Logic Symbols Expressions Symbolized: Analytics.) La Necesidad Es Una Propiedad Solo de Dicto
Logic Symbols Expressions Symbolized: Analytics.) La Necesidad Es Una Propiedad Solo de Dicto
contingente y necesario—
A modal is an expression (like ‘necessarily’ or ‘possibly’) that is used to qualify the
truth of a judgement. Modal logic is, strictly speaking, the study of the deductive
behavior of the expressions ‘it is necessary that’ and ‘it is possible that
the term ‘modal logic’ is used more broadly to cover a family of logics with similar
rules and a variety of different symbols.
A list describing the best known of these logics follows.
Logic Symbols Expressions Symbolized
◊ It is possible that …
P It is permitted that …
F It is forbidden that …
Temporal
G It will always be the case that …
Logic
Doxastic
Bx x believes that …
Logic
--
A proposition is any function from worlds to truth values.
A property is any function from worlds to sets of individuals.
An n-place relation (n > 1) is any function from worlds to sets of n-tuples of
individuals.
re are two types of modality de re. The first concerns the existence of things
e second kind of modality de re concerns the properties of things. Like the existence
of things, the possession of properties by things is subject to modal qualification.
or Leibniz, God and his actions “stand outside” all possible worlds. For Kripke and
Plantinga, no being, not even God, could stand outside the whole system of possible
worlds. A Kripke-Plantinga (KP) world is an abstract object of some sort. Let us
suppose that a KP world is a possible state of affairs (this is Plantinga's idea;
A possible world is simply a possible state of affairs that for every state of
affairs x either includes or precludes x, and the actual world is the one such state of
affairs that obtains.
n addition to the obvious stark ontological contrast between the two theories, they
differ in two important ways in their implications for the philosophy of modality.
First, if Lewis is right, then modal concepts can be defined in terms of
paradigmatically non-modal concepts, since ‘world’ and all of Lewis's other technical
terms can be defined using only ‘is spatiotemporally related to’, ‘is a part of’ and the
vocabulary of set theory. For Kripke and Plantinga, however, modal concepts are sui
generis, indefinable or having only definitions that appeal to other modal concepts
Lewis, by contrast, wholly embraces the objectivity of modality and the coherence of
our modal discourse. What he denies, however, is that modality is a fundamentally
irreducible feature of the world. Lewis, that is, is a modal reductionist. For Lewis,
modal notions are not primitive. Rather, truth conditions for modal sentences can be
given in terms of worlds and their parts; and worlds themselves, Lewis claims, are
defined entirely in non-modal terms
COUNTERPART THEORY
The possibilities that CT is supposed to describe are “ways a world might be” (Lewis
1986:86) or more exactly:
(1) absolutely every way that a world could possibly be is a way that some world is,
and
(2) absolutely every way that a part of a world could possibly be is a way that some
part of some world is. (Lewis 1986:86.)
Add also the following “principle of recombination,” which Lewis describes this way:
“patching together parts of different possible worlds yields another possible world
[…]. [A]nything can coexist with anything else, […] provided they occupy distinct
spatiotemporal positions.” (Lewis 1986:87-88). But these possibilities should be
restricted by CT.
The counterpart relation differs from the notion of identity. Identity is a reflexive,
symmetric, and transitive relation. The counterpart relation is only a similarity
relation;
At the heart of David Lewis's modal realism are six central doctrines about possible worlds:
Plantiga
Most at least concrete particulars, properties are necessary beings for Plantinga; it is
not possible that there be a property that might fail to exist. Consequently,
necessarily, any property that exists in any possible world exists in all possible
worlds. (That is, in terms of Plantinga's actualist reconstruction of worlds, necessarily,
if a property's existence is entailed by any possible world, it is entailed by all possible
worlds.) It follows, in particular, that individual essences are necessary beings.
La necesidad lógica es mas ancha- que la idea de que la negación de una proposición
verdadera sea imposible.(lógica de primer orden)
Causal necessity, unrevisibiliry, , self evidence and a pripri knowledge dont coincide
with truth in logical necessity.
Modalitiy de dicto
An assertion predicates a modal property of another dictum or proposition
Also we can ascribe to some object the necessary or essential possession of such a
property as that of being composite. Modality de Re
Ojo tener una propiedad necesaria o esencial .presumably, the object in question
could not conceivably have lacked the property in question; that under no possible
circumstances could that object have failed to possess that property.
It seems quite obvious that in the case of many relational properties which things
have, the fact that they have them is a mere matter of fact; that the things in
question might have existed without having them" (p. 289). Now Moore is prepared
to concede that objects do have some of their relational properties essentially. Like
Aristotle and Aquinas, therefore, Moore holds that some objects have some of their
properties essentially and others non-essentially or accidently
Modalidad de re, aservera que los objetos tienen alguna propiedad esencial, o
necesaria.
Asimismo los objetos pueden tener propiedades esenciales y accidentales
I take the point to be this. When the essentialist says of something x that it has a
certain property P essentially, he means to be predicating a property of x—a
property distinct from P.For every property P there is the property of having P
essentially; and if x has P essentially, then x has the property having P essentially.
Ojo
'Leibniz's Law' or 'The Indiscernibility of Identicals':
(3) For any property P and any objects x and y, if x is identical with y, then x has P if
and only if y has P.
Ojo
According to the essentialist, for each property P there is the property of having P
essentially—a property an object has (if at all) in itself, regardless of how it may be
described or referred to
Perhaps the claim for QUINE is, finally, that while we can make a certain rough sense
of modality de dicto, we can understand modality de re only if we can explain it in
terms of the former( de dicto)
There is a general rule that enanble us to find for any de re proposition a de dicto
equivalent
Kernel function
Jorgue S
No estamos en cntacto causal cn las posibilidades(no de manera obvia)
Esto no es obvio.-
----------------
Ayer(esencia y existencia)Leer
-----
Para Quine no hay necesidades. No hay manera de crear una semántica formal
para lógica modal.
Kripke construye una semántica formal.
La naturaleza de las cosas no me fija la manera de ver el mundo. OJO
Adams, supone que en el mundo actual estan todoas las propiedas , proposiciones
My thesis is that all possibilities are purely qualitative except insofar as they involve
individuals that actually exist
Alvin Plantinga has proposed (very elegantly) to assure that there are all the
possibilities de re there could have been, by holding that while there are not all the
individuals there could possibly have been, there are essences of all the individuals
there could possibly have been (Plantinga, 1976). An essence of an in- dividual a, in
Plantinga's sense, is a property that a would possess in every possible world in
which a would exist, and that no other individual would possess in any possible
world, a It is a property that is essential to a and that no other individual could
possess.
Plantinga has not committed himself as to whether there are non-qualitative facts at
all; but he is committed to the view that there actually exist all the essences there
could have been, including non-qualitative essences if there could be any of them.
The chief reason he gives for affirming this is that "Properties, like propositions and
possible worlds, are necessary beings" (Plantinga, 1976; in Loux, 1979, p. 268)
- Three types of essences there might be will concern us. (i) The
most important are thisnesses. A thisness, in the sense intended here,: is the
property of being a particular individual, or of being identical with that individual
I will argue that there are no thisnesses of in- dividuals that never actually exist
we will not need a special classification for another possible type of essence that
plays a part in Plantinga's argument. If P is a property and w is a possible world,
then the world-indexed property Pw is the property of having P in w. Thus P~ (the
"a-transform" of P) is the property of having P in a (the actual world). Plato, for
example, has the property of being-a-great-philosopher-in-a. Plantinga holds that
a-transforms, and world-indexed properties in general, are essential to whatever
individuals have them; and further, that if P belongs to exactly one individual in w,
Pw is an essence of that individual.
the reasons I will give for thinking there are no thisnesses of non-actual
individuals will also be reasons for thinking there are no singular propositions
about non-actual individual
My thesis is an actualist thesis. Actualism is the doctrine that there are no things
that do not exist in the actual world. The actualist agrees, of course, that there could
have been things that do not actually exist; in particular, there could have been
individuals other than those that there are. But he disagrees with those (whom we
may call "possibilists") who think this point can be put, in sober metaphysical truth,
by saying that there are infinitely many possible individuals that do not exist in the
actual world but that do exist in other possible worlds. Possibilists affirm, and
actuatists deny, that possible but non-actual entities can enter into relations and
have properties, and can therefore be values of variables in the logic of predicates.
The entities, relations, and predictions affirmed by pos- sibilists and denied by
actualists are to be understood as primitive features of a metaphysical scheme. For
suppose definitions could be devised by which a "non-actual individual" with many
properties could be logically constructed out of things that actually exist. A "hard"
actualist (cf. Adams, 1974, p. 224) might insist on rejecting such definitions. But that
would be sticking at a verbal point. The actualism that I espouse might be more
accurately characterized, therefore, as the doctrine that there is (tenselessly)
nothing but what (tenselessly) exists, and whatever is logically constructed out of
things that actually exist.
For if the primitive data for the construction are purely qualitative or a-relational, a
constructed possibility will not be non-qualitative, at bottom, except insofar as it
involves actual individuals.
My thesis rests on the view that there is, so to speak, no ontological foundation for
non-qualitative possibilities except in actual in- dividuals.
-------------------------------------------
Leer elarticulo de Adams una critica a Leibniz.(No puedes tener solo universales. , ni
construcciones de individuos a partir de unviersales DEBEn haber individualeades.
Critica a la identidad de los indiscernibles . dos entidades puramente dos son
imposibles. ( ID -lo converso de la ley de Leibniz)/restringue la indescernibilidad.
Par –I) . dos entidades que son una pareja son exlclusivamente dos.(no hay
identidad) a pesar de que todas sus propiedades sen “idénticas”, sus existencias las
diferencia.
hay dos.
La posibilidad de la eliminación de uno no es la del otro.
THEREFORE no hay total -identidad entre dos entidades.
……..
Desde una pos Actualista, se sigue q no hay esencias de individuos inexistentes.
Diferencie entre lo que es verdad en ese mundo posible.(toda verdad que hay en un
mundo posible y no es actual es cualitiativa).
Verdad concebida dentro del mundo posible Y una verdad desde el mundo actual
sobre ese mundo posible.
Por que se debe afirmar que nuestro mundo actual tiene una propiedad diferente
,(absolute standpoint) que los mundos posibles.—cual seria la diferencia entre
existencia -/ actual -actual y existencia posible(que en el otro mundo posible haya
actualidad dentro de su sistema)
The actuality of the actual world is nothing more than a relation between it and
things existing in it.
2Clase.
Mundos posibles, como planetas(mucho mas complejos que los planetas) remotos,
estan isolated.(mundo no existen espacio temporalmente)
El mejor análisis del mecanismo causal es la creación Divina… Mecanismo; nexo que
no deja nada fuera.(ente omnipotente- Voluntad eficaz, voluntad que se traduce en
creación) Esto es asumiendo la voluntad divina cartesiana. En Leibniz, que cosa son
los motivos de razón para la creación.?. Leyes de bondad….Todo esta en la mente de
dios o dios racionalmente nos crea fuera de el?
Por què creer en el realismo modal210- Es útil, unidad y economía en una teoría
Si uno supone los mundos posibles en una teoría x ,esta es mas unitaria.
Elegante.,etc.
In other words, the simplest quantified modal logic tells us that (5) implies (6):
…………………..
CLASE
Stalnaker, solo hay un mundo actual, pero dado la nocion de recombinación puedo
construir otros mundos posibles..
Principio básico. Solo el mundo actual es real-
¿còmo se articulan los mundos posibles? ---- En función a lo que para nosotros es
posible. Còmo explicar el lenguaje modal?
“todos queremos decir cosas que son posibles” còmo entender esto¿?
Rosen
Enciclopedia, propuesta del ficcionalista.
Lista de verdades no modales sobre el carácter intrínseco a la totalidad del universo.
VERDADES NO MODALES SE REDUCEN A HECHOS.
Esto parece que funciona con el principio de recombinación , no es factible. Porch.
Se esta suponiendo que hay objetos.
Viajar en el tiempo para Lewis es viajar a otro mundo, aparesco en un mundo de una
de mis contrapartes.
Regret, expresa modalidad aletica. Porque algo que pertece a mi mundo me genera
arrepentimiento.
Clase
ROSEN
Cuando hablamos de posibilidad hablamos de realidades ficticias como si fueran
reales.
P es posible de acuerdo a X-_--- problema , el novelista no creea mundos.
--- Toda modalidad es un caso de esencia. Aprox DIF: Los otros parten del lenguaje
modal. Fink estudia lo que hay y de ahí llevarlo al lenguaje modal
Necesitamos decir algo màs sobre la estructura de las entidades de los mundos
posibles
Nominalismo extensionalista.
Descartes, atomismo perceptual- pieza de cera
Naturalezas simples. Constitutivos últimos de la realidad.
Versión del presentismo teista, solo dios es real , nosotros somo un transcurrir
Keith Campbell
los caso de redness no son identificadas con las piezas. Son algo diferente a estos. El
hecho de que ha dos ocurrencias ubicadas espacio. Temporalmente nos muestra que
son particulares.
Las TROPES son requeridas para el propio entendimiento de concrtos particulares.
La pregunta que corresponde, no es cual es el minimo ordinario para “apt for being”,
sino what that minimun is of metaphysical necessity.
Tropes.
Some aspects of experience encourage the view that asbtract particulars are capable
of independent existence.
“the way concrete particulars dissolves in subatomic world, and in the case of black
holes, suggest thast dissociasted tropes are not just possibilities but are actualluy to
be encountered in this world.”
Tropes son los particulares básicos, particulares concretos son dependientes. They
are collections of co-located tropes.
3. analysis of causation
Ejm la debilidad del cable causo el colapso del puente./condition- event), esrto
puede variar
tropes appear not only as terms of the causal relations involved bur also
epistemically, as the inmediate object of percepction.
A direct realism theory of perception would hold thar no cats, but tropes of cats, are
what is seen, touched and so on.
Algunos son perceptibles en unas ocasiones otras no. Es de esta manera en que los
sentidos son selective sensitive : sense can give us knowledge only of certain aspects
of concrete particulars.
5.
el problema de los individuales concretos es el problema de cómo es posible que
muchas y diferentes cualidades pertenezcan a la única y misma cosa
Ojo we must deny that in the ontic structure of an individual is to be found any non
qualitative element
II. A complete individual is no more tan a bundle of qualities, viz.all and only
the qualities that, as we would ordinarily say the thing has.
Since the bundles contain nothing but qualities, there must be at least one
qualitative difference between any 2 bundles.
Bundle theories with elements thar are universal qualities thus come to grief iver
the status of the identity of indiscernibles. But where the elemets in the bundle are
not repeatable universal but particular cases of qualities
Elementos del bundle . tropes, the bundles can neber have any common elements,
let alone coincide completely
OJO. Each fully concrete individual is , of necessity, distinct frome every other.
Time and place are no differents form the quality present at that place.
The problema of unviersal is the problema of how the same property can occur in
any numbers of different instances.
Ojo every member of a set are particular smoothnesse , each of them is fully smooth.
Not merely partly smooth.
So this view holds that there is no entity literally common to the resembling tropes;
it is a versión of particularism.
-…………………
Esto sirve para explicar hechos de similitudes y relaciones causales. ¿còmo explico
eso?
Alternativas
Nocion para un pragmatista como Quine va ser explicado empíricamente
A instancia a F es equivalente a A es F.
La forma solo existen en cuabto está en la cosa, no existe antes, esto seria platónico.
Naturalismo, la totalidad del mundo es espacio temporal. El autor comprometido
con un reduccionismo.ejemplo. dònde esta localizado el dolor? Idea extraña: querer,
imaginar. /reduce tu querer.
. los universales tiene que estar en las cosas, el particular desnudo es una
abstracción, el particular instancia universales.
Pag 313-
Falla de la teoría, dar muchs primitivos, o que sean oscuros y complejos
Sabado 11
Còmo analizar enunciados causales? Quine , tenemos que tener una ontología de
eventos.
¿? Eventos individuales?
a causò b
No sabemos cuàl es la ley pero suponemos que una ley està dándose.