COEFFICIENTS LINEAR IN TWO VARIABLES

ANZ
Summary
𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁 − 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠ℎ𝑡𝑡 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠ℎ𝑡𝑡 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙

① 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 𝑣𝑣 = 𝑘𝑘1 𝑥𝑥 + 𝑘𝑘2 𝑦𝑦 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 ① 𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹 𝑡𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑒 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 (𝑘𝑘1 , 𝑘𝑘2 )
① 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 𝑘𝑘1 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 + 𝑘𝑘2 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
② 𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿 𝑥𝑥 = 𝑢𝑢 + 𝑘𝑘1 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑣𝑣 + 𝑘𝑘2 ,
② 𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 𝑣𝑣 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 ② 𝑡𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑡𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑡𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑒
② 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 ② 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒

③ 𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢 𝑡𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑒 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚ℎ𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 ③ 𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢 𝑡𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑒 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚ℎ𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜

④ 𝐶𝐶ℎ𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑥𝑥 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝑦𝑦 ④ 𝐶𝐶ℎ𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑥𝑥 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝑦𝑦

Examples Explanations
Example 1:
Solve
(6𝑥𝑥 − 3𝑦𝑦 + 2)𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 − (2𝑥𝑥 − 𝑦𝑦 − 1)𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 0.

Solution:
2
𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿 6𝑥𝑥 − 3𝑦𝑦 + 2 = 0 ⇒ 𝑦𝑦 = 2𝑥𝑥 + ; 𝑚𝑚1 = 2
3
𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 − (2𝑥𝑥 − 𝑦𝑦 − 1) = 0 ⇒ 𝑦𝑦 = 2𝑥𝑥 − 1; 𝑚𝑚2 = 2 Firstly, the functions in the
𝑚𝑚1 = 𝑚𝑚2 = 2 equation given was
∴ 𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 determined to be non-
6𝑥𝑥 − 3𝑦𝑦 = 3(2𝑥𝑥 − 𝑦𝑦) intersecting straight lines.
𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 𝑣𝑣 = 2𝑥𝑥 − 𝑦𝑦, 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 2𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 − 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 ⇒ 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 2𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 − 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 The next step was done by
assuming and substituting v
(3𝑣𝑣 + 2) 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 − (𝑣𝑣 − 1) (2𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 − 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑) = 0
and dv into the original
(3𝑣𝑣 + 2) 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 − 2𝑣𝑣 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 + 𝑣𝑣 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 + 2 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 − 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 0 equation.
(3𝑣𝑣 + 2 − 2𝑣𝑣 + 2) 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 + (𝑣𝑣 − 1) 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 0
(𝑣𝑣 + 4) 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 + (𝑣𝑣 − 1) 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 0 Then, separation of variables
𝑣𝑣 − 1 was used to solve the
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 − � � 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 0 equation.
𝑣𝑣 + 4
5
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 − �1 − � 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 0
𝑣𝑣 + 4
5
� 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 − � �1 − � 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 0
𝑣𝑣 + 4
𝑥𝑥 − 𝑣𝑣 + 5 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙|𝑣𝑣 + 4| = 𝑐𝑐
𝑥𝑥 − (2𝑥𝑥 − 𝑦𝑦) + 5 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙|2𝑥𝑥 − 𝑦𝑦 + 4| = 𝑐𝑐
−𝑥𝑥 + 𝑦𝑦 + 5 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙|2𝑥𝑥 − 𝑦𝑦 + 4| = 𝑐𝑐
Example 2:
Solve
(𝑥𝑥 − 4𝑦𝑦 + 7)𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 + (𝑥𝑥 + 2𝑦𝑦 + 1)𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 0.

Solution:
1 7 1
𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿 𝑥𝑥 − 4𝑦𝑦 + 7 = 0 ⇒ 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑥𝑥 + ; 𝑚𝑚1 =
4 4 4
1 1 1
𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝑥𝑥 + 2𝑦𝑦 + 1 = 0 ⇒ 𝑦𝑦 = − 𝑥𝑥 − ; 𝑚𝑚2 = −
2 2 2
𝑚𝑚1 ≠ 𝑚𝑚2
∴ 𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁 𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖
1 7 1 1
𝑥𝑥 + = − 𝑥𝑥 − ⇒ 𝑥𝑥 = −3, 𝑦𝑦 = 1
4 4 2 2
𝑇𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑒 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 (−3,1) Firstly, the functions in
𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿 𝑥𝑥 = 𝑢𝑢 − 3 ⇒ 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 the equation given was
𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑣𝑣 + 1 ⇒ 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 determined to be
[(𝑢𝑢 − 3) − 4(𝑣𝑣 + 1) + 7]𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 + [(𝑢𝑢 − 3) + 2(𝑣𝑣 + 1) + 1]𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 0 intersecting straight lines
and so, the intersecting
(𝑢𝑢 − 4𝑣𝑣)𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 + (𝑢𝑢 + 2𝑣𝑣)𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 0 — ①
point was found. Then,
𝑀𝑀(𝑢𝑢, 𝑣𝑣) = 𝑢𝑢 − 4𝑣𝑣 let x and y be added
⇒ 𝑀𝑀(𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘, 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘) = (𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘) − 4(𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘) = 𝑘𝑘(𝑢𝑢 − 4𝑣𝑣) = 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘(𝑢𝑢, 𝑣𝑣) with their respective
𝑁𝑁(𝑢𝑢, 𝑣𝑣) = 𝑢𝑢 + 2𝑣𝑣 intersecting point before
⇒ 𝑀𝑀(𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘, 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘) = (𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘) + 2(𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘) = 𝑘𝑘(𝑢𝑢 + 2𝑣𝑣) = 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘(𝑢𝑢, 𝑣𝑣) being substituted into
original equation.
𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 𝑢𝑢 = 𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤 & 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 𝑤𝑤 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 + 𝑣𝑣 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 ①
Then, homogeneous
(𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤 − 4𝑣𝑣)(𝑤𝑤 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 + 𝑣𝑣 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑) + (𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤 + 2𝑣𝑣)𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 0 method was used to
𝑤𝑤 2 𝑣𝑣 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 − 4𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 + 𝑤𝑤𝑣𝑣 2 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 − 4𝑣𝑣 2 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 + (𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤 + 2𝑣𝑣)𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 0 solved the equation
(𝑤𝑤𝑣𝑣 2 − 4𝑣𝑣 2 ) 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 + (2𝑣𝑣 + 𝑤𝑤 2 𝑣𝑣 − 3𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣)𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 0 given. Lastly, the
𝑣𝑣 2 (𝑤𝑤 − 4) 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 + 𝑣𝑣(𝑤𝑤 2 − 3𝑤𝑤 + 2)𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 0 equation was changed
𝑤𝑤 − 4 1 in terms of x and y.
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 + 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 0
𝑤𝑤 2 − 3𝑤𝑤 + 2 𝑣𝑣
𝑤𝑤 − 4 1
� 2 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 + � 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 0
𝑤𝑤 − 3𝑤𝑤 + 2 𝑣𝑣

𝑤𝑤 − 4 𝑤𝑤 − 4
=
𝑤𝑤 2 − 3𝑤𝑤 + 2 (𝑤𝑤 − 1)(𝑤𝑤 − 2)
𝑤𝑤 − 4 𝐴𝐴 𝐵𝐵
= +
𝑤𝑤 − 3𝑤𝑤 + 2 (𝑤𝑤 − 1) (𝑤𝑤 − 2)
2

𝑤𝑤 − 4 = 𝐴𝐴(𝑤𝑤 − 2) + 𝐵𝐵(𝑤𝑤 − 1)
𝑤𝑤 − 4 = (𝐴𝐴 + 𝐵𝐵)𝑤𝑤 + (−2𝐴𝐴 − 𝐵𝐵)
𝐴𝐴 + 𝐵𝐵 = 1 ⇒ 𝐵𝐵 = 1 − 𝐴𝐴
−2𝐴𝐴 − 1 + 𝐴𝐴 = −4 ⇒ 𝐴𝐴 = 3, 𝐵𝐵 = −2
 3 2
�� − � 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 + ln|𝑣𝑣| = 𝑐𝑐1
𝑤𝑤 − 1 𝑤𝑤 − 2
𝑤𝑤 − 4
� 2 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 + ln|𝑣𝑣| = 𝑐𝑐1
𝑤𝑤 − 3𝑤𝑤 + 2
3 ln|𝑤𝑤 − 1| − 2 ln|𝑤𝑤 − 2| + ln|𝑣𝑣| = 𝑐𝑐1
|𝑤𝑤 − 1|3 |𝑣𝑣|
ln = 𝑐𝑐1
|𝑤𝑤 − 2|2
|𝑤𝑤 − 1|3 |𝑣𝑣|
= 𝑒𝑒 𝑐𝑐1
|𝑤𝑤 − 2|2
|𝑤𝑤 − 1|3 |𝑣𝑣| = 𝑐𝑐|𝑤𝑤 − 2|2
𝑢𝑢 − 𝑣𝑣 3 𝑢𝑢 − 2𝑣𝑣 2
� � |𝑣𝑣| = 𝑐𝑐 � �
𝑣𝑣 𝑣𝑣
|𝑢𝑢 − 𝑣𝑣|3 = 𝑐𝑐|𝑢𝑢 − 2𝑣𝑣|2
|(𝑥𝑥 + 3) − (𝑦𝑦 − 1)|3 = 𝑐𝑐|(𝑥𝑥 + 3) − 2(𝑦𝑦 − 1)|2
|𝑥𝑥 − 𝑦𝑦 + 4|3 = 𝑐𝑐|𝑥𝑥 − 2𝑦𝑦 + 5|2
Example 3:
Solve
(𝑥𝑥 + 𝑦𝑦 − 2)𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 − (𝑥𝑥 − 4𝑦𝑦 − 2)𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 0.

Solution:
𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿 𝑥𝑥 + 𝑦𝑦 − 2 = 0 ⇒ 𝑦𝑦 = −𝑥𝑥 + 2; 𝑚𝑚1 = −1 Firstly, the functions in
1 1 1 the equation given was
𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 − (𝑥𝑥 − 4𝑦𝑦 − 2) = 0 ⇒ 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑥𝑥 − ; 𝑚𝑚2 = determined to be
4 2 4
𝑚𝑚1 ≠ 𝑚𝑚2 intersecting straight lines
and so, the intersecting
∴ 𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁 𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖
point was found. Then,
1 1
−𝑥𝑥 + 2 = 𝑥𝑥 − ⇒ 𝑥𝑥 = 2, 𝑦𝑦 = 0 let x and y be added
4 2 with their respective
𝑇𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑒 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 (2,0) intersecting point before
𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿 𝑥𝑥 = 𝑢𝑢 + 2 ⇒ 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 being substituted into
𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑣𝑣 ⇒ 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 original equation.
(𝑢𝑢 + 2 + 𝑣𝑣 − 2)𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 − (𝑢𝑢 + 2 − 4𝑣𝑣 − 2)𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 0
Then, homogeneous
(𝑢𝑢 + 𝑣𝑣)𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 − (𝑢𝑢 − 4𝑣𝑣)𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 0 — ①
method was used to
𝑀𝑀(𝑢𝑢, 𝑣𝑣) = 𝑢𝑢 + 𝑣𝑣 solved the equation
⇒ 𝑀𝑀(𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘, 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘) = (𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘) + (𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘) = 𝑘𝑘(𝑢𝑢 + 𝑣𝑣) = 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘(𝑢𝑢, 𝑣𝑣) given. Lastly, the
𝑁𝑁(𝑢𝑢, 𝑣𝑣) = −(𝑢𝑢 − 4𝑣𝑣) equation was changed
⇒ 𝑀𝑀(𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘, 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘) = −[(𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘) − 4(𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘)] = −𝑘𝑘(𝑢𝑢 − 4𝑣𝑣) = 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘(𝑢𝑢, 𝑣𝑣) in terms of x and y.
𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 𝑢𝑢 = 𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤 & 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 𝑤𝑤 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 + 𝑣𝑣 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 ①
(𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤 + 𝑣𝑣)(𝑤𝑤 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 + 𝑣𝑣 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑) − (𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤 − 4𝑣𝑣)𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 0
(𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤 + 𝑣𝑣)𝑤𝑤 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 + (𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤 + 𝑣𝑣)𝑣𝑣 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 − (𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤 − 4𝑣𝑣)𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 0
(𝑤𝑤 2 𝑣𝑣 + 4𝑣𝑣) 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 + (𝑤𝑤𝑣𝑣 2 + 𝑣𝑣 2 ) 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 0
𝑣𝑣(𝑤𝑤 2 + 4) 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 + 𝑣𝑣 2 (𝑤𝑤 + 1) 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 0
1 𝑤𝑤 + 1
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 + 2 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 0
𝑣𝑣 𝑤𝑤 + 4
1 𝑤𝑤 + 1
� 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 + � � 2 � 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 0
𝑣𝑣 𝑤𝑤 + 4
𝑤𝑤 1
ln|𝑣𝑣| + � � 2 + 2 � 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 0
𝑤𝑤 + 4 𝑤𝑤 + 4
𝑤𝑤 1 𝑤𝑤 1
�� + 2 � 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = � � 2 � 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 + � � 2 � 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑤𝑤 2
+ 4 𝑤𝑤 + 4 𝑤𝑤 + 4 𝑤𝑤 + 4
𝑤𝑤
�� 2 � 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 ⇒ 𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿 𝑢𝑢 = 𝑤𝑤 2 + 4, 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 2𝑤𝑤 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑤𝑤 + 4
1 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 1 1
�� � = ln|𝑢𝑢| = ln|𝑤𝑤 2 + 4|
𝑢𝑢 2 2 2
1
�� � 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 ⇒ 𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿 𝑤𝑤 = 2𝑧𝑧, 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 2 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑤𝑤 2
+4
1 1
�� � 2 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = � � � 2 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
(2𝑧𝑧)2 + 4 4(𝑧𝑧 2 + 1)
1 1 1
�� � 2 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = � � � 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
(2𝑝𝑝)2 + 4 2 𝑧𝑧 2 + 1
1
�� � 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
1 + 𝑧𝑧 2
𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿 𝑧𝑧 = tan 𝜃𝜃 ⇒ 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = sec 2 𝜃𝜃 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑧𝑧 = tan 𝜃𝜃 ⇒ 𝜃𝜃 = tan−1 𝑧𝑧
1 1
� 2
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = � (sec 2 𝜃𝜃 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑)
1 + 𝑧𝑧 1 + tan2 𝜃𝜃
1 sec 2 𝜃𝜃
� 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = � 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
1 + 𝑧𝑧 2 1 + tan2 𝜃𝜃
1 sec 2 𝜃𝜃
� 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = � 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
1 + 𝑧𝑧 2 sec 2 𝜃𝜃
1
� 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = � 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 𝜃𝜃 = tan−1 𝑧𝑧
1 + 𝑧𝑧 2
1 1 −1 𝑤𝑤
�� � 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = tan � �
𝑤𝑤 2 + 4 2 2
 1 1 𝑤𝑤
ln|𝑣𝑣| + ln|𝑤𝑤 2 + 4| + tan−1 � � = 0
2 2 2
1 𝑢𝑢 2 1 𝑢𝑢
ln|𝑣𝑣| + ln �� � + 4� + tan−1 � � = 0
2 𝑣𝑣 2 2𝑣𝑣
2
1 (𝑥𝑥 − 2) 1 𝑥𝑥 − 2
ln|𝑦𝑦| + ln �� � + 4� + tan−1 � �=0
2 𝑦𝑦 2 2𝑦𝑦
1 (𝑥𝑥 − 2)2 + 4𝑦𝑦 2 1 𝑥𝑥 − 2
ln|𝑦𝑦| + ln � 2
� + tan−1 � �=0
2 𝑦𝑦 2 2𝑦𝑦
(𝑥𝑥 − 2)2 + 4𝑦𝑦 2 𝑥𝑥 − 2
2 ln|𝑦𝑦| + ln � 2
� + tan−1 � �=0
𝑦𝑦 2𝑦𝑦
2|
(𝑥𝑥 − 2)2 + 4𝑦𝑦 2 −1
𝑥𝑥 − 2
ln|𝑦𝑦 � � + tan � �=0
𝑦𝑦 2 2𝑦𝑦
𝑥𝑥 − 2
ln|(𝑥𝑥 − 2)2 + 4𝑦𝑦 2 | + tan−1 � �=0
2𝑦𝑦