1.

ARC – a curved formed inside the top curve of loop, as in small letters “h ”,
“m”, “n”, “p”.
2. ARCH – any arcade form in the body of a letter found in small letters which
contain arches.
3. ALIGNMENT – is the relation of parts of the whole of writing or line of
individual letters in words to the baseline.
4. Analysis – properties of characteristics observed or measured.
5. Angular Line – a very common fault of coordination.
6. ASCENDER – is the top portion of a letter or upper loop.
7. Ball point pen- has in its point a small rotating metal ball that continually
inks itself as it turns.
8. BASELINE – maybes actually on a ruled paper, it might be imaginary
alignment of writing.
9. BEADED – preliminary embellished initial stroke which usually occur in
capital letters.
10.BEARD – is the rudimentary initial up stroke of a letter.
11.BLUNT – the beginning and ending stroke of a letter.
12.BODY – The main portion of the letter, minus the initial of stroke. Terminal
strokes and the diacritic, of any. Ex: the oval of the letter “O ” is the body,
minus the downward stroke and the loop.
13.BOWL – a fully rounded oval or circular form on a letter complete into “O ”.
14.BUCKLE/BUCKLEKNOT – a loop made as flourished which is added to the
letters, as in small letter “k & a”, or in capital letter “A”, “K ”, “P ”.
15.CACOGRAPHY – a bad writing.
16.CALLIGRAPHY – the art of beautiful writing.
17.Canceling Inks- These inks often contain carbon and this fact should be
burned in mind when it is required to decipher faint cancellation marks on a
postage stamp and wrappers.
18.Carbon Process- The forger places the document to be forged on the bottom,
inter-leave a piece of carbon and places on top a document containing the
genuine signature.
19.CHARACTERISTICS – is any properly or mark which distinguish and in
document examination commonly called to as the identifying details.
20.CLASS CHARACTERISTICS – not all characteristics encountered in
document examination are peculiar to a single person or thing and one
which is common to a group may be described as class characteristics.
21.COLLATION – side by side comparison.
22.COMMERCIAL DOCUMENT – any instrument executed in accordance with
the Code of Commerce or any Mercantile Law, containing disposition of
commercial rights or obligations.
23.Common or usual – this characteristic can be found in a group of writers
who studied the same system of writing.
24.Comparison – Properties or characteristics of the unknown determined
though analysis are now compared with the familiar or recorded properties
of known items.
25.Connection – the connective form determine the essential expression of the
writing pattern
26.DIACRITIC – “t” crossing and dots of the letter “i” and “j”. The maters of the
Indian script are also known as diacritic signs.
27.DISGUISED WRITING – a writer may deliberately try to alter his usual
writing habits in hope of hiding his identity, writing skill is poorer, change in
slant, size, altered of capital letters.
28.DISCOLORATION- One way of tracing the age of the paper is though the
observance of the changes in its physical characteristics
29.Disconnections or pen lifts between letters – this characteristic’s may be due
to lack of movement control or closely related to design of letters and habits
controlling this characteristics were acquired when writing was learned.
30.DOCUMENT- Any material containing marks, symbols, or signs either
visible, partially visible that may present or ultimately convey a meaning to
someone.
31.ENDING/TERMINATE STROKE OF TOE – the end stroke of a letter.
32.Evaluation – Similar or dissimilarities in properties or characteristics will
each have a certain value for identification, determined by its likelihood of
occurrence.
33.EYE/EYELET/EYELOOP – a small loop or curved formed inside the letters.
This may occur inside the oval of the letters “a, d, o”.
34.FOOT – the lower part which rest on the base line. The small letter “m ” has
three feet, and the small letter “n” has two feet.
35.Fountain Pen Inks- regarded as special fountain pen inks, and consisting of
ordinary iron gallotannated inks with a lower iron content in most cases but
with a higher dyestuff content than normal inks
36.HABITS – any repeated elements or details which may serve to individualize
writing.
37.HANDWRITING – It is the result of a very complicated series of acts
38.HESITATION – the tem applied to the irregular thickening of ink which is
found when writing slows down or stop while the pen take a stock of the
position.
39.HIATUS/PEN JUMP – a gap occurring between a continuous stroked
without lifting the pen.
40.HOLOGRAPHIC WILL – will entirely written in the handwriting of the
testator.
41.HOOK – it is a minute curve or a ankle which often occurs at the end of the
terminal strokes. It is also sometimes occur at the beginning of an initial
stroke.
42.HUMP – upper portion of its letter “m”, “n”, “h”, “k”.The rounded outside of
the top of the bend stroke or curve in small letter.
43.Indentation Process- The document containing the model signature is
placed on top of the forged document.
44.INDIVIDUAL OR PERSONAL CHARACTERISTICS – Characteristics which is
highly personal ors peculiar and it is unlikely to occur in other instances.
45.KNOB – the extra deposit of ink in the initial and terminal stroke due to the
slow withdrawal of the pen from the paper
46.LIGATURE/CONNECTION – the stroke which connects two stroke of letter.
47.LONG LETTER – those letters with both upper and lower loops.
48.LOOP – An oblong curve such as found on the small letter “f ”, “go” “l” and
letters stroke “f” has two.
49.Loose writing- This is characterized by too much freedom of movement and
lack of regular
50.MAJUSCULE – a capital letter.
51.MINUSCULE – a small letter.
52.Motor Coordination – the efficient way which the various muscles writing
work together to produce written forms
53.MOVEMENT IMPULSES – this refer to the continuity of stroke force writing
is usually produce by disconnected and broken movement more motion or
movement impulses than genuine writing.
54.Muscular control or motor control – is characterized by free smooth, well
regulated movement produced without tension or impulsive variation.
55.NATURAL HANDWRITING – any writing executed normally without any
attempt to control or alter its identifying habits and usual quality of
execution.
56.NOTARIAL WILL- signed by the testator acknowledge before a notary public
with 3 witnesses.
57.Occasional _ this characteristic’s is only found occasionally in the
handwriting.
58.OFFICIAL DOCUMENT – any instrument issued by the government or its
agents or its officers having the authority to do so and the offices
59.OVAL – the portion of the letter which is oval in shape. The small letter
stroke. “a”, “d”, “g”, & “q” contain oval letter “a”, “t”, while coming down
60.PAPER- Sheet of interlaced fiber – usually cellulose fibers from plants, but
sometimes from cloth rage or other fibrous materials
61.PARCHMENT- Writing material made form skin of animals primarily of
sheep, calves or goats – was probably developed in the Middle East more or
less contemporaneously with papyrus.
62.PATCHING – retouching or going back over a defective portion of a written
stroke. Careful patching is common defect on forgeries.
63.PEN LIFT – an interruption in a stroke caused by removing the writing
instrument from the paper.
64.Pen hold – This location of the shading can give clue to how the fountain
pen is held.
65.Pen – pressure – one of the most reliable indication of naturalness in
handwriting is the rhythmical and fluent application of pressure and release
of pressure
66.Permanent characteristics – this characteristic’s can be found always in the
handwriting.
67.Printing inks- consist of a mixture of colored pigments, carbon black and a
“base” which may consist of oil, resins, synthetic resins or a mixture of
these
68.PRIVATE DOCUMENT – every deed or instrument executed by a private
person without the intervention of a notary public or of any person
69.PUBLIC DOCUMENT – any instrument notarized by a notary public or
competent public official with solemnities required by law
70.QUESTIONED- Any material which some issue has been raided or which is
under scrutiny.
71.QUESTIONED DOCUMENT – Any document about which some issue has
been raised or which is under scrutiny, or of doubtful origin.
72.QUILL PENS- It is a hollow part of large feather usually from goose and was
used writing on parchment.
73.Rare – this characteristic is special to the writer and perhaps found only in
one or two persons in a group of one hundred individuals.
74.REED PEN/SWAMP REED- It was the first writing tool that has the writing
and slightly frayed like a brush
75.Restrained writing- There is lack of freedom and inhibited movements.
76.RETRACE/RETRACING – any part of a stroke which is super imposed upon
the original stroke.
77.RUG-SHIP QUALITY – maybe very old before discoloration starts.
78.Shading – In forearm movement where considerable speed is used, there is
ordinarily but slight shading if any
79.SHOULDER – outside portion of the top curse, small letter “m ” has three
shoulders and the small letter “n” has two, the small letter “h ” has one
shoulder.
80.Simulated free hand forgery – Used by forgers who have a certain skill in
writing. After some practice, the forger tries to write a copy of the model
quickly.
81.Simulated signature – the free hand drawing in imitation of model
signature.
82.Simulated with the model before the forger – He makes an effort to obtain a
reproduction of the model signature. He works slowly, strokes after stro
83.Skill – legibility and symmetry are the basis upon which ones skill or
pictorial aspect is judged.
84.Speed – sped of writing which is correlated with naturalness of handwriting
is frequently shown by slurring of letter forms.
85.SPUR – s short initial or terminal stroke.
86.SPURIOUS SIGNATURE – A Fraudulent signature in which there was n o
apparent attempt at stimulation or limitation. It is a common form of forgery
encountered at stipulation or limitation.
87.STAFF – any major long downward stroke of a letter than is the long
downward stroke of the letter “b”, “g”.
88.STANDARD DOCUMENT – Are condensed and compact-set of authentic
specimen which is adequate and proper, should contain a cross section of
the material form it source.
89.STEM OR SHANK – the upright long downward stroke that is the trunk or
stalks, normally seen in capital letters.
90.STROKE – series of lines or curves written in a single letter.
91.STROKE STRUCTURE – are series of lines or curves within the letters o the
alphabet.
92.TICK/HITCH – any short stroke, which usually occurs at the top of the
letters.
93.Traced Signature – a tracing of a genuine signature outline.
94.Transmitted light process- The document to be forged is placed on top of the
document containing the genuine signature.
95.TREMOR – a writing weakness portrayed by irregular shaky stroke is
described as writing tremor.
96.TYPEWRITER- A machine that can reproduce printed characters on papers
or that can produce printed letters and figures on paper.
97.VELLUM- Writing materials from fine skins from young calves or kids and
the term (name) was often used for all kind of parchment manuscripts
98.Watermark- earliest way of identifying the date of manufacture of the paper
99.WOOD PULP – papers out of wood pulp may start to discolor at edges from 2
to 3 years.
100. Writing movement – the character of writing movement is a primary
determinant of writing speed