R.V.

College of Engineering, Bengaluru

(Autonomous Institution Affiliated to VTU)
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering

6th Semester

Self-Study Report on
Sub Topic: IEEE Standards for Communication

USN Name

1 1RV16EC143 Shashank Jain

2 1RV16EC148 Shivam Gaur

Date: 27.03.2019
 INTRODUCTION
Each year, the IEEE-SA conducts over 200 standards ballots, a process by which proposed standards
are voted upon for technical reliability and soundness. In 2017, IEEE had over 1100 active standards,
with over 600 standards under development.

One of the more notable are the IEEE 802 LAN/MAN group of standards, with the widely used
computer networking standards for both wired and wireless networks.

The IEEE standards development process can be broken down into seven basic steps:

1. Securing Sponsorship: An IEEE-approved organization must sponsor a standard. A

sponsoring organization is in charge of coordinating and supervising the standard
development from inception to completion. The professional societies within IEEE serve as
the natural sponsor for many standards.
2. Requesting Project Authorization: To gain authorization for the standard a Project
Authorization Request (PAR) is submitted to the IEEE-SA Standards Board. The New
Standards Committee (NesCom) of the IEEE-SA Standards Board reviews the PAR and
makes a recommendation to the Standards Board about whether to approve the PAR.
3. Assembling a Working Group: After the PAR is approved, a working group of individuals
affected by, or interested in, the standard is organized to develop the standard. IEEE-SA
rules ensure that all Working Group meetings are open and that anyone has the right to
attend and contribute to the meetings.
4. Drafting the Standard: The Working Group prepares a draft of the proposed standard.
Generally, the draft follows the IEEE Standards Style Manual that sets guidelines for the
clauses and format of the standards document.
5. Balloting: Once a draft of the standard is finalized in the Working Group, the draft is
submitted for Balloting approval. The IEEE Standards Department sends an invitation-to-
ballot to any individual who has expressed an interest in the subject matter of the standard.
Anyone who responds positively to the invitation-to-ballot becomes a member of the
balloting group, as long as the individual is an IEEE Standards Association member or has
paid a balloting fee. The IEEE requires that a proposed draft of the standard receive a
response rate of 75% (i.e., at least 75% of potential ballots are returned) and that, of the
responding ballots, at least 75% approve the proposed draft of the standard. If the standard is
not approved, the process returns to the drafting of the standard step in order to modify the
standard document to gain approval of the balloting group.
6. Review Committee: After getting 75% approval, the draft standard, along with the balloting
comments, are submitted to the IEEE-SA Standards Board Review Committee (RevCom).
The RevCom reviews the proposed draft of the standard against the IEEE-SA Standards
Board Bylaws and the stipulations set forth in the IEEE-SA Standards Board Operations
Manual. The RevCom then makes a recommendation about whether to approve the
submitted draft of the standard document.
7. Final Vote: Each member of the IEEE-SA Standards Board places a final vote on the
submitted standard document. In some cases external members are invited to vote. It takes a
majority vote of the Standards Board to gain final approval of the standard. In general, if the
RevCom recommends approval, the Standards Board will vote to approve the standard.
 IEEE 802.3 (Ethernet)
The original Ethernet was created in 1976 at Xerox’s Palo Alto Research Center (PARC). Since then, it has
gone through four generations: Standard Ethernet (lot Mbps), Fast Ethernet (100 Mbps), Gigabit Ethernet (l
Gbps), and Ten-Gigabit Ethernet (l0 Gbps).

MAC Sublayer
In Standard Ethernet, the MAC sublayer governs the operation of the access method. It also frames data
received from the upper layer and passes them to the physical layer.

Frame Length
Ethernet has imposed restrictions on both the minimum and maximum lengths of a frame. The minimum
length restriction is required for the correct operation of CSMA/CD as we will see shortly. An Ethernet frame
needs to have a minimum length of 512 bits or 64 bytes. The standard defines the maximum length of a frame
(without preamble and SFD field) as 1518 bytes. If we subtract the 18 bytes of header and trailer, the
maximum length of the payload is 1500 bytes.

A source address is always a unicast address-the frame comes from only one station. The destination address,
however, can be unicast, multicast, or broadcast. A unicast destination address defines only one recipient; the
relationship between the sender and the receiver is one-to-one. A multicast destination address defines a group
of addresses; the relationship between the sender and the receivers is one-to-many. The broadcast address is a
special case of the multicast address; the recipients are all the stations on the LAN. A broadcast destination
address is forty-eight.

CHANGES IN THE STANDARD

The 10-Mbps Standard Ethernet has gone through several changes before moving to the higher data rates.
These changes actually opened the road to the evolution of the Ethernet to become compatible with other
high-data-rate LANs.

Bridged Ethernet
Bridges have two effects on an Ethernet LAN: They raise the bandwidth and they separate collision
domains.

Switched Ethernet
A layer 2 switch is an N-port bridge with additional sophistication that allows faster handling of the packets.
Evolution from a bridged Ethernet to a switched Ethernet was a big step that opened the way to an even faster
Ethernet,

Full-Duplex Ethernet
One of the limitations of 10Base5 and lOBase2 is that communication is half-duplex (lOBase-T is always full-
duplex); a station can either send or receive, but may not do both at the same time. The next step in the
evolution was to move from switched Ethernet to full-duplex switched Ethernet.
 IEEE 802.11a (Wi-Fi)
The IEEE 802.11a standard is the first standard in the IEEE 802.11 series. It defines a WiFi format for
providing wireless connectivity in the 5 GHz ISM band to give raw data speeds of up to 54Mbps.

Although, alphabetically it is the first standard in the 802.11 series, t was released at the same time as IEEE
802.11b which was aimed at connectivity using the 2.4 GHz ISM band.

Using the technology of the time, IEEE 802.11a was more costly and a little more difficult to implement as it
operated at 5 GHz rather than 2.4 GHz and as a result it was less widely used.

802.11a boasted an impressive level of performance. It was able to transfer data with raw data rates up to 54
Mbps and at the time it was thought to have a good range, although it could not provide the maximum data
rate at its extremes.

CHALLENGES OF WIRELESS NETWORKS

 Force us to rethink many assumptions.
 Need to share airwaves rather than wire
 Mobility
 Other characteristics of wireless
o Noisy -> lots of losses
o Slow
o Interaction of multiple transmitters at receiver
 Collisions, capture, interference
o Multipath interference

APPLICATIONS AND FUTURE OUTLOOK

The adoption of the IEEE 802.11a standard was less than that of 802.11b as a result of the higher frequencies
involved. Although technology has moved on significantly since then the 5GHz requirement for 802.11a
meant that it was considerably less widely deployed than the “b” version which operated at 2.4 GHz. Also Wi-
Fi hotspots tended to focus less on 802.11a. Despite this Wi-Fi as a whole moved forward considerably and
802.11a was used, but less than other versions.
 IEEE 802.15.1 (Bluetooth)
802.15.1, more commonly known as Bluetooth, is a low-data-rate, low-power wireless networking
standard aimed at replacing cables between lightweight devices. The Bluetooth protocol stack, is
somewhat unusual compared to other IEEE networking stacks. The Bluetooth stack defines many
components above the PHY and MAC layers, some of which are optional. This design permits the
Bluetooth Special Interest Group to compose these components into application-specific profiles.

Transport layer
The Bluetooth transport layer is
roughly equivalent to the
traditional OSI PHY and MAC
layers. All Bluetooth devices are
required to implement this layer
in hardware. The transport layer
is composed from the radio,
baseband, and link manager
layers, which are described
below.

Middleware Layer
The middleware layer consists of several software components that are designed to encourage
interoperability among Bluetooth devices. Many of the components in this layer are optional; generally,
only high-powered devices (like PCs) will implement the entire stack. The components in the middleware
layer communicate with the transport layer using the standardized Host Controller Interface (HCI).

Bluetooth Security
Bluetooth uses a pairing process to establish encryption and authentication between two devices. The
pairing process is performed using a series of keys as an input to the SAFER+ block cipher. In the
interest of brevity, we will not discuss here the inner workings of SAFER+ or the key generation in
detail; the interested reader may consult for more information.
In the first stage of the pairing process, the devices generate a shared 128-bit initialization key using the
master’s 48-bit hardware address; a shared 128-bit random number; and a user-specified PIN of up to 128
bits. The former two values are exchanged in plaintext, and the latter is manually inputted by the user
into both devices. The devices then encrypt their link using this key, and negotiate a 128-bit link key. The
two devices then use the link key to perform a challenge/response protocol. If successful, then the two
devices store the link key and discard the initialization key. Any future communication between these
two devices is optionally encrypted using a 128-bit session key based on this stored link key.

Applications and Future Outlook

Bluetooth is a mature technology that has been widely adopted by the mobile phone industry. The
Bluetooth SIG estimates an installed base of 250 million Bluetooth-equipped devices by the end of 2004,
and projected that this would double by the end of 2005.

In 2005, Sony announced that the PlayStation 3 video game console would use Bluetooth to
communicate with wireless gamepads and accessories. Sony has sold over 100 million each of its two
previous-generation PlayStation consoles since they were released in 1994 and 2000, respectively. If the
PlayStation 3 meets with similar success in the marketplace, it could have a significant impact on
consumer acceptance of Bluetooth devices beyond the mobile phone market.
 IEEE 802.20 (Cellular Connectivity)
In March 2002, the Mobile Broadband Wireless Access (MBWA) Study Group was formed within the IEEE
802.16 committee to determine the interest and feasibility of a new broadband wireless standard. The study
concluded that 802.16 and MBWA addressed the interests of two different markets, and thus IEEE 802.20 as
an official working group was born.
The IEEE 802.20 MBWA, so-called Mobile-Fi, may change the direction of wireless networking, and sits
on existing cellular towers, promising the same coverage area as a mobile phone system with the speed
of a Wi-Fi connection. Mobile-Fi is for truly mobile, highspeed data, and truly mobile rates of 20 Mb/s
are possible.

PHY
The physical (PHY) layer
specification consists of two
different duplexing modes:
Time Division Duplexing
(TDD) and Frequency
Division Duplexing (FDD),
two different forward link
hopping modes: Symbol
Rate Hopping and Block-
Hopping), two different
synchronization modes:
Semi Synchronous and
Asynchronous, and two
different multicarrier modes:
Multi Carrier On and Multi
Carrier Off.

MAC
The MAC layer includes
session, convergence,
security, and lower MAC functions. The lower MAC sublayer controls operations of data channels: Forward
Traffic Channel and Reverse Traffic Channel [19]. It includes control channel MAC protocol, access channel
MAC protocol, shared signalling MAC protocol, forward traffic channel MAC protocol, reverse control
channel MAC protocol, and reverse traffic channel MAC
protocol.

CHALLENGES FOR WIRELESS MESH NETWORKS

There are many challenges for building a largescale and high-performance multihop wireless mesh network,
such as compatibility, coexistence, scalability, security, QoS, and so forth.
The first and most important challenge is compatibility.
The second challenge is the coexistence issue.

APPLICATIONS AND FUTURE OUTLOOK

The IEEE 802.20 MBWA standard is very ambitious and wide-ranging in scope. It is trying to be the best of
all worlds — providing users with a high bandwidth, low latency, always-on Internet service at home that also
has the capability to move with them whether they are on the road or at work. Two of the important things the
standard has in its favour are the facts that it is being built from the ground up to serve a specific purpose and
it is unencumbered with the need to maintain backwards compatibility with other standards. From a
technological perspective, there are several hurdles to such an implementation that will be difficult to
overcome. However, the standard is based in large part on proven, existing techniques and products and it as
fared well in preliminary testing.
 References
• IEEE 802.20: MOBILE BROADBAND WIRELESS ACCESS by WALKER BOLTON,
YANG XIAO, MOHSEN GUIZANI, WESTERN MICHIGAN UNIVERSITY in IEEE
Wireless Communications March 2007

• 802.11 Wireless Networks: The Definitive Guide, M. Gast, O’Reilly, 2002

• [IEEE802.15.1] IEEE, "IEEE 802.15 WPAN Task Group 1 (TG1)", IEEE Task Group.

• https://www.electronics-notes.com/articles/connectivity/wifi-ieee-802-11/802-11a.php

• https://www.lifewire.com/wireless-standards-802-11a-802-11b-g-n-and-802-11ac-816553