Home Work : Classical Mechanics

21 June 2012

Pichatada Kehabal 5405159

5.4 An unusual pendulum is made by fixing a string to a horizontal cylinder of radius

R, wrapping the string several times around the cylinder, and then tying a mass m to
the loose end. In equilibrium the mass hangs a distance l0 vertically below the edge
of the cylinder. Find the potential energy if the pendulum has swung to an angle φ
from the vertical. Show that for small angles, it can be written in the Hook’s law from
U = 12 kφ2 . Comment on the value of k.

From U (φ) = mgh

and h = [l0 + R] − [(l0 + R) + (φR)] cos φ
get

U (φ) = mg[(l0 + R) − ((l0 + R) cos φ + (φR) cos φ)]

U (φ) = mg[(l0 + R) − (l0 + R) cos φ − (φR) cos φ]
U (φ) = mg(l0 + R) − mg(l0 + R) cos φ − mg(φR) cos φ
U (φ) = mgl0 + mgR − (mgl0 + mgR) cos φ − mg(φR) cos φ
U (φ) = mgl0 + mgR − mgl0 cos φ − mgR cos φ − mg(φR) cos φ
U 0 (φ) = 0 + 0 + mgl0 sin φ + mgR sin φ + φRmg sin φ − Rmg cos φ
U 00 (φ) = mgl0 cos φ + mgR cos φ + φRmg cos φ + Rmg sin φ + Rmg sin φ
k = mgl0 cos φ + mgR cos φ + φRmg cos φ + 2Rmg sin φ
k(0) = mgl0 cos 0 + mgR cos 0 + φRmg cos 0 + 2Rmg sin 0
k(0) = mgl0 + mgR

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Period of system is

r
m
τ = 2π
k
s
1
τ = 2π
g(l0 + R)

Section 5.2 Simple Harmonic Motion

5.5 In Section 5.2 we discussed four equivalent ways to represent simple harmonic
motion in one dimension:

x(t) = C1 eiωt + C2 e−iωt (1)

= B1 cos ωt + B2 sin ωt (2)
= A cos ωt − δ (3)
= ReCeiωt (4)

To make sure you under stand all of these, Show that they are equivalent by proving
the following implication: (1) ⇒ (2) ⇒ (3) ⇒ (4) ⇒ (1). For give an expression for the
constants (C1 , C2 , etc.) in terms of the constants of the previous form

From (1) ⇒ (2)

x(t) = C1 eiωt + C2 e−iωt

= C1 [cos (ωt) + i sin (ωt)] + C2 [cos (−ωt) + i sin (−ωt)]
= C1 cos (ωt) + C1 i sin (ωt) + C2 cos (ωt) − C2 i sin (ωt)
= C1 cos (ωt) + C2 cos (ωt) + C1 i sin (ωt) − C2 i sin (ωt)
= [C1 + C2 ] cos (ωt) + i[C1 − C2 ] sin (ωt)

Let B1 = C1 + C2 and B2 = [C1 − C2 ]i

Thus x(t) = B1 cos (ωt) + B2 sin (ωt)

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From (2) ⇒ (3)

p
Let A = (B1 )2 + (B2 )2

Which

B1 B2
x(t) = A[ cos (ωt) + sin (ωt)]
A A
x(t) = A[cos δ cos (ωt) + sin δ sin (ωt)]
x(t) = A cos(δ − ωt)
x(t) = A cos(ωt − δ)

From (3) ⇒ (4)

From relation

x(t) = A cos (ωt − δ) = C1 eiωt + C2 e−iωt

Let
C1 = 12 [B1 − iB2 ] and C2 = 12 [B1 + iB2 ] Thus
C1 = C2 ∗

So

x(t) = C1 eiωt + C2 e−iωt

x(t) = C1 eiωt + [C1 eiωt ]∗
x(t) = Z + Z ∗ ; Z = C1 eiωt , Z ∗ = C2 e−iωt
x(t) = 2ReZ
x(t) = 2Re[C1 eiωt ]
x(t) = Re[2C1 ]eiωt
x(t) = ReCeiωt ; C = 2C1

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From (4) ⇒ (1)

x(t) = ReCeiωt
x(t) = 2ReC1 eiωt ; C = 2C1
x(t) = 2ReZ; Z = C1 eiωt
Z + Z ∗ = 2ReZ
x(t) = Z + Z ∗
x(t) = C1 eiωt + [C1 eiωt ]∗
x(t) = C1 eiωt + [C2 e−iωt ]; C1 ∗ = C2

5.6 A mass on the end of a spring is oscillating with angular frequency ω. At t = 0

,its position is x0 > 0 and I give it a kick so that it moves back toward the origin and
executes simple harmonic motion with amplitude 2x0 . Find its position as a function of
time in the form (3) of Problem 5.5

x(t) = A cos(ωt − δ)
x(0) = 2x0 cos[ω(0) − δ]
x0 = 2x0 cos δ
1
= cos δ
2
π
δ=
3

So position as a function of time is

π
x(t) = 2x0 cos(ωt − )
3

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5.10 The force on the mass m at position x on the x axis is F = −F0 sinh(αx), where
F0 and α are positive constants. Find the potential energy U (x), and give an approx-
imation for U (x) suitable for small oscillations. What is the angular frequency of the
oscillation?

From F = −∇U

F = −F0 sinh(αx)
Z
−U (x) = −F0 sinh(αx)dx
−F0
Z
−U (x) = sinh(αx)d(αx)
α
F0
U (x) = cosh(αx)
α

Use taylor series

F0 1
U (x) = + F0 αx2
α 2

Thus K = F0 α
r
k
ω=
m
r
F0 α
ω=
m

In website 1.1 anw = It’s approximately Simple Harmonic Oscillation ,but it’s have
resistance in system.

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In website 1.2 anw =

From Newton’s second law

ΣF = mẍ
−kx − bẋ = mẍ
mẍ + kx + bẋ = 0
b k
ẍ + ẋ + x = 0
m m

q
b k
Let m = 2β and ω0 = m

Which β can be call ”damping constant” and ω0 can be call ”natural frequency”

So the equation of motion for the damped oscillator becomes

ẍ + 2β ẋ + ω0 2 x = 0

Set
x(t) = ert and ẋ = rert and ẍ = r2 ert
Substituting into

ẍ + 2β ẋ + ω0 2 x = 0

Is

r2 + 2βr + ω0 2 = 0
p
Solution of equation is r = −β ± β 2 − ω0 2
Thus if we define the two constants

p
r1 = −β + β1 2 − ω0 2
p
r2 = −β − β1 2 − ω0 2

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Then the two function er1 t and er2 t are two independent solution of ẍ + 2β ẋ + ω0 2 x = 0
and the general solution is

x(t) = C1 er1 t + C2 er2 t

√ 2 √
−βt β1 −ω0 2 t − β1 2 −ω0 2 t
x(t) = e [C1 e + C2 e ]

In website 1.3 Damped Harmonic Oscillation have 4 type

1) Undamped Oscillation decay parameter is β = 0
2) Weak Damping decay parameter is β < ω0
3) Strong Damping decay parameter is β > ω0
4) Critical Damping decay parameter is β = ω0

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In website 1.4 Graph of damped Harmonic Oscillation is
Undamped Oscillation

Weak Damping

Strong Damping

Critical Damping