Computer Organization and

Assembly Language (CS-506)

Muhammad Zeeshan Haider Ali
Lecturer
ISP. Multan
[email protected]
https://zeeshanaliatisp.wordpress.com/

Lecture 1
Introduction
Course Objectives:
• Basic Understanding of Microcomputer Organization and its
components and their interconnection
• To Understand how Working is done at hardware level
• To Understand how high level instructions are processed
• Basic Understanding of Assembly Language Programing
• To improve logical strength
Reference Books:

• Computer Organization & PC Assembly Language by Ytha Yu

• Irvine Assembly Language for Intel Based Computers, Sthed, Prentice

Hall, 2007
Marking Criteria:
• Mid = 25 Marks • Sessional Criteria
• Final = 50 Marks 4 Assignments (2 Marks)
• Attendance = 10 Marks 4 Quizzes (2 Marks)
• Sessional = 15 Marks Presentation (5 Marks)
Class Participation, Attitude (3 Marks)
Attendance, Exam Result (3 Marks)
Teaching Style and Philosophy
• My role is to
• Facilitate and guide the students to the fundamental concepts
• Make it simple and elaborate with examples
• Relate as much as possible to available products
• Prepare class notes to be as rich and comprehensive as possible

• Your role is to
• Focus on understanding and digesting the concept
• Do not worry about the grade more than concepts; you are a professional !!
• Slow down me if you do not understand and raise questions
• Be prepared to answer an oral quiz, when you get involved in a side talk
Today’s Agenda:
• Computer.
• Computer Organization
• Components of a Computer
• Overview of each component.
 What is Computer?
• An Electronic device that takes
input, process it and produces
output.
 Computer Operations:
• Arithmetic operations • Logical Operations
Unary operations: Unary operations:
Inc (++) Dec (--) Not
Binary operations: Binary operations
Add, Sub, Mul, Div. AND, OR
Com, Assign
 Computer Components:
• Hardware Components. • Software Components:
Physical components of a Set of Instructions used to operate
Computer. the computer
CPU System software
Brain of computer essential for computer,
Main Memory Without System software not
possible to operate Computer.
to store data
Application Software
I/O Devices
Customized software
Performs input and output developed to perform user defined
operations operations.
Computer Organization.
• Computer architecture
refers to those attributes of a system visible to a programmer or, put
another way, those attributes that have a direct impact on the logical
execution of a program
• Computer organization
refers to the operational units and their interconnections that realize the
architectural specifications.
High Level View of Computer Organization.
Simplified Block Diagram of Computer
System.
The System Board:
• Inside the system unit is a main
circuit board called the system
board, which contains the
microprocessor and memory
circuits. The system board is also
called a motherboard because, it
contains expansion slots. which are
connectors for additional circuit
boards called add-in boards or add-
in cards. 1/0 circuits are usually
located on add-In cards.
 The Central Processing Unit:
• manages the instruction-
execution cycle
• FETCH – DECODE –
EXECUTE
• coordinates the activities of
other devices
Central Processing Unit:
Arithmetic logic unit
• Performs arithmetic and logical operations
• Arithmetic operation
• Unary: increment (+1) and decrement (-1)
• Binary: add, subtract, multiply, and divide
• Logical operation
• Unary: NOT
• Binary: AND, OR, XOR
Central Processing Unit:
Registers
• Registers are fast storage locations that hold data temporarily.
• Data registers
• Input data and output data
• Instruction registers
• Program counter
Central Processing Unit:
Control Unit
• The control unit is like the part of the human brain that controls the
operation of each part of the body.
• Controlling is achieved through wires that can be on (hot) or off (cold).
Main Memory
• Random Access Memory (RAM) • Read Only Memory (ROM)
• readable • readable
• writeable • permanent
• usually volatile (e.g., Dynamic • nonvolatile
RAM or DRAM) • special-purpose storage for data
• general storage and instructions
The CPU and Main Memory
Inside the CPU
Inside the CPU

memory
address
register
Inside the CPU
memory
memory data
address register
register
Inside the CPU
memory
memory data
address register
register

program
counter
Inside the CPU
memory
memory data
address register
register

instruction
register

program
counter
Inside the CPU
memory
memory data
address register
register

instruction
register

program arithmetic
counter logic unit
Inside the CPU
memory
memory data
address register
register

accumulator
(work
instruction register)
register

program arithmetic
counter logic unit
Inside the CPU
memory
memory data
address register
register

accumulator
(work
instruction register)
register

program arithmetic
system logic unit
counter clock
FETCH the instruction

1. address of the
next instruction is
transferred from
PC to MAR

2. the instruction is
located in memory
FETCH the instruction

3. instruction is
copied from
memory to MDR
DECODE the instruction

instruction is
transferred to
and decoded in
the IR
EXECUTE the instruction

control unit
sends signals
to appropriate
devices to cause
execution of the
instruction
Types of Processor Operations
• Data Movement Operations • Arithmetic and Logical
• moving data from memory to the Operations
CPU • integer arithmetic
• moving data from memory to • comparing two quantities
memory • shifting, rotating bits in a quantity
• input and output • testing, comparing, and converting
bits
Types of Processor Operations
• Program Control
• starting a program
• halting a program
• skipping to other instructions
• testing data to decide whether to
skip over some instructions
System Clock
• Timing
Even though machine instructions are very simple, their execution is
actually quite complex. To ensure that the steps arc carried out in an
orderly fashion, a clock circuit controls the processor
The time interval between two pulses· is known as a clock period, and
the number of pulses per second is called the clock rate or clock speed,
measured In megahertz (MHz).
One megahertz Is 1 million cycles (pulses) per second. The original lBM
PC had a clock rate of.4.77 MHz, but the latest PS/2 model has .1 cluck
rate of 33 MHz
System Clock
The computer circuits are activated by the clock pulses; that is, the
circuits perform an operation only. when a clock pulse is present. Each
step in the instruction fetch and execution cycle requires one or more
clock periods. For example, the 8086 takes four clock periods to do a
memory read and a multiplication operation may take more than
seventy clock periods. If we speed up the clock circuit, a processor can
be made to operate faster. However, each processor has a rated
maximum clock speed beyond which it may not function properly.
Input/output Module:
• Interface to CPU and Memory
• Interface to one or more peripherals
Generic Model of I/O Module
External Devices
• Human readable (human interface)
• Monitor, printer, keyboard, mouse
• Machine readable
• Disk, tape, sensors
• Communication
• Modem
• Network Interface Card (NIC)
Input/output Ports
Identification And Function
Device Connection
• All devices that connect outside of the computer must use a port to
connect
• Known as I/O ports (Input/Output)
• Bits can travel in parallel or in serial
Serial Connectors

• Can use a 9 or 25 pin male sub-D connector

• Slowest ports
• Used for:
• mouse
• Keyboards
• Modems
Serial Ports
• Also called COM1, COM2, COM3, and COM4
• Can be referred to as a RS-232 port
• This is a standard that defines serial communication
Parallel Ports
• Uses a 25 pin female sub-D connector
• Data flows over 8 lines

• Used for:
• Printers
• Scanners
• Portable drives
Parallel Ports
• When used to connect to a printer, it uses a 36 pin centronics
connector at the other end
Parallel Ports
• Also called LPT1, LPT2, LPT3 (line printer terminal)
• Bi-directional communication
• Called Enhanced Printer Port (EPP)
• Transmission mode can be set in the BIOS
• Maximum cable length is 15 feet
PS/2 and Keyboard Connectors
• PS/2 connectors are used for both mouse and keyboard
• Also called 6-pin mini DIN (Deutsches Institut fur Normung)
• Green for mouse
• Purple for keyboard
• Not interchangeable
• Standard for ATX boards
DIN-5 Keyboard Connector
• Older motherboards use a DIN-5 connector for the keyboard and a 9
pin serial connection for the mouse
Universal Serial Bus (USB)
• Used to connect almost all peripherals
• Can connect up to 127 devices
• Designed to be hot-swappable
• Designed to connect in a daisy chain
USB Standards
• USB 1.1 – 12 Mbps
• USB 2.0 – 480 Mbps
• USB 3.0 – 1.5 Gbps
• A-Style connector is used on the computer or hub
• B-Style connector is used on the device
• Must have Windows 98, 2000,xp,vista,7,8,8.1,10
• Not supported in Windows 95 or NT 4.0
USB Cable Lengths
• Hi Powered devices – 5 meters max
• Also called hi-speed
• Low Powered devices – 3 meters max
• Also called low-speed
• Can be extended if you use a self-powered hub