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Chemistry Cheat Sheet

1) The document discusses the kinetic molecular theory of gases and its key concepts, including that gases are composed of particles in constant random motion that collide with each other and the container walls. 2) It also covers gas laws like Boyle's law, Charles' law, Dalton's law of partial pressures, and deviations from ideal gas behavior due to intermolecular forces. 3) Formulas are provided for calculating gas properties like average molecular kinetic energy, mean square speed, effusion and diffusion rates.

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Dilip Rathinakumar
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114 views2 pages

Chemistry Cheat Sheet

1) The document discusses the kinetic molecular theory of gases and its key concepts, including that gases are composed of particles in constant random motion that collide with each other and the container walls. 2) It also covers gas laws like Boyle's law, Charles' law, Dalton's law of partial pressures, and deviations from ideal gas behavior due to intermolecular forces. 3) Formulas are provided for calculating gas properties like average molecular kinetic energy, mean square speed, effusion and diffusion rates.

Uploaded by

Dilip Rathinakumar
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Solutions: Composed of Solvent and one/more Solutes KINETIC THEORY OF GASES

 Solvent: Present in largest amt. Ideal: Empirical Model


 Solute: Present in smaller amt. Kinetic: Theoretical Model
Molarity: Moles Solute/Liters Solution Molality: Moles/Mass Gas composed of small particles in random, con-
stant, motion.
TIPS TO DO PROBLEMS
Separated by large distance.
If there is a mixture, utilize (1-x) :
Molecules collide with each other and container.
1 can be the value given. Example: mass of mixture is 20 thus mass of a com-
ponent is (20-x) No forces except during collisions.
For gas mixtures: Utilize partial pressure and ratios. Molecules lose/gain energy but energy of gas is
constant.
GASES
Relation—Gas Pressure/Velocity
Pressure = Force/Area - Force: Collusion of
molecules against container. Area: Walls of Ek of molecule = (1/2)mu2
the container.
Frequency proportional to (u x N/V)
Boyle’s Law: PV = Constant: P1V1 = P2V2
P = (1/3)mu2(N/V)
Deviations from Law:
Mean square speed is used for calculations.
Molecules exert forces on each other
PV = (1/3)mu2NA : 3RT = Mu2
Deviations vanish as density lowers/temp
increases
Low Pressure: Gas follows Boyle’s Law

Gay-Lussac/Charles Law: At constant P,


V increases linearly with T for a given
no. of mol of gas.
All gases behave the same when sub-
jected to a given temp change.
Eg. V of gas at boiling temp is 1.3666
times its V at T of ice water.

Ideal Gas: PV = nRT or PVm = RT where


Vm is Molar Volume (V/n) Gas type will change Maxwell distribution. Higher
temperature will have more molecules
Assumes no intermolecular forces between molecules. Molecules have no
molecular volume. (Thus no term in equation to account for different gases) ump = (2RT/M)0.5 : uav = (8RT/piM)0.5

Dalton’s Law: Effusion: Passage of molecules through a pin hole


into vacuum.
Partial Pressure: Presure that each gas in a mixture would have if present
alone in a container of same volume and temperature. ZW = (1/4) (N/V) Uav x A (pinhole) (N = # molcules)
P = PA + PB = (nA + nB)(RT/V) = nRT/V (If you have V, P, T of a mix of gas, you Mix gases. Rate A/Rate B = NA(mB)0.5/NB(mA)0.5
can calculate total n of gas) Diffusion: Same as effusion but0.5
no difference pres-
PA / P = nA/(nA + nB) = yA (Molar fraction of gas A in mixture) thus PA = yA P sure. Rate A/Rate B = (MB/MA)
Total pressure exerts on walls is sum of partial pressures of different gases and
only depends on nt
NON – IDEAL GASES

For Ideal: PVm/RT = 1 : For Real: PVm/RT = Z (0.1 < Compressibility Factor < 1.5)

From Ideal, if T = 0, V = 0 which is incorrect as molecules have some volume (real).

Z = PVm/RT = (P/RT) (RT/P + b) = 1 + (bP/RT)


 a 
 P  2 Vm  b   RT If molecules attract, P(real) should be less
 Vm  than predicted using only b value. Thus the a

PVm  bP  RT Vm
3 2 value is also needed. (a- prop to intermolec-
 aVm  ab  0
ular forces)
Steel Cylinder has 5 mol C and 5 mol O2. Combus-
tion makes CO and CO2. Cylinder cools to original T
and new P is 17% higher than old. Calculate Mole
fractions of CO, CO2, O2.

We have 5 + 17% moles of gas.


Which are 5 + 5*17/100 = 5,85 moles gas, O2 + CO
+ CO2.
Since we have had 5 moles of C, so there must be 5
moles of (CO + CO2) after the reaction.
Which means, that the unreacted O2 gas is 0,85
moles.
The rest of the O2 which has reacted with the C is
4,15 moles O2, or 8,3 moles O.
So 8,3 moles O are x moles CO and 2y moles CO2,
when x = moles CO, and y = moles CO2.
And we know, that x + y = 5 moles. This gives us
two equations to solve:
8,3 = x + 2y
x+y=5
the solutions:
x = mol CO = 1,7 y = mol CO2 = 3,3 mol O2 = 0,85

RANDOM

Probable speed of H lower than N at same tem-


perature.

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