSITY, WGL-506 009 (T.S)

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PRACTICALS:

1. Problems based on multiple alleles – Blood groups

2. Problems based on Mendel’s Laws – monohybrid and dihybrid ratios
3. Problems based on gene frequency – Hardy Weinberg Law
4. Karyotype studies
5. Haemoglobin variations
6. Insulin variations
7. Collection of termites to observe variants

REFERENCE BOOKS:

1. Genetics by Monroe W Strickberger

2. Evolution by Monroe W Strickberger
3. Genetics by Peter J Russell
4. Evolution by Dobzhansky, Ayala, Stebbins, Valentine
5. Genetics by P.K.Gupta
6. Human molecular Genetics by Tom Strachan and Andrew Rea

Prof. T. RAVINDER REDDY

Chairman
Board of Studies
Department of Zoology
KAKATIYA UNIVERSITY, WGL-506 009 (T.S)

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 Kakatiya University - Faculty of Science
M.Sc, Zoology, SEMESTER – II
Paper Code: 201
STRUCTURE AND FUNCTIONS OF VERTEBRATES

Unit – I: Chordates, Proto chordates and Vertebrate Integument

1.1 Characters and Classification of proto-chordata, significance of protochordates in the evolution.

1.2 Origin of chordates and classification
1.3 Vertebrate integument, development, structure of skin in vertebrates.
1.4 Derivatives of Integument glands, scales, horns, claws, hoofs, feathers & hair.

Unit – II: Skeletal and Digestive system

2.1 Comparative account of jaw suspension

2.2 Comparative account of vertebral column
2.3 Comparative account of girdles and limbs.
2.4 Anatomy of gut in relation of to feeding habits- herbivores, carnivores and omnivores.

Unit – III: Circulation and respiration

3.1 Evolution of heart

3.2 Evolution of aortic arches and portal system
3.3 Respiratory organs in fishes and amphibians
3.4 Air sacs in birds

Unit – IV: Nervous and Urino-genital systems

4.1 Comparative anatomy of brain in relation to its function

4.2 Nerves - cranial, peripheral and Autonomous nervous system
4.3 Sense organs, simple receptors, organs of olfaction and taste, Lateral line system and Electric
organs
4.4 Evolution of Urino-genital system in vertebrate series.

Prof. T. RAVINDER REDDY

Chairman
Board of Studies
Department of Zoology
KAKATIYA UNIVERSITY, WGL-506 009 (T.S)

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PRACTICALS :

1. Cranial Nerves of Labeo (5th and 7th and 9th and 10th weberian oscicles)
2. Dissection demonstration of Brain and Heart of Fish, Calotes, Chick and Rat
3. Demonstration of flight muscles and Air Sacs in Birds.
4. Demonstration Vascular and urinogenetal system of Rat.
5. Collect 10 vertebrates and submit in the examinations
6. Museum specimens (from each Class not less than 15 specimens).
7. Slides related to vertebrate parts.
8. Mounting of Amphioxus, Doliolum and Scales of fishes.
9. Sketelation System (Vertebra , limbs, Girdles)

REFERENCE BOOKS :

1 Vertebrate Zoology ------- EL Jordan; P.S. Verma

2 A Text Book of Zoology Vol.II ------ P.S. Dhami; Jk.Dhami.
3 A Text Book of Vertbrate zoology ----- R.L.Kotpal.
4` Biology of Animals --- Cleveland P. Hickman JR Larryds. Roberts.

Prof. T. RAVINDER REDDY

Chairman
Board of Studies
Department of Zoology
KAKATIYA UNIVERSITY, WGL-506 009 (T.S)

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 Kakatiya University - Faculty of Science
M.Sc, Zoology, SEMESTER – II
Paper Code: 202
ENVIRONMENTAL BIOLOGY

Unit – I: Fundamental of the Ecosystem

1.1. Structure and functions of the Ecosystem – abiotic and abiotic interactions, energy flow,
cycling of nutrients in ecosystems (biogeochemical cycles, N C P).
1.2. Major types ecosystems – aquatic (lentic and lotic ecosystems), terrestrial ecosystems
(forest, grass land, desert ecosystems).
1.3. Primary production and decomposition ).
1.4. Population and ecology: characteristics of a population. population growth curves population
regulation.Nature of communities; Community structure and attributes, levels of species
diversity edges ecology.

Unit – II: Environmental Pollution and Management

2.1. Environmental Pollution –- Water and Soil Pollution – sources of pollutions, effects and
control measures of pollutions.
2.2 Global Environmental Problems – Global Climate Change and biodiversity; status; major
drivers of biodiversity change; biodiversity change; biodiversity management approaches.
2.3 Environmental Laws related to water, air, and soil. Natural resources and their management –
renewable and Non-renewable resources.
2.4 Conservation biology : principles of conservation; major approaches of management, case
studies on conservation /management strategy (Tiger projects)

UNIT – III: Ecotoxicology

3.1. Classification of toxins, Assessment of toxicity – Acute and chronic toxicity, LC50 and
LD50 assessment, dose response relationship for toxicity assessment
3.2. Molecular mechanism of toxicant action.
3.3. Biomagnifications – Bioaccumulation of toxic use and risk assessment.
3.4. Impact of pollution on bioindicator species,

Unit – IV: Waste Treatment Technology

4.1. Sewage and waste water treatment – Aerobic and anaerobic treatment technologies
4.2. Sources and causes of solid waste and treatment of solid waste.
4.3. Bioremediation – advantages and disadvantages, In-situ and ex-situ bioremediation of
contaminated soils.
4.4 Vermin technology use in waste treatment.

Prof. T. RAVINDER REDDY

Chairman
Board of Studies
Department of Zoology
KAKATIYA UNIVERSITY, WGL-506 009 (T.S)

16 | P a g e
PRACTICALS :

1. Collection and identification of animal Biodiversity of selected ecosystem.

2. Physico-chemical analysis of soil pH, soil moisture soil , temperature, humidity estimation
soil, soil organic matter.
3. Air Monitoring – Particulate Matter.
4. Water Monitoring - five important parameters from drinking water. 1) Dissolved Oxygen 2)
Biological Oxygen demand (B O D) 3) Chemical Oxygen demand 4) Chlorides 5) salinity.
5. Bio remediation of waste water using soil micro organisms.
6. Bioconversion of municipal waste by vermi-composting.
7. Collection, preservation and estimation of Zooplankton.
8. Mapping of national parks and wild life sanctuaries in India with a note of important wild life
fauna.
9. Estimation of LC50 or LD50 of an organo phosphorous pesticide.
10. Determination of pesticide residues in soil or water.

REFERENCE BOOKS:

1. Fundamental of Ecology. E.p.odum, G W Barrett.

2. Environmental Science . Willam .P.Cunninsham Barbora woodworth saigo.
3. The use of Earthworms in waste disposal by . Edward, C.A.
4. Introduction to Environmental Engineering & Science Gilbert M. Masters.
5. Essential of Ecology by colin R. Townsend Michael Begon John.L.Harper.
6. Environmental Biology -- A.G.Agarwal.
7. Environmental Science by G.Tyler Miller.
8. Toxicology -- Y.K.Lahir.

Prof. T. RAVINDER REDDY

Chairman
Board of Studies
Department of Zoology
KAKATIYA UNIVERSITY, WGL-506 009 (T.S)

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 Kakatiya University - Faculty of Science
M.Sc, Zoology, SEMESTER – II
Paper Code: 203
BIOCHEMISTRY

Unit- I: Biomolecules :

1.1. Carbohydrates – Monosacharides, disacharides and polysaccharides

1.2 Proteins- Classification and structure, Amino acids classification and general characters.
1.3 Lipids- classification and functions of lipids and fatty acids
1.4 Nucleic acids – purines, pyrimidines, nucleotides, structure of DNA & RNA and types of
RNA, Biosynthesis and degradation of purines and pyrimidines

Unit- II: Enzymes:

2.1. Nomenclature and classification of enzymes, vitamins as co-enzymes.

2.2. Enzyme Kinetics – Michales –Menten equation. Determination of Vmax and Km, Factors
affecting the enzyme activity
2.3. Enzyme inhibition – Competitive & non-competitive
2.4. Mechanism of enzyme action – active sites, Chymotrypsin as a model, Regulation of
enzyme activity, allosteric enzymes, PFK, ATC (Phosphofructokinase /Aspartate trans
carbamylase)

Unit-III: Bioenergetics:

3.1. Basic Principles of thermodynamics free energy, Enthalpy and Entropy

3.2 Redox Potential and electron transport
3.3. ATP- Production (Chemiosmotic model), high energy phosphates
3.4. Coupled reactions

Unit-IV: Metabolism :

4.1. Carbohydrate metabolism,- Glycolysis, Krebs cycle, pentose Phosphate pathway,

Glycogenesis, Glycogenolysis, Gluconeogenesis, hexomonophosphate shunt,
4.2 .Protein metabolism – Transamination and deamination, incorporation of amino acids into
TCA cycle, integration between urea cycle and TCA cycle.
4.3. Lipid metabolism – fatty acid oxidation and biosynthesis, ketone bodies
4.4 Metabolic defects of carbohydrate and amino acid metabolism.

Prof. T. RAVINDER REDDY

Chairman
Board of Studies
Department of Zoology
KAKATIYA UNIVERSITY, WGL-506 009 (T.S)

18 | P a g e
PRACTICALS:

1. Estimation of muscle and liver glycogen

2. Estimation of protein by Biuret and Lowry methods
3. Estimation of amino acid by Ninhydrin method
4. Estimation of serum total cholesterol
5. Estimation of vitamin – C by 2,6- dichlorophenol indophenols method
6. Estimation of Ammonia (nesslerisation method) and uric acid
7. The effect of Ph and temperature (α-amylase) activity
8. The effect of concentration of enzyme (trypsin) activity

REFERENCE BOOKS:

1. Principles of biochemistry, by Lehninger

2. Biochemistry , by Donald Voet and Judith Voet.
3. Biochemistry , by Harper.
4. Biochemistry . Jeremy M.Berg, JohnL.Tymovzko, Lubert Stryer

Prof. T. RAVINDER REDDY

Chairman
Board of Studies
Department of Zoology
KAKATIYA UNIVERSITY, WGL-506 009 (T.S)

19 | P a g e
 Kakatiya University - Faculty of Science
M.Sc, Zoology, SEMESTER – II
Paper Code: 204
BIOSTATISTICS AND COMPUTER APPLICATIONS

Unit – I: Biostatistics

1.1. Introduction to Biostatistics – Definition, Terms, Applications and Role of biostatistics in

modern research.
1.2. Measures of Central Tendency (Mean, Median and Mode) and Dispersion (Standard Deviation),
Student’s t-Test, Chi-square test.
1.3 Correlation, Linear Regression and Logistic Regression.
1.4 Analysis of Variance – Types of ANOVA and classes of ANOVA models.

Unit – II: Basics of Computers

2.1. Basic components of computers – Hardware (CPU, input, output storage devices), Software
(operating systems).
2.2. Introduction to MS EXCEL – use of worksheet to enter data, edit data, copy data, move data
and Graphical tools in EXCEL for presentation of data.
2.3. MS – WORD – editing, copying, moving, formatting, table insertion, drawing flow charts
etc.,
2.4. Introduction to Power Point, image, data handling and Graphical tools in PPT for
Presentation.

Unit – III: Internet Basics

3.1. Introduction to Internet – Basics and Applications of Internet, Internet working Internet
access.
3.2. Understanding the World Wide Web (WWW).
3.3 Searching Tools – World Search Engines, Search Directories and Encyclopedias.
3.4. Online safety – spywares and viruses.

Unit – IV: Bioinformatics

4.1. Introduction, scope and applications of bioinformatics.

4.2. Biological databases – Protein and DNA sequences data bases; importance.
4.3. Genomics & Proteomics – Definitions, Pharmacogenomics, taxicogenomics, human
genomics, prokaryotic and eukaryotic genomes and genome relationships.
4.4 Computational Biology – Multiple Sequence Analysis and Phylogenetic alignment.

Prof. T. RAVINDER REDDY

Chairman
Board of Studies
Department of Zoology
KAKATIYA UNIVERSITY, WGL-506 009 (T.S)

20 | P a g e
PRACTICALS:
(a ) Statistics

1. Problems on Mean and Median.

2. Problems on Standard Deviation.
3. Problems related to X2 test, Student T Test . And Probuality
4. Problems on Correlation.
(b) Computers
1. Literature collection using INTERNET, search engines, websites, browsing and downloading for
scientific investigation.
2. Creating an e-mail account, sending and receiving mails.
3. Application of excel sheet for data processing.
4. Preparation of power point presentation with software.
5. Representation of statistical data by Histograms and Pie diagrams.

(c) Bioinformatics
1. Study of Internet resources in Bioinformatics. E.g. NCBI and EMBL.
2. Searches on MEDLINE and PubMed bibliographic databases.
3. Multiple Sequence Alignment.
4. Construction of Phylogenetic Trees for DNA and Proteins.
5. Sequence Retrieval from Databases.
6. Building of Molecules.
7. BLAST, FASTA programs for sequence database search.

REFERENCE BOOKS:
1. Statistical methods, Snedecor, G.W. and W.G. Cochran, Iowa State Univ. Press Biometry by W.
H. Freeman and Francisco
2. Fundamentals of Biometry by L.N. Balaram (1980)
3. Biostatistics by N. Gurumani
4. Biostatistics-Arora and Malhan
5. Biostatistics- Jasraj and Gurudeep Raj
6. Biostatistics- P. Ramkrishan
7. Methods in Biostatistics-Mahajan
8. Mount W. 2004. Bioinformatics and sequence genome analysis 2nd Editon CBS Pub.
New Delhi.
9. Bergman, N. H. Comparative Genomics. Humana Press Inc. Part of Springer
Science+BusinessMedia, 2007.
10. Baxevanis, A. D. Ouellate, B. F. F. 2009. Bioinformatics: A Practical Guide to the
analysis of genes and proteins. John-Wiley and Sons Publications, New York.
11. Campbell A. M. and Heyer, L. J. 2007. Discovering Genomics, Proteomics and Bioinformatics,
2nd Edition. Benjamin Cummings.

Prof. T. RAVINDER REDDY

Chairman
Board of Studies
Department of Zoology
KAKATIYA UNIVERSITY, WGL-506 009 (T.S)

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 SECOND YEAR – ZOOLOGY

SEMESTER – III
AND
SEMESTER - IV

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 Kakatiya University - Faculty of Science
M.Sc, Zoology, SEMESTER – III
Paper Code: 301
MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

UNIT- I: Molecular genetics

1.1. Concept of gene, genome, C value paradox, organization of prokaryotic and eukaryotic
gene, non-coding DNA, transposons; organelle DNA, viral DNA
1.2. Genes and enzymes (one gene one enzyme hypothesis)
1.3. DNA Replication (in prokaryotes and eukaryotes), repair and recombination
1.4. Genome of prokaryotes, vertebrates and human.

UNIT- II: Transcription and Regulation

2.1.Types of RNA, secondary and tertiary, structure and function

2.2.Transcription in prokaryotes, eukaryotes, RNA polymerases
2.3. Post transcriptional modifications-RNA splicing and processing (5’ capping, Poly A
adenylation), mRNA editing, inhibitors of transcription, reverse transcription, Mitochondrial
translation.
2.4. Regulation of gene expression( Operon, arabinose, tryptophan models)

UNIT- III: Translation and Regulation

3.1.Ribosome structure, Genetic code (codon anticodon recognition, wobble hypothesis,

mutations)
3.2.Polypeptide synthesis (initiation, elongation, termination), control of eukaryotic translation,
Effect of antibiotics on protein synthesis
3.3.Post translational modifications, protein folding, protein sorting
3.4.Mitochondrial translation, proteomics and proteomic analysis

UNIT- IV: Molecular techniques

4.1. Isolation and purification of RNA, DNA (genomic and plasmid) and proteins; their analysis
by one and two dimensional gel electrophoresis, isoelectro focusing gels.
4.2. Blotting techniques – Southern (DNA), Northern (RNA), Dot blotting and Western
(proteins).
4.3. Protein and DNA sequencing methods, strategies of genome sequencing, microarrays
4.4. DNA fingerprinting, PCR principle, DNA polymerases RFLP, RAPD and AFLP techniques

Prof. T. RAVINDER REDDY

Chairman
Board of Studies
Department of Zoology
KAKATIYA UNIVERSITY, WGL-506 009 (T.S)

23 | P a g e
PRACTICALS :

1. Isolation of DNA from goat spleen

2. Estimation of DNA (diphenyl method)
3. Estimation of RNA (Orcinol method)
4. UV absorption spectra of native and denatured DNA
5. Agarose gel Electrophoresis of DNA
6. DNA amplification by PCR
7. Gel Documentation

REFERENCE BOOKS:

1. Molecular Cell Biology by Lodish et al

2. Molecular Cell Biology by Alberts et al
3. Principles of Biochemistry by Lehninger
4. The Cell by Geoffrey Cooper
5. Genetics , A molecular approach by Peter J Russell
6. Biochemistry by Voet and Voet
7. Principles of Genetics by Tamarin
8. GENES VIII by Lewin
9. Biochemistry by U.Satyanarayana and U Chakrapani

Prof. T. RAVINDER REDDY

Chairman
Board of Studies
Department of Zoology
KAKATIYA UNIVERSITY, WGL-506 009 (T.S)

24 | P a g e
 Kakatiya University - Faculty of Science
M.Sc, Zoology, SEMESTER – III
Paper Code: 302
IMMUNOLOGY

UNIT-I: INTRODUCTION TO IMMUNE SYSTEM

1.1 Cells and tissues of the immune system.

1.2 Innate and acquired immunity.
1.3 Antibody – Structure, types and functions; Primary and Secondary Ab responses.
1.4 Antigen – Antibody reaction – Epitopes and Haptens.

UNIT-II: MATURATION ACTIVATION AND REGULATION OF LYMPHOCYTES

2.1 T-cell maturation and differentiation.

2.2 T-cell molecular components and structure.
2.3 TH -cell activation mechanism. Cell death and T-cell requlation of immune responce.
2.4 B-cell receptors B-cell generation, activation, differentiation and proliferation.

UNIT-III: EFFECTOR MECHANISM AND REGULATION OF IMMUNE RESPONSE

3.1 Structure of MHC molecules – Class -I and Class-II MHC in mouse and HLA system in
human.
3.2 Structure and functions of cytokines.
3.3 Cytokine receptors and signaling.
3.4 Components of Innate Immune system. NK cells mechanism and action.

UNIT-IV: IMMUNITY IN DEFENCE AND DISEASE

4.1 Immunity defense againest Bacteria, Viruses, Fungi and Parasites.

4.2 Bone marrow Transplantation Immunology. Mechanism of Allograft rejection Graft -Versus-
Host Disease.
4.3 General features of Tumour Immunity. Tumour antigens. Immune responses to Tumours.
4.4 Hyper sensitivity, AutoImmunity and Aquired Immuno Deficiency disease

Prof. T. RAVINDER REDDY

Chairman
Board of Studies
Department of Zoology
KAKATIYA UNIVERSITY, WGL-506 009 (T.S)

25 | P a g e
PRACTICALS:

1. Agglutination Reaction:
a) Tube Agglutination Reaction
b) Slide Agglutination Reaction
c) Indirect Agglutination Inhibition Reaction
2. Precipitation Reaction
a) Double Diffusion Reaction
b) Single Diffusion Reaction
3. Erythrocyte Rosette-forming Cell Test.
4. Separation of Lymphocytes
5. Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay
6. Measurement of Phagocytosis by Phagocytes
7. Demonstration of Immunoectrophoresis
8. Neutralization and complement fixation
9. Collection of macrophages and their characterization
10. Identification of histological slides of lymphoid tissue - Spleen, thymus, lymphnode and
bone marrow

REFERENCE BOOKS:

1. Abul K. Abbas – Call And Molecular Immunulogy

2. Kuby. Immunology, W.H Freeman,USA
3. W.Pual,Fundamentals of immunology.
4. I.M. Roitt , Essential immunology, ELBS Edition.

Prof. T. RAVINDER REDDY

Chairman
Board of Studies
Department of Zoology
KAKATIYA UNIVERSITY, WGL-506 009 (T.S)

26 | P a g e
 Kakatiya University - Faculty of Science
M.Sc, Zoology, SEMESTER – III
Paper Code: 303
Subject Elective – I:
PARASITOLOGY

Unit-I: Introduction to Parasites

1.1 Introduction to parasites of man, scope and definition of parasites/parasitology

1.2 Animal Association, Types of Parasites and Hosts
1.3 Interrelationship between Host and Parasites responses and hosts to parasitic infection
1.4 Mode of transmission of parasite, Host specificity and parasitic adaptation

Unit-II: Protozoa and Cestoda

Classification, Geographical distribution, Morphology, Life-cycle, Transmission, Pathogenecity,

Treatment and Prophylaxis of:
2.1 Protozoan parasites: Entamoeba Sps, Trypanosoma Sps., Leishmania Sps.
2.2 Intestinal flagellates Giardia Sps, Trichomonus Sps
2.3 Cestodes: Taenia Sps, Diphilabothrium Sps.
2.4 Classification of Parasitic Protozoans and parasitic cestodes

Unit-III: Trematoda and Nematoda

Classification, Geographical distribution, Morphology, Life-cycle, Transmission, Pathogenecity,

Treatment and Prophylaxis of:
3.1 Trematodes: Schistosomo Sps, Faciola Sps, Echinococcus Sps.
3.2 Nematodes: Wuchereria Sps, Ancylostoma Sps, Dracunculus Sps.
3.3 Plant & Soil nematodes: Cyst nematode, citrus nematode
3.4 Biodiversity & Taxonomic overview of Helminth Parasites

Unit-IV: Immunology, Genetics & Molecular Biology of Parasites

4.1 Trypanosoma: Diploid & Sexual stage, Molecular characteristics of surface coat, Variable
surface glycoprotein (VSG) and VSG gene expression.
4.2 Plasmodium: Diploid & haploid stages, Chromosome polymorphism, gene encoding Circum
sporozoite protein & merozoites S- antigens, surface antigen diversity. Resistance of Malaria
to drugs, its mechanism & assessment.
4.3 Platyhelminthes: Inseminative behaviour, parthenogenesis and polyspermy, sex
determination, sex linked inheritance in Schistosomes.
4.4 Nematoda: chromosome germ line limited DNA & chromatin diminution in Ascaris.

Prof. T. RAVINDER REDDY

Chairman
Board of Studies
Department of Zoology
KAKATIYA UNIVERSITY, WGL-506 009 (T.S)

27 | P a g e
PRACTICALS:

1. Study of prepared slides and museum specimens of selected parasites of representative

groups of protozoans, helminths and arthropods
2. Smear preparation for protozoa
3. Study of life cycle, role as vector & control measures of:
a) Ticks (Argas, Boophilus)
b) Mosquito - anyone from- Anopheles/ Aedes/ Culex
c) Any two flies: Tabanus/ Phlebotomus/ Sarcophaga. Cyclops
4. Ectoparasites & Endoparasites of wild rat, cattle, dog, chick & human including
stages in excreta.
5. Culturing insect parasitic nematode, and chasing the lifecycle of the nematode on the insect
host.
6. Preparation of whole mounts for helminthes
7. Collection of Parasites from digestive tract of Cockroach/gut / parasites of hen and their
identification and preservation.
8. Spotters based on theory.

REFERENCE BOOKS:

1. Comparative protozoology, Ecology, Physiology, Life history, Anderson, O.R. , Springer

verlag, Berlin.
2. General Parasitology, Cheng T. C., Academic Press.
3. Modem Parasitology, Cox F.E.G.,Eds.Parasitology in focus, facts & trends, Melhorn h.,
Eds., Spriger Verlag, Beriin.
4. Medical Parasitology, Piakarsky G. L., Springer Verlag, Berlin.
5. Modern Parasitology, Cellular immunological & immunological aspects, Wyler D. J., Eds.,
W. H. Freeman, NY
6. Helminths, Arthropods and Protozoa of domesticated animals. ELBS and Bailliere Tindall.
London. Soulsby, E. J. L. (1982).
7. A Text book of Parasitology, Bombay popular prakashan – by S.S. Kelkar and Rohini S.
Kelkar.
8. Parasitology – by Chandler and Chands
9. Parasitology, Medical Pulisher Calcutta, 1987. K.D. Chaterjee.
10. Parasitology – By Ramnik sood, C.B.S. Publisher, New Delhi – 1993.

Prof. T. RAVINDER REDDY

Chairman
Board of Studies
Department of Zoology
KAKATIYA UNIVERSITY, WGL-506 009 (T.S)

28 | P a g e
 Kakatiya University - Faculty of Science
M.Sc, Zoology, SEMESTER – III
Paper Code: 303
Subject Elective – II:
CLINICAL SCIENCE
Unit-I: Introduction to Clinical Research

1.1 Introduction to Clinical research; Terminology and definition in clinical research; Origin and
History of Clinical research.
1.2 Difference between Clinical research and Clinical Practice; Types of Clinical research;
Phases of Clinical research.
1.3 Clinical trials in India – The national perspective; Clinical trial market; Career in clinical
research
1.4 Pharmaceutical Industry-Global and Indian Perspective; Post marketing surveillance.

Unit-II: Ethics and Guidelines in Clinical Research

2.1 Historical guidelines in Clinical Research - Nuremberg code, Declaration of Helsinki,
Belmont report
2.2 International Conference on Harmonization (ICH) - Brief history of ICH, Structure of ICH,
ICH Harmonization Process
2.3 Guidelines for Good Clinical Practice (GCP) - The Principles of ICH GCP, Institutional
Review Board / Independent Ethics Committee, Clinical Trial Protocol and Protocol
Amendment(S)
2.4 Regulation in Clinical Research – Introduction of Clinical trial regulation; Food and Drug
administration (FDA); Drug and cosmetic act.

Unit-III: Clinical Pharmacology and Drug Development

3.1 Introduction to pharmacology; concept of essential drugs; Routes of drug administration
3.2 Introduction to Drug discovery and development; Hurdles in Drug Development; Sources of
Drugs
3.3 Approaches to drug discovery; Evolutionary classification of the strategies for drug
discovery
3.4 Preclinical testing; Clinical trials; Emerging technologies in Drug discovery
Unit-IV: Clinical Trial Management

4.1 Project Management; Protocol in clinical research; Quality assurance & Clinical data
management.
4.2 Informed consent; Case report form; Investigator’s Brochure (IB).
4.3 Ethical and regulatory submission; Roles and Responsibilities of Clinical research
professionals.
4.4 Retention of Clinical trial subjects; Monitoring visits; Documentation of clinical trials
4.5

Prof. T. RAVINDER REDDY

Chairman
Board of Studies
Department of Zoology
KAKATIYA UNIVERSITY, WGL-506 009 (T.S)

29 | P a g e
 Kakatiya University - Faculty of Science
M.Sc, Zoology, SEMESTER – III
Paper Code: 304
Subject Elective – III
ENDOCRINOLOGY & REPRODUCTIVE BIOLOGY

UNIT-I : Endocrine Glands

1.1 Endocrine glands, their hormones and classification of hormones

1.2 Bio synthesis, storage and mechanism of hormonal action.
1.3 Hormonal receptors and mechanism of hormonal action.
1.4 Hormonal regulation of Carbohydrates, Lipids and endocrine disruptors.

UNIT-II : Reproduction

2.1 Spermatogenesis and its hormonal regulation.

2.2 Accessory reproductive organs (glands) and semen composition.
2.3 Sexual cycles , oogenesis and their hormonal regulation.
2.4 Fertilization , inplantation ,gastrulation, Parturition, lactation and structure and function of
mammary glands.

UNIT – III : Reproductive Biotechnology

3.1 Assisted reproductive techniques and teratogenesis

3.2 Transgenic animals and gene knock outs.
3.3 Sexually transmitted diseases, symptoms pathogenesis and prevention.
3.4 Ageing and reproduction.

UNIT –IV : Designing experiments for the study of breeding and fertility

4.1 Care and breeding techniques of laboratory animal (rats & rabbits)
4.2 Surgical techniques in the study of mammalian reproduction.
4.3 Techniques in radio-immunoassay, enzyme immunoassay and radio receptor assay.
4.4 Use of monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies in the study of reproduction.

Prof. T. RAVINDER REDDY

Chairman
Board of Studies
Department of Zoology
KAKATIYA UNIVERSITY, WGL-506 009 (T.S)

30 | P a g e
PRACTICALS:

1. Histological slides pertaining to endocrine glands.

2. Alloxan diabetes induction and insulinization study by blood glucose and liver glycogen
estimation.
3. Effect of thyroids and anti-thyroidal agents on O2 Consumption in the rat./ crab
4. Effect of oxytocin on uterine contractility.
5. Estrogen bioassay using immature female rats / mice.
6. Study of male and female reproductive systems in some reproductive animals.
7. Histology of ovary and testes.
8. Study of estrus cycle (Rat).
9. Diagnosis of pregnancy by the presence of HCG in urine (Acheim Zondek test)
10. Sperm morphology, motility, count and effect of some antifertility agents.
11. Models pertaining to ART(Assisted reproductive techniques), Transgenic techniques. STDs
contraception, teratogenesis.
12. Visit to Veterinary Institutes to learn breeding techniques.
REFERENCE BOOKS :
1. E.J.W. Barington , General and comparative Endocrinology.
2. P.J.Bentley , Comparative Vertebrate Endocrinology.
3. R.H. Williams, Text book of Endocrinology.
4. A.Gorbman et.al., Comparative Endocrinology.
5. Austen,C.R. and Short R.V. Reproduction
6. R.G.Edwards, Human Reproduction
7. E. Knobil and J.D Neill,The physiology of Reproduction volume I & II
8. E.S.E .Hafeez, Reproduction and breeding techniques for laboratory animals
9. Vander and Sherman, Human Physiology.
10. Kamini A.Rao, The infertility manual
11. A.V.Nalbondov, Reproduction Physiology.
12. K.Murray and K. Granner, Harper Biochemistry
13. J.Farris and John Griffith, The rat in laboratory investigation.
14. R.Mathur and S.Shukla ,Reproductive Biology.
15. B.P.Setchell, The mammalian testis.
16. S.F.Gilbert, Developmental Biology.
17. Vinod K. Sharma., Sexually Transmitted Diseases and ADIS
18. Gayathri Prakash, Reproductive Biology.

Prof. T. RAVINDER REDDY

Chairman
Board of Studies
Department of Zoology
KAKATIYA UNIVERSITY, WGL-506 009 (T.S)

31 | P a g e
 Kakatiya University - Faculty of Science
M.Sc, Zoology, SEMESTER – III
Paper Code: 304
Subject Elective – IV
BIOINFORMATICS

Unit-I: Introduction to Bioinformatics

1.1 Scope of bioinformatics - history, scope of bioinformatics in research, business and

employment opportunities.
1.2 Human genome project and online Mendelian inheritance in man (OMIM).
1.3 Bioinformatics in India- current status and future implication.
1.4 Bioinformatics and its relation with molecular biology. Examples of related
Tools (FASTA, BLAST, BLAT, RASMOL), databases(GENBANK, Pubmed, PDB ) and
software(RASMOL,Ligand Explorer).
Unit II : Biological Database and its Types

2.1 Introduction to data types and Source. Population and sample.

2.2 Classification and Presentation of Data. Quality of data, private and public data sources.
2.3 General Introduction of Biological Databases; Nucleic acid databases (NCBI, DDBJ, and
EMBL). Protein databases (Primary, Composite, and Secondary).
2.4 Specialized Genome databases: (SGD, TIGR, and ACeDB). Structure databases (CATH,
SCOP, and PDBsum)

Unit-III: Data Storage and retrieval

3.1 Flat files, relational, object oriented databases and controlled vocabularies. File Format
(Genbank, DDBJ, FASTA, PDB, SwissProt).
3.2 Introduction to Metadata and search; Indices, Boolean, Fuzzy, Neighboring search.
3.3 The challenges of data exchange and integration. Ontologies, interchange languages and
standardization efforts.
3.4 General Introduction to XML, UMLS, CORBA, PYTHON and OMG/LIFESCIENCE.

Unit IV : Sequence Alignments and Visualization

4.1 Introduction to Sequences, alignments and Dynamic Programming.

4.2 Local alignment and Global alignment (algorithm and example).
4.3 Pairwise alignment (BLAST and FASTA Algorithm) and multiple sequence alignment
(Clustal W algorithm).
4.4 Methods for presenting large quantities of biological data: sequence viewers (Artemis,
SeqVISTA), 3D structure viewers (Rasmol, SPDBv, Chime, Cn3D, PyMol),

Prof. T. RAVINDER REDDY

Chairman
Board of Studies
Department of Zoology
KAKATIYA UNIVERSITY, WGL-506 009 (T.S)

32 | P a g e
Reference Books:

1. Mount W. 2004. Bioinformatics and sequence genome analysis 2nd Editon CBS Pub.
2. New Delhi.
3. Bergman, N. H. Comparative Genomics. Humana Press Inc. Part of Springer
4. Science+BusinessMedia, 2007.
5. Baxevanis, A. D. Ouellate, B. F. F. 2009. Bioinformatics: A Practical Guide to the
6. analysis of genes and proteins. John-Wiley and Sons Publications, New York.
7. Campbell A. M. and Heyer, L. J. 2007. Discovering Genomics, Proteomics and
8. Bioinformatics, 2nd Edition. Benjamin Cummings.
9. Des Higgins and Willie Taylor 2000. Bioinformatics: Sequence, structure and
10. databanks. Oxford University Press.
11. Rashidi H. H. and Buehler 2002. Bioinformatics Basics: Applications in Biological
12. Science and Medicine, CRC Press, London.
13. Gibas Cynthia and Jambeck P. 2001. Developing Bioinformatics Computer Skills:
14. Shroff Publishersand Distributors Pvt. Ltd. (O’Reilly), Mumbai
15.

Prof. T. RAVINDER REDDY

Chairman
Board of Studies
Department of Zoology
KAKATIYA UNIVERSITY, WGL-506 009 (T.S)

33 | P a g e
 Kakatiya University - Faculty of Science
M.Sc, Zoology, SEMESTER – IV
Paper Code: 401
CELL BIOLOGY

Unit-I: Introduction to cell biology and Biomembranes.

1.1. Discovery of cell, cell theory, prokaryotes and eukaryotes, evolution of eukaryotic cell.
1.2. Structural organization of virus, bacteria and eukaryotic cell- ultra structure of animal cell.
1.3 Biomembranes: chemical composition and molecular arrangement (lipid bilayer, membrane
proteins and carbohydrates), models of membranes(fluid mosaic).
1.4 Membrane Transport: Difffusion (simple and facilitated) and active transport (primary and
secondary), carrier proteins (uni, sym and antiporters), channel proteins(voltage and ligand
gated). Bulk transport-pino, phago and exocytosis. Receptor mediated endocytosis.

Unit-II: Intracellular Compartments and protein sorting

2.1. Synthesis of proteins on free and bound ribosomes, signals for protein sorting.
2.2. Nucleus: components, nuclear pore complex, organization of chromatin- nucleosomes,
chromosomes, export and import of proteins, Mitochondria structure & functions
2.3. Endoplasmic reticulum (types): signal peptide hypothesis, insertion of membrane proteins
and glycosylation
2.4. Golgi (cis and trans): secretory and lysosomal proteins. Glycosylation of proteins.

Unit III: Cell Signalling, cell interactions and cytoskeleton.

3.1. Cell surface receptors: G-protein linked receptors, signal transduction, second messengers,
receptor tyrosine kinases and intracellular receptors.
3.2. Cell junctions: tight junction, desmosome, hemidesmosome and gap junctions.
3.3. Cell adhesion molecules: cadherins, Immunoglobulin like molecules, integrins and selectins.
3.4. Cytoskeleton: Microtubules, microfilaments and their dynamics. Centrosome, cilia, flagella.
Mitotic apparatus and movement of chromosomes.

Unit IV: Cell cycle, apoptosis and cancer

4.1. Phases of cell cycle. Regulation of cell cycle: Discovery of MPF, cyclins and cyclin
dependent kinases, Check points- role of Rb and p53.
4.2. Cancer. Types and stages. Tumer suppressor genes and protooncogenes. Molecular basis of
cancer.
4.3. Apoptosis. Neurotrophic factors, caspases, Pathways of apoptosis.
4.4. cell senescence, telomerase

Prof. T. RAVINDER REDDY

Chairman
Board of Studies
Department of Zoology
KAKATIYA UNIVERSITY, WGL-506 009 (T.S)

34 | P a g e
PRACTICALS:

1. Observation of a Eukaryotic cell under higher microscope.

2. Preparation of mitotic chromosomes from roots tips.
3. Preparation of mitotic Chromosomes from testis of grasshopper.
4. Membrane fragility as a measure of osmotic tolerenance
5. Lysosome isolation in isotonic sucroses.
6. Isolation & determination of number of micrchondrice
7. Extraction of nuclear Chromate
8. Extraction of membrane lipids and observation of lipid bilayer formation

REFERENCE BOOKS:

1. Molecular all biology : Lodish, etal.

2. Molecular all biology : Bruce Alberts, etsl.
3. Cell Biology : DeRoberts.
4. Cell and molecular biology, :Gerad karp
5. Molecular cell biology : David Baltimoe.
6. Cell Biology :Sc Rostogi.

Prof. T. RAVINDER REDDY

Chairman
Board of Studies
Department of Zoology
KAKATIYA UNIVERSITY, WGL-506 009 (T.S)

35 | P a g e
 Kakatiya University - Faculty of Science
M.Sc, Zoology, SEMESTER – IV
Paper Code: 402
DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY

UNIT-I: Principles of Development in Biology

1.1 Introduction to Developmental Biology: The Stages of Animal Development, Embryonic

Homologies, Malformations and Teratology.
1.2 Developmental Patterns in Unicellular Protists and Metazoa.
1.3 The Developmental Mechanics of Cell Specification.
1.4 Determining the Function of Genes during Development.

UNIT-II: Early Embryonic Development

2.1 Introduction to Embryonic Development: Structure of Gametes, Recognition of Egg and

Sperm, Acrosomal Reaction.
2.2 The Early Development of Snails.
2.3 The genetics of axis specification in Drosophila.
2.4 Early Mammalian Development: Mammalian Anterior-Posterior Axis Formation, Dorsal-
Ventral and left-Right Axes in Mammals.

UNIT-III: Later Embryonic Development

3.1 Tetrapod limb Development.

3.2 Sex Determination approaches in Developmental Biology.
3.3 Metamorphosis, Regeneration and Aging.
3.4 The Development of Blood Cells: The Stem Cell concept, the pluripotential hematopoietic
stem cells, Blood and lymphocyte lineages, hematopoiesis.

UNIT-IV: Ramifications of Developmental Biology

4.1 Environmental regulation of animal development.

4.2 Hox Genes: Descent with Modification.
4.3 Homologous Pathways of Development.
4.4 Teratogenesis: Introduction, Principles and Taratogenic agents.

Prof. T. RAVINDER REDDY

Chairman
Board of Studies
Department of Zoology
KAKATIYA UNIVERSITY, WGL-506 009 (T.S)

36 | P a g e
PRACTICALS:

1. Observation of living Chick embryo.

2. Dissection and Morphology observation of the 4-14 somite chick embryo (24-34 hours).
3. Dissection and Morphology observation of the 24-38 somite chick embryo (48-85 hours).
4. Culture of Early chick embryo in vitro.
5. Mounting of 72 and 96 hours chick embryo.
6. Chorio-Allantoic Membrane Grafting.
7. Various patterns of Cleavage and development in freshwater Snail.
8. Larval Developmental stages of Drosophila.
9. Chromosome squash preparation from Drosophila larval salivary glands.
10. Patterns of regeneration in the Planarian/Regeneration in the Tail of Frog Tadpoles.

REFERENCE BOOKS:

1. Gilbert, S.F. Developmental Biology. 10th Edition, Sinauer Associated Inc., Massachusetts
2. Balinsky, B.I. Introduction to Embryology. Saunders, Philedelphia
3. Berril, N.J. and Karp, G. Development Biology. McGraw Hill, New York
4. Hamburger V and Hamilton HL. Handbook of chick developmental stages. Saunders Publications.
1965.
5. Berril, N.J. and Karp, G. Development Biology. McGraw Hill, New York
6. Embryology-An Introduction to Developmental Biology—Stanley Shostak
7. Muthukaruppan and Pitchappan. Animal development – a laboratory guide.CoSIP-ULP
Publicatiions, India. First Edition, 1979.

Prof. T. RAVINDER REDDY

Chairman
Board of Studies
Department of Zoology
KAKATIYA UNIVERSITY, WGL-506 009 (T.S)

37 | P a g e
 Kakatiya University - Faculty of Science
M.Sc, Zoology, SEMESTER – IV
Paper Code: 403
Subject Elective – I
FISHERIES AND AQUACULTURE

UNIT – I

1. Introduction, Definition, Scope, and Importance of Fisheries

2. Origin and Evolution of Teleosti Fishes.
3. Classification and general characters of Fishes up to Sub-class.
4. Taxonomic identification of Fresh Water fishes by the Morphometric Method.

UNIT – II

1. Origin and Classification of Fresh water bodies – Rivers,Lakes and Ponds.

2. Ecology of Lentic and Lotic water bodies.
3. Physico- Chemical (Temperature, Light, Hardness, pH, Chlorides, Dissolved Oxygen
Alkalinity and Acidity) and Biological characteristics of water bodies
4. Productivity of water bodies and its importance.

UNIT – III

1. Structure and Management of Culture ponds, types of Fish seed

2. Mono culture, Polyculture and Composite fish culture.
3. Integrated Aquaculture and its relevance.
4. Plankton and its significance in Aquaculture

UNIT – IV

1. Determination of Health Condition in Fishes and Ectoparasites of Fishes

2. Helminthes parasites of fishes and their pathogensity.
3. Protozoan diseases of fishes and their pathogenesity.
4. Bacterial and Fungal diseases of fishes and their pathogensity.

Prof. T. RAVINDER REDDY

Chairman
Board of Studies
Department of Zoology
KAKATIYA UNIVERSITY, WGL-506 009 (T.S)

38 | P a g e
PRACTICALS:
1. Visit to local Fresh water bodies to study their Ecology.
2. Collection, Identification and Screening of fish for Ecto and Endo parasites
3. Morphometric and Meristic data of Fishes (At least 3 types).
4. Estimation of Productivity of local Fresh water bodies.
5. Collection and preservation of Water and Soil from water bodies.
6. Collection, Preservation and Identification of plankton.
7. Estimation of PH, Temperature, Chlorides, Dissolved Oxygen from water samples.
8. Estimation of Organic matter of bottom soil.
9. Visit to local fish seed production centre.
10. Visit to local fish farms.
REFERENCE BOOKS:
1. Business Management in Fisheries and Aquaculture, Fishing News, Chaston, I (Books) Ltd.,
1984.
2. Aquaculture Management, Meade, J.W. Van Nostrand, New York, 1989.
3. Aquaculture principles and practices, Pillay, T.V. R. Fishes News (Books) Ltd., London, 1990.
4. Water Quality Management for Pond Fish culture, Boyd, C.E. Elsevier Scientific publishing
company, 1982.
5. Principles of Fresh Water Aquaculture, Stickney, R.R. John, Wiley & Sons, New York, 1979
6. Aquaculture – The Farming and Husbandry of fresh water and marine organisms, Bardach, et al.,
John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1979.
7. A manual of Freshwater Aquaculture, Santhanan, R. et al., Oxford & IBH Publishing Co. Pvt.
Ltd., 1987.
8. Advances in Aquaculture, Pillay, T.V.R. & M.A., DIII. Fish News (Books) Ltd., England, 1979.
9. Limnology, Welch, P.S, Mc. Grew Hill, New York, 1952.
10. Text book of Limnology, Cole, C.A., The C.V. Mosby Co., 1983.
11. Fundamentals of Limnology, Ruttner, F, Translated by D.G. Frey and F.E. Fry, University of
Toronto Press, 1968.
12. The Fresh Water Fishes of India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Burma and Sri Lanka, Hand Book ,
Jayaram , K.C., (1981), Z oological survey of India, Calcutta.
13. Fishes, An Introduction of Ichthyology, Moyle Peterb, Prentice Hall, (1979).
14. Principles of Systematic Zoology, Mayer and Ashok..
15. Fish and Fisheries of India, Jhingran, V.G. Hindustan Publishing Co., Calcutta, (1975).
16. Fish and Fisheries, Yadav, B.N. Daya Publishing House,
17. The Biology of Animal Parasites, Chang. T.C. Saunders, Philadelphia, (1964).
18. Text book of Fish Diseases. Conroy. D.A. and R.C. Heanean, (1968).
19. Fish Diseases Vol. I & II, Schauperclaus,
20. Methods for assessment of Fish Production in Fresh Water, Ricker, W.K. (1984), Blackwell
Publications.

Prof. T. RAVINDER REDDY

Chairman
Board of Studies
Department of Zoology
KAKATIYA UNIVERSITY, WGL-506 009 (T.S)

39 | P a g e
 Kakatiya University - Faculty of Science
M.Sc, Zoology, SEMESTER – IV
Paper Code: 403
Subject Elective – II
NEUROPHYSIOLOGY

Unit-1: Basics of Neurophysiology

1.1 An overview of the nervous system
1.2 Neurons: Introduction to neurons, The Neuron Doctrine, The Nissl and Golgi stains,
Components of neurons.
1.3 Classification and types of neurons, Cytology of neurons.
1.4 Dendrites structure and function, Axons structure and functional aspects, ultrastructure,
myelination and synapses.
Unit-II: Neuroanatomy
2.1 Gross anatomy of the adult brain; organization of the nervous system; Subdivisions of the
nervous system; Concept of CNS, ANS & PNS; The scalp, skull and meninges;
Cerebrospinal fluid.
2.2 Constitutions of CNS with grass anatomy.
2.3 Functional aspects of cranial nerves and scheme of thalamic organization.
2.4 Dendritic properties and functional operation of: Auditory system; Visual system; Olfactory
and Limbic system; Autonomic system
Unit-III: Cellular Neurophysiology
3.1 Electrical properties of excitable membranes: Basic electricity and electric circuits, neurons
as conductors of electricity, equivalent circuit representation.
3.2 Electrical properties of excitable membranes: Membrane conductance, linear and nonlinear
membrane, ionic conductance, current-voltage relations.
3.3 Ion movement in excitable cells: active transport of ions, movement of ions across biological
membranes, Membrane potential and role of sodium and potassium pumps.
3.4 Action potential, non-gated ion channels and generation of action potential; Electrical
properties of neurons, quantitative models of simulations, Voltage gated channels;
Biophysical, biochemical and molecular properties of voltage gated channels.
Unit-III: Neural Signaling
4.1 Overview of Neurons, Synapses and Networks.
4.2 Chemical and Electrical Signaling Within a Circuit; Methods to Record Electrical Activity of
a Neuron.
4.3 Synaptic vesicles, Principles of synaptic transmission: Electrical and chemical synapses;
Calcium hypothesis: Control of transmitter release; Synthesis and trafficking of neuronal
proteins.
4.4 Synaptic transmission at nerve-muscle synapses; Synaptic transmission at central synapses;
Second messengers and synaptic transmission.

Prof. T. RAVINDER REDDY

Chairman
Board of Studies
Department of Zoology
KAKATIYA UNIVERSITY, WGL-506 009 (T.S)

40 | P a g e
 Kakatiya University - Faculty of Science
M.Sc, Zoology, SEMESTER – IV
Paper Code: 404
Subject Elective – III
ANIMAL BIOTECHNOLOGY

UNIT-I: Basics of Animal Biotechnology

1.1 History and Scope of Animal Biotechnology; Current status and Future Applications of
Animal Biotechnology.
1.2 History and Scope of Animal Cell Culture; Types of Cell Culture.
1.3 Laboratory facilities for Animal Cell Culture; Culture Media and Culture Procedures.
1.4 Stem Cells: Definition and Meaning of Stem Cells; Functions and origins of Stem Cells;
Types of Stem Cells; Stem Cell Therapy.
UNIT-II: Applied Animal Biotechnology

2.1 Concepts of r-DNA Technology; Genetic Engineering through Plasmids, Cosmids and
Lambda phages.
2.2 Animal Cloning Methods and Utility; Transfection Methods and Transgenic Animals.
2.3 Biosensors: History of the Development of Biosensors; Working Principle and Protein
Engineering for Biosensors; Applications of Biosensors.
2.4 Nucleic acid Hybridization; Establishment and importance of Gene Banks; Construction of
Genomic libraries and DNA libraries.
UNIT-III: Pharmaceutical Animal Biotechnology

3.1 Introduction to Pharmaceutical Biotechnology; Basics on Products of Pharmaceutical

Biotechnology (Lymphokines, Interferon’s, Human Growth Hormone and Insulin).
3.2 Genetic Engineering for the production of Insulin.
3.3 Production and Applications of Monoclonal Antibodies (MAbs).
3.4 Vaccines: Preparation and role of Genetic Engineering in the production of Vaccines.
UNIT-IV: Medical Animal Biotechnology

4.1 Animal and Human Health Care: Diagnosis and Treatment of Diseases; Genetic Counseling;
Forensic Medicine (DNA Finger Printing).
4.2 Gene Therapy: Human Diseases Targeted for Gene Therapy; Vectors and other Delivery
systems for Gene Therapy.
4.3 Gene Therapy for Genetical and Acquired Diseases; Gene therapy using Nanotechnology.
4.4 Intellectual Property Rights: Introduction to Intellectual Property; Types of IP; Patents,
Trademarks, Copyright & Related Rights, Protection of GMOs; IPs of relevance to
Biotechnology; Types of patent application.

Prof. T. RAVINDER REDDY

Chairman
Board of Studies
Department of Zoology
KAKATIYA UNIVERSITY, WGL-506 009 (T.S)

41 | P a g e
PRACTICALS:

1. Laboratory demonstration on safe handling of microorganisms.

2. Isolation of plasmid DNA from E-Coli .
3. Isolation of yeast DNA and Transformation of E-Coli.
4. Qualitative assay of B.Galactosidese in yeast Colonies/cell extracts.
5. Propagation & maintenance of tissue culture.
6. Isolation of Bone marrow and culture of mesenc hymel stem cells from isoleted murine/sleep/rat
bone marrow.
7. Try pan blue exclusion method for cell viability estimation.
8. Mycoplasma detection method using PCR.
9. Production of penicillin and testing of antimicrobial activity.
10. Production of monoclonal of tissue culture.

REFERENCE BOOKS:

1. Culture of Animal cells – manual of basic Technique by R. Iam Freshney published by

2. Molecular Biotechnology by john Wiley & Sons Primrose Published by parima publishing
corporation.
3. Principles and practice of Animal tissue culture by Sudha Gangal Published by University Pren
4. Laboratory procedures in Biotechnology--- Alam Doyle ,J.Bryan Griffiths.wiley publisher
5. Animal Biotechnology- A Laboratory course, --- Jeddrey M.Beeker. Elsevien IInd edition,2007.
6. Tools & Techniques in Biotechnology – Mousami Debnath, pointer publishers,2002
7. Principles & techniques of Biotechnology & Muecular Biology-- 6th edition, keith Wilson& John
Walker
8. Gene cloning & manipulation, Christopher howe, Combridge Publications.
9. A manual of Laboratory Practices. Good

Prof. T. RAVINDER REDDY

Chairman
Board of Studies
Department of Zoology
KAKATIYA UNIVERSITY, WGL-506 009 (T.S)

42 | P a g e
 Kakatiya University - Faculty of Science
M.Sc, Zoology, SEMESTER – IV
Paper Code: 404
Subject Elective – IV
ENTOMOLOGY

Unit-I: Entomology Basics

1.1 Insectan characters, Origin of insect, Evolution of Insect.
1.2 The Head: Head Segmentation, structure of definitive head, modifications in
structure of head, Cephalic appendages. The Thorax and its appendages, The
Abdomen.
1.3 Classification and Historical Background of insects.
1.4 Detatils of the Habitat, External Morphology, Internal anatomy and Classification upto
families with examples.

Unit-II: Insect Anatomy and Physiology

2.1 The integument: Structure, physiology and functions of integument, The Alimentary canal
and associated glands.
2.2 Respiration- organization and structure of tracheal system, types of tracheal systems,
respiration in aquatic and parasitic insects.
2.3 Circulation- Haemolymph composition and function, haemocytes types and functions and
structure of circulatory organs.
2.4 Excretion – Malpighian tubules and other excretory structure, Endocrine system and sense
organs of insects.
Unit-IV; Applied Entomology
3.1 Sericulture: History of Sericulture, Life cycles of Mulberry and Non-mulberry, Silkworms,
Rearing technology of mulberry silkworm, Diseases and pests of Mulberry silkworm,
Moriculture and cultural practices, Diseases and pests of Mulberry.
3.2 Apiculture: The honey bees, Social organization of honey bees, Life history of honey bees,
Methods of bee keeping.
3.3 Lac culture: Lac insect- Taxonomy, distribution and life history, Host plants and lac insects,
Strains of lac insect and their propogation.
3.4 Forensic entomology: History, Corpse- Associated arthropod classes, Role of arthropods in
forensic entomology, Examples.
Unit-IV: General Entomology
4.1 Metamorphosis - Introduction – Types with examples, Larva and pupa – structure and types.
4.2 Insect behaviour - Feeding behaviour: types of feeding and damage, host range,
Specialisation and host selection, Reproductive behaviour: mate location, Social Insects -
Life cycle and Social organization of termites, honeybees and ants.
4.3 Sound production - Structure of the organs, Mechanism of sound production, Significance.
4.4 Bioluminescence - Structure of organs, Brief mechanism of light production, Significance
5

Prof. T. RAVINDER REDDY

Chairman
Board of Studies

43 | P a g e