Role of

local
Governme
nt ministry
In

1
Banglades
h economy
Submitted to

Shahnawaz Mohammad Rafi

Faculty of Economics
American International University-Bangladesh

Submitted by
Islam Md. Ashraful
09-14107-2

Mow Farzana Sultana

09-18984-2

Dewanjee Tushar Kanti

09-13918-2

2
 Md. Faisal Al Imran
09-13998-2

Imtiaz Ashfaq
09-13932-2

Islam Md. Rashedul

09-14203-2

Role of local Government ministry

In
Bangladesh economy

Bangladesh is a poor country. Most of the people live below the poverty line. Our GDP
depends on Agriculture and industry. As a newly independent (1971) country Bangladesh
is struggling with huge population, low per capita income, mass poverty, unemployment
and underemployment, illiteracy, child labor, malnutrition, corruption, and related social
problems. The economy of the country is poor and based on the rural agricultural sector,
but natural disasters - mainly floods, affects the economy annually which delays
economic progress. Rural-urban disparity in terms of per capita income, consumption,
education, health facilities, and physical infrastructure is an important developmental
issue in Bangladesh. The Government of Bangladesh and a significant number of non-
government organizations (NGOs) are working to improve the socioeconomic conditions
of rural poor people of the country.

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To improve the economic development of the country the local Government ministry
should work for it. Bangladesh economy depends on some several sectors like
agriculture, roads and highway, disaster management, industry etc. Role of several sector
in economy are briefly discuss below-

The Local Government for Agriculture in Bangladesh

Bangladesh is an agricultural country. Our country is firstly an agrarian

economy. Around 70% of our population is related with agriculture. This is one of the
fewest parts of our economy where we are really resourceful. After meeting the
nation’s requirement our agricultural products are exported in many countries. Rice,
jute, potato, wheat, pulses, tea, tobacco and sugarcane these are the main agricultural
products of our country. Bangladesh is the largest producer of jute and rice. Almost
30% of our total GDP (source-Wikipedia) is produced by the agriculture. Though rice
and jutes are the main crops wheat is also becoming an important part of our
agriculture. Tea is grown in northeast. Rice can be harvested in our country three times
a year. Agriculture is the lifeline of the economy of our country

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 Though the agriculture sector of our country is a blessing but this sector is
also facing some serious barriers. Some of them are unavailability and high price of
seeds and fertilizer, not enough agricultural equipment, irrigation and water
management problem etc. The agricultural problem of Bangladesh is becoming
more visible as technology in other country is increased. The agriculture of our
country is heavily depended on weather, also sometimes falling prices in the
international market and in management and regulation problems in the industry of
Bangladesh. And the most pathetic part of this is the entire harvest can be wiped
out when a natural disaster attacks.

The local government ministry for agriculture in Bangladesh is the ministry

of Agriculture (MOA). This local government observes the agricultural sector of
Bangladesh. This ministry can contribute the most in the development of our
agricultural sector. The ministry of agriculture is one of the key ministries of the
government of the people of the republic of Bangladesh.

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 Allocation of business by MOA:

1. Develop agricultural plans, policies, regulations, acts etc for sustainable

agricultural development and for food sufficiency.
2. Provide support for new agricultural technologies to boost up agricultural
production and coordinate with local and international trade agencies for
marketing.
3. Monitor implementation of agricultural policies, plans, projects, programs and
regulations.
4. Monitor distribution of agricultural inputs and subsidies and marketing of the
agricultural products in local and international markets.
5. Develop capacity of professionals and other team players with the recent
development in the agricultural sector in the world.
6. Provide administrative and policy support to MOA agencies for planning and
implementation for the development programs/projects and coordinate with donors
and development partners for funding and technical assistance.

Departments of the Ministry Of Agriculture

These are the major allocation of business for agriculture of The Ministry of
Agriculture. In the ministry the Department of agriculture Extension is the largest
public sector extension service provider in Bangladesh. Its mission is to provide
need based extension services to all categories of farmers and enabling them to
optimize there use of resource, in order to promote sustainable and socio economic
development. The other departments of this ministry are the 1.Department of
agriculture marketing,2.Agricultural information service,3.Seed certification
agency,4.Cotton development Board,5.Bangladeh agricultural Development
corporation, 6.Bangladesh agricultural research council,7.BARIND multi purpose
development authority, 8.Bangladesh agricultural research Institute, 9.Bangladesh
rice research institute, 10.Bangladesh jute research instate, 11.Soil resource
development institute, 12.Bangladesh sugarcane research institute, 13.Bangladesh

6
 institute of nuclear agriculture, 14.Horticulture and export foundation,
15.Bangladesh applied nutrition and human resource development board.
Before discussing on the development works of the Ministry Of Agriculture
Bangladesh Agriculture at a glance-

Bangladesh Agriculture at a Glance

Total family : 17,600,804

Total farm holding : 15,089,000
Total area : 14.845million hectare
Forest : 2.599 million hectare
Cultivable land : 8.44 million hectare
Cultivable waste : 0.268 million hectare
Current fellow : 0.469 million hectare
Cropping intensity : 175.97%
Single cropped area : 2.851 million hectare
Double cropped area : 3.984 million hectare
Triple cropped area : 0.974 million hectare
Net cropped area : 7.809 million hectare
Total cropped area : 13.742 million hectare
Contribution of agriculture sector to GDP : 23.50%
Contribution of crop sector to GDP : 13.44%
Manpower in agriculture : 62%
Total food crop demand : 23.029 million metric ton
Total food crop production : 27.787 million metric ton
Net production : 24.569 million metric ton

Source-BBS, 2006 and handbook agricultural statistics

Development works those can be made

by the Local government:

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 Bangladesh is a country with a population of almost 15 corers consists of
17,600,804 families, among them 15,089,000 families are total farm holding. Rice
is the staple food of Bangladeshi’s. Rice can be harvested two or even three times a
year. Due to weather condition the production of rice and wheat fluctuate greatly.
Being one of the highest rice and whet producers Bangladesh had to import 1.6
million tons of wheat in 2000 in order to meet the demand of the local market.

Another big problem of agriculture in Bangladesh is not using of latest

scientific equipments. Over a period of several weeks each field is plowed three or
four times using a wooden plow and two oxen. for this the farmers have to cultivate
their land with old equipments. Those are very tough to use and time consuming.
so the local government for agriculture can introduce new agricultural equipments
to the farmers to boost up agricultural production at a shortest time with
comparatively less labor. in the rural areas the electricity is available almost
everywhere now. So the tube wells with electric pumps should be made available
for a better irrigation and tractors needs to be at a lower price.

The agricultural plans and policies, regulations and acts are not up to date.
we still follow old policies for our biggest earning sector. The rate of growth of
output and employment reduced. This is the place where the local government can
contribute itself to develop new plans and policies for a sustainable agricultural
development.

The domestic production increased at a relatively steady rate in the years

following independence. But it did not grow fast enough to fill the gap created by
the rapid population growth. here; the local government has to monitor the
agricultural distributions and inputs. the local government needs to find out why
with an increasing population and manpower the agricultural products are not
being grown faster.

The ownership of agricultural land is one of the most difficult problems in

the Bangladesh countryside. In most villages a few families control most of the
lands. where a large number of family have no land either not enough land or no
land to help themselves. here the local government can implement new plan and
policies.

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 The local government can hold a department for agricultural marketing for
the farmers to get the right price for their products. And also can establish a better
and available agricultural information service.

The local government can make seeds available for the farmers at a much
lowered cost for the farmers at the time of irrigation. Besides quality seeds need to
be distributed to the farmers for a better and bigger harvest. An information centre
for the farmers can let them know about the latest methods for harvesting which
will help them to do a larger production comparatively at a shorter time.

Though the agriculture in Bangladesh is heavily depended on weather still

we can improve the ways to make agriculture depend comparatively more on us.
The local government can make electricity available in those areas and also electric
pumps.

Horticulture and development foundation is a part of the Ministry of

Agriculture; horticulture is the industry and science of plant cultivation including
the process of preparing soil for the planting of trees. The ministry is concerting a
lot on this side, and in near future it can become a profitable part of our agricultural
process.

Though the agriculture in Bangladesh is facing various problems for

decades, but gradually the agriculture is increasing overall. The production is
increasing, with better agricultural items and also Bangladesh is earning a lot of
foreign currency and most of its GDP through the agriculture. the local government
is contributing a lot for the development. Their day to day research for a better
irrigation is applied and thus the agriculture is getting a better result. The seed
certification agency, soil resource development institute making it easier for people
related with agriculture. The different hybrid seeds discovered by the agriculture
research unit are a blessing for the farmers, for which the farmers are growing
more crops and increasing the foreign currency earned by exporting the high
quality crops. So the local government for agriculture has become a very important
part of the development plan of the Agriculture in Bangladesh

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 Role of education in economy

Bangladesh is classified as one of the poorest countries of the world. Data published by
UNESCO rank Bangladesh in the thirty-first position out of thirty-five countries for
which GDP data could be given. Manpower is a blessing for industrialization when they
are literate. But in Bangladesh 34% adult people are still illiterate. (Bangladesh Bureau of
Statistics, 2002).

It is estimated that the labor force will grow from 55 million to 100 million over the next
20 years. The country has 6.6 million child labor force (aged 5-14; most of them are
dropped out from schools at early age.), but in reality the number may be higher. Bt still
the poverty line (daily intake of 2122 K. Cal a day) reveals that 36% people live below
the poverty line. Thirty seven percent are rated most vulnerable, and forty six vulnerable
(Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics, 2000). The only one reason for that and it is illiteracy.
Without education no one can change his lot. So it is most important that to develop the
country’s economy, literacy rate should be increased.

Education structure in Bangladesh:

Formal education in Bangladesh is provided in four stages: pre-primary or early

childhood education; primary (grade I-V), secondary education (grade VI –XII of which
first three grades are considered junior or lower secondary, grade IX-X as secondary, and
grade XI-XII as higher secondary); and tertiary education which includes two-year
bachelor’s courses, along with three and four-year bachelor’s honors courses and one-
year master’s degree courses. A parallel system of formal religious education exists for
Muslim students, and this is known as Madrasah education. For Madrasah education,
Ebtedayee, Dakhil, Alim, Fazil and Kamil are the equivalent to primary, secondary,
higher secondary, bachelor’s and master’s respectively. In recent years Madrasah

10
 education has gone through some modernization and to make the system more closely
equivalent to the Bangladesh general education system. Nearly 3 million students are
currently enrolled in Madrasah education.

Stage Grades Age group Population Approximate Institutes

Enrolment (%)
Pre- Nursery, 3-5 15,502,000 Not reported. Tends Kindergarten schools, nurseries mostly in urban
primary KG etc. to zero in rural areas areas
Primary I-V 6-10 18,680,000 90-95 Government primary school, Rural non-
government primary school, Ebtedayee
Madrasah, Community Schools, etc.
Secondary VI-XII 11-15 15,455,000 48 Govt. and Non-govt. high schools
Bachelor & XIII 16-21 21,297,000 3 Govt. and Non-govt. colleges, universities and
master’s -XVI specialized institutes
Fig: Stages of formal education, population size, and enrolment in Bangladesh

Education vs. economy

Education unquestionably plays a vital role in national development. It is central to

development; it empowers people and strengthens nations. It is a powerful “equalizer”,
opening doors to all to lift themselves out of poverty. It is critical to the world’s
attainment of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). Two of the eight MDG’s
pertain to education-namely, universal primary completion and gender parity in primary
and secondary schooling. Moreover, education-especially girls’ education-has a direct
and proven impact on the goals related to child and reproductive health and
environmental sustainability. Education also promotes economic growth, national
productivity and innovation, and values of democracy and social cohesion.

During the twentieth century, education, skills, and the acquisition of knowledge have
become crucial determinants of a person’s and a nation’s productivity. One can even call
the twentieth century the “Age of Human Capital” in the sense that the primary
determinant of a country’s standard of living is how well it succeeds in developing and
utilizing the skills and knowledge, and furthering the health and educating the majority of
its population.

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Investment in education benefits the individual, society, and the world as a whole. Broad-
based education of good quality is among the most powerful instruments known to
reduce poverty and inequality. With proven benefits for personal health, it also
strengthens nations’ economic health by laying the foundation for sustained economic
growth. For individuals and nations, it is key to creating, applying, and spreading
knowledge-and thus to the development of dynamic, globally competitive economies.
And it is fundamental for the construction of democratic societies.

Some countries have successfully combined openness and investment in learning and
education, forming a virtuous circle: openness creates demand for education, and learning
and education make a country’s export sector more competitive.

Education is indispensable to economic development. No economic development is

possible without good education. A balanced education system promotes not only
economic development, but productivity, and generates individual income per capita. Its
influence is noticeable at the micro level of an individual family

Increases Productivity and Earnings. Research has established that every year of
schooling increases individual wages for both men and women by a worldwide average
of about 10 percent. In poor countries, the gains are even greater. The following is a table
comparing Bangladesh with other South Asian countries in terms of economic and social
development. The data presented is from 1990.

Source: World Bank 1992

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 Real condition of Bangladesh education

In Bangladesh the real picture of education is miserable. Drop out from schools is a
common scene in Bangladesh. Though we have the largest primary system in the
world, because of poverty the rate of drop out students is also dangerously high.

“Bangladesh has 18 million children in 62,000 primary schools; one of the largest
primary system in world. Bt almost 50 percent of the students admitted to class one in
primary schools in Bangladesh drop out before completing class five at present”.

Bangladeshi caretaker government Education Adviser Hossain Zillur Rahman said,

"At present, around 4.4 million students get admitted to class one every year, but only 2.2
million students that actually complete the primary level of education."

(Reported by, the Daily Star)

In Bangladesh, statistics (UNDP, 2005) show that:

• 80% of primary school age children (6-10 years old) go to school.

• Only 54% are still in school by the time they reach 10 years old.
• Drop out rates from primary school were 33 percent in 2004.

Most of the people of this country live below the poverty line. Parents are mostly
unable to bear the educational expenses of their children. They send their children to
work from out of the school for contributing with the family income. Female drop out
rate is alarmingly high. Parents married away their female children at a early age
from out of the school during at the age between 10-13years. The students whose
could overcome the primary and secondary level, most of them dropped out after the
SSC examination. Moreover 40% to 60% passed the SSC examination out of the
students whose were appeared in the examination. The statistics of Participation in
general, technical and religious education in Bangladesh are given below-

Type Instituti Teache Student Teacher/st

ons rs s udent

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Primary education 78,126 32,0694 17,659,220 1.55

Secondary education 16,166 18,720 7,887,010 1.43

Collage education 2,511 64,720 1,534,833 1.24
Madrasha education 7,651 109,993 3,299,107 1.30
University education 39 6,537 116,079 1.18
Total general 104,503 685,603 30,499,103 1.44
education
Technical-vocational 1,422 7,909 1.17
education 137,006

Professional education 191 3,760 62,341 1.17

Teacher education 129 2,311 25,633 1.11

Participation in general, technical and religious education in Bangladesh (Bangladesh Bureau of

Information and Statistics [BANBEIS], 1999)

Budget for education

To develop the education every year there is a budget for the education sector.
Government are try to develop this sector and every year they increase the budget amount
continuously. From 1990-91 to 2009-10, budget for the education are given below-

Table : Government Budget on Education, 1990-91 to 2009-10

( Tk. in Million )
Fiscal Year Revenue Development Total Budget % of Growth
1990-91 11820.1 3124.1 14944.2 -
1995-96 21514.5 13711.7 35226.2 135.72
2000-01 35996.6 22520.4 58517.0 66.12
2001-02 37398.7 21376.8 58775.5 0.44
2002-03 39627.1 25410.7 65037.8 10.65
2003-04 44748.0 22831.1 67579.1 3.91
2004-05 50813.9 20487.3 71301.2 5.51
2005-06 63471.4 27551.3 91022.7 27.66

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Fiscal Year Revenue Development Total Budget % of Growth
2006-07 71204.8 37853.0 109057.8 19.81
2007-08 100017.0 517901.0 617918.0 66.60
2008-09 100054.0 575367.00 673921.0 09.06
2009-10 97585.0 631459.0 729044.0 08.17
(Source: Ministry of education)

The allocation and expenditure of money for the education from national and the
ministry of education are shown below-

Year RAFP Allocation (million) Expenditure (% of Allocation)

National Ministry of National Ministry of

Education Education

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2000-01 18200 870.23 89% 95%
2001-02 16000 916.52 88% 91%
2002-03 17100 1065.23 91% 93%
2003-04 19000 1211.19 88% 89%
2004-05 20500 1182.42 92% 92%
2005-06 21500 1060.38 91% 94%
2006-07 21600 1002.25 81% 94%
2007-08 26500 1223.2 - -

Expandature in education sector (%)

100
90
200607
80
2001-02
70
2002-03
60
2003-04
50
2004-05
40
2005-06
30
2006-07
20
2007-08
10
0
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
(Fig. from Ministry of education)

Developing steps for education

• Following education for all (EFA), the government of Bangladesh

made primary education compulsory under the law in 1990 to achieve the
universal primary enrolment by 2005; for all children between the ages of

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 six and 10. This had a major impact on the system, and the gross
enrollment rate increased since from 75% to 95% by 1996 (Sedere, 1996).
• The government of Bangladesh distributes free books and education kits to
students in all primary schools.
• Government took steps to encourage girls for education by giving stipends
under HSFSP.

Fiscal No. of No. of No. of Institution No. Female students Amount Disbursed
Year District Upazila (College & Madrasah) received stipends (Million Tk)
64(with
2002-03 453 4320 123325 199.3
Metro area)
64(with
2003-04 453 4564 105007 153.3
Metro area
64(with
2004-05 453 4623 128621 184.4
Metro area
HSFSP: Higher Secondary Female Stipend Project

• To develop education in Bangladesh, some projects were recently

undertaken by a few agencies with funds from the World Bank. These
agencies include General Education Project (GEP) initiated in 1990, and
the Female Secondary School Assistance Project (FSSAP) started in 1992.
GEP's main goal is to improve overall efficiency in schools and to give
children easier access to education.
• More then 98% of secondary schools are non-government. But
Government pays 90% of the teacher and staff salary of these institutions
• Bangladesh has sustained increased government allocation in
education sector from the 1990s
• Government is currently providing subsidies to create demand for
education in favor of the poor and girls
• Government has initiated the decentralization of primary and
secondary education management structure

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 • Government has established an autonomous Nongovernmental
Secondary Teachers Registration and Certification Authority in order to
recruit qualified and trained teachers in secondary level institutions
• A large project for the improvement of teaching quality at the
secondary level institutions is underway
• A new apex body named National Teachers Training Authority by
restructuring existing National Academy for Education Management
(NAEM) is on card. This proposed institution would train both public and
private sector teachers from 2005/06
• Reorganization of National Curriculum and Textbook Board
(NCTB) has also started with the objective to separate functions of the
Board into two units, e.g., curriculum and textbook. This would enhance
competition in textbook production and publishing and enable Board to
concentrate on curriculum development
• A separate entity named Independent Textbook Evaluation
Committee (ITEC) has been established for designing transparent criteria
under which individual textbook manuscripts will be evaluated
• Privatization of textbook production and publication has already
started for grades 6 to 10. Publication of all textbooks at the secondary
level will be privatized by 2007
• An Accreditation Council is being established which would
function as a watchdog over the private universities in order to monitor the
teaching standard of universities

An educated and skilled workforce is one of the pillars of the knowledge-based economy.
Increasingly, comparative advantages among nations come less from natural resources or
cheap labor and more from technical innovations and the competitive use of knowledge.
Studies also link education to economic growth: education contributes to improved
productivity which in theory should lead to higher income and improved economic
performance and also improved the production of the country. So that, the GDP will also
be improved gradually.

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 Roads and Highway Development of Bangladesh

The Roads and Highways Department (RHD) of Bangladesh was created in 1962. RHD
is responsible for the construction and the maintenance of the major road and bridge
network of Bangladesh. It is also responsible for the management of the National,
Regional and Zilla road network.

The Ministry of Road and Highway has two wings: 1) Roads wing, 2) Transport wing

Roads wing

 Deals with development and maintenance of National Highway in the country.

Main responsibilities:

The Ministry is responsible for:

• Planning, development and maintenance of National Highways in the country.
• Extends technical and financial support to State Governments for the development
of state roads and the roads of inter-state connectivity and economic importance.
• Evolves standard specifications for roads and bridges in the country.
• Serves as a repository of technical knowledge on roads and bridges.
Transport wing

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 Deals with matter relating to Road Transport.
Main responsibilities:

The Ministry is responsible for:

• Motor Vehicle legislation,
• Administration of the Motor Vehicles Act, 1988
• Taxation of motor vehicles,
• Compulsory insurance of motor vehicles,
• Administration of the Road Transport Corporations Act, 1950,
• And promotion of Transport co-operatives in the field of motor transport.
• Evolves road safety standards in the form of a National Policy on Road Safety and
by preparing and implementing the Annual Road Safety Plan.
• Provides grants-in-aid to Non-Governmental Organizations in accordance with the
laid down guidelines.

Since transport system provides one of the basic infrastructures and acts as a prerequisite
for socio-economic development of a country, the GOB has accorded priority to build up
a necessary surface transport system, particularly a suitable road transport network.
Development of a suitable transport network will play an important role in achieving
desired targets of macro-economic development of the country. The history of transport
development all over the world is a process of gradual evolution. Bangladesh is not an
exception in this regard. Over centuries a varied and complex transport system has
developed in this country on account of its various Geographical features and historical
facts.

Classification of Road Network in Bangladesh:

Roads in Bangladesh are classified in four main groups; national highways, regional
highways, feeder roads and local roads. National highways connect the national capital
with district headquarters, port cities and international highways. Regional highways
connect different regions and district headquarters (64 districts) not connected by national
highways. Feeder roads are of two types: feeder roads type A and feeder roads type B.

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Type A feeder roads connect Thana (lowest tier of Administration) headquarters and
important growth centers to the main arterial road network, while type B feeder roads
connect growth centers with other growth centers and Thana headquarters. Local roads
include municipal roads and rural roads. There are three types of rural roads: type 1 roads
that connect about 2100 growth centers with farms; type 2 roads that connect union
headquarters (4551) and local markets with villages and farms; and type 3 roads that
include roads within the village.

There are some pictures of well known highways and flyovers of Bangladesh:

Dhaka-Chittagong Highway Dhaka-Tangail Highway

Dhaka Airport highway Cox's Bazaar- Himchari path

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 Khilgaon Flyover Mohakhali Flyover

Bridges on RHD Road Network:

Bangladesh is predominantly a reverie country. The country is crises-crossed by many

rivers. Over the years, river gaps on road network are gradually being bridged. By 1990 a
substantial number and length of bridges were constructed over the road network under
RHD. A good number of bridges are presently under construction by RHD. Number and
length of these bridges stand at about 133 and about 11,625 meter respectively. But still
there are quite a good number of unabridged river gaps on the road network under RHD.
Presently there are about 80 unbridged river gaps on the RHD road network, which are
provided mostly with powered ferries with all other required facilities for movement of
road traffic. The number of ferry boats of different types operating on these river gaps is
about 170 at present.
There are some pictures of well known bridges of Bangladesh:

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Bangladesh-Japan Friendship Bridge Hardinge Bridge

Jomuna Brige Bhairab Railway Bridge

Lalon Shah Bridge Banani bridge

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 Traffic Jam and Road Accident Problem:

Bangladesh is a very densely populated low-lying country with 123 million inhabitants
living in an area of 1 47 570 sq. km. The country’s transport demand is still
predominantly met by non-motorized modes, particularly rickshaws and its level of
motorization is far below the levels in other Asian countries. The traffic system is not
developed like other modern countries. As a result people are suffering traffic problems
in their daily life.

The process of rapid urbanization in conjunction with socioeconomic parameters, have

resulted in enormous road traffic accident problems. Statistics reveal that Bangladesh has
one of the highest fatality rates for road accidents – a rate which is higher than 160 deaths
per 10000 motor vehicles on road every year, as compared with the rates of 2.0 in USA
and 1.4 in UK. Together with the social impact in terms of pain, grief and suffering, there
is a serious economic burden. Between 70-80% of accidents occur on highways and rural
roads. Pedestrians are involved in about 70% of road accidents.

Road maintenance of Bangladesh:

Maintenance of road network has been increasing significantly. But there is no separate
organization in Bangladesh, exclusively responsible for planning, design and
implementation of road maintenance programs in the country. RHD, LGED and
Municipalities are simultaneously responsible for both construction and maintenance of
roads and bridges within their respective jurisdiction. According to availability of
resources, funds are allocated annually for these maintenance activities. It should also be
mentioned in this context that until recently there was no foreign assistance for road

24
maintenance activities in the country. A relatively negligible amount of money was
provided by the Ministry of Finance from the government's revenue budget for this
purpose.

Road development program under RHD:

A higher amount of resources was provided and spent for road development under RHD
during the Fourth Five Year Plan, 1990-95. An amount of Taka 43,787.40 million
including project aid of Taka 20,626.90 million was allocated for road development
under RHD during the Fourth
Five Year Plan, 1990-95. Against this provision, an amount of Taka 43,000.30 million
including project aid of Taka 20,199.00 million was spent for road development under
RHD during the Fourth Five Year Plan, 1990-95.

The following table presents allocation and expenditure of fund for road development
under RHD during the Fourth Five Year Plan (FFYP), 1990-95.

ALLOCATION AND EXPENDITURE OF DEVELOPMENT

FUND UNDER RHD IN FFYP PERIOD, 1990-95
(Amount in Million Taka)
Allocation Expenditure
Fiscal
Year Taka Project aid Total Taka Project aid Total
component component

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1990-91 1521.30 2600.00 4121.30 1468.00 2398.10 3866.10
1991-92 3116.90 3453.00 6569.90 3081.30 3891.30 6972.60
1992-93 4587.20 4791.30 9378.50 4387.10 4546.20 8933.30
1993-94 6486.20 4372.60 10858.80 6455.80 4383.80 10839.60
1994-95 7448.90 5410.00 12858.90 7409.10 4979.60 12388.70
Total 23160.05 20626.90 43787.40 22801.30 20199.00 43000.30

Some future plans taken by the government:

1) Government set to build Joydevpur-Narayanganj elevated expressway:

The government has decided to launch final bidding and embark on construction of the
much-hyped Joydevpur-Narayanganj elevated expressway soon with exemption from
existing rules.

2) Flyover from Mirpur-10 to New Airport Road:

Government has announced that they will complete the construction of the flyover from
Mirpur-10 to New Airport Road by 1212.

3) Construction of Padma Bridge:

Government also planned that construction of the Padma multi-purpose bridge would
begin in December this year with a target of finishing the work by 2013.

This project is even more complex and expensive than the earlier one, but the positive
impact this project could make is much more significant. The southwest region of the
country, which is comparatively underdeveloped than the rest of the country, will get a
developmental boost from this bridge. It will improve telecommunications, railway links,
power and gas transmissions and road links to that area, thus making it more integrated
with the rest of Bangladesh.

26
 Model of Padma Multi-purpose Bridge

4) Government draws huge plan to link country with Asian Highway:

The government has planned to expand the country’s key highways and bridges at a cost
of 158.91 billion taka to link Bangladesh with the Asian highway-a network of 141,000
kilometers of roads encompassing 32 nations including Europe. The Roads and Highways
Department (RHD) has drawn up 23 projects to execute the giant construction work in
the sixth five year development plan that begins in July next year. The expanded road
network will link the country with the Asian Highway through Sylhet, Jessore and
Panchagarh border, boosting trade and economic growth by ushering in a new era of
connectivity with the continent’s top powerhouses.

27
 INDUSTRY OF BANGLADESH

Industry is a group of companies or organization that operates in the same segment of

the companies or shares similar types of business. Industry describes a much more
specific group of companies, businesses or organization. Now-a-days industry is one of
the potential sectors in Bangladesh to develop the economic & also growth the GDP. The
private & public sector is playing an important role in the industrialization of the country.
Government has taken some steps to creating & increased industrial activities all over the
country & divided the industry in many sectors.

VISION FOR INDUSTRY:

To promote the contribution of the industrial sector in the indigenous production from 25
to 40 percent and provide all sorts or assistance in up lifting the labor force in the
industrial sector increasing from 16 to 25 percent by 2021 ,because in 2021 Bangladesh
will become a digital country .

MISSION FOR INDUSTRY:

1. Giving a rapid formula for industrialization for the private entrepreneurship

2. Provide a standard of product to the world standard to preserve to consumer

interest

3. Establish an industrial park for production of raw materials to the industry.

4. Spread industry to the rural area.

5. Create a very fine environment for the industry and also for the investors

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 INDUSTRY IN RURAL AREA:

In Bangladesh nearly 80% people live in rural areas but their living standard is not well
because in rural areas there is nothing any recognized industry after the liberation war
Bangladesh. Now in Bangladesh investor & government realized that without the
developed of rural areas a country can not reached his proper goal and also GDP. In
recent year some small industry like poultry, handicraft, variety foods and vegetables are
available in Bangladesh. Poultry is a substantial contributor to food supply of
Bangladesh. This kind of small industry helps people to earn money and developed their
living standard. Rural manufacturing in Bangladeshis almost synonymous with textile
production from handlooms which absorbs 27 percent of non farm labor. Also high-
flying are wood products, including sawmills, furniture making and bamboo cane
products, and food processing including rice and oil mills and manufactures of sweet
meats, dairy products, baked goods, flour & gur. Because agriculture is still largely
unmechanized repair, engineering, and metal working are limited in scale and oriented
toward producing hand tools, blacksmithing and servicing simple farm equipment. Rural
non industrial activities are influenced by the availability of infrastructures, especially
transport & communications. To developed rural industry it is important to available in
credit facilities, developed the transport and communications systems, divided the whole
country in many parts for industrialization and trained the rural people, available the raw
materials for industry.

Figure: Rural local industry

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 INDUSTRY IN URBAN AREA:

In recent years many industry are established in Bangladesh. Mainly the whole country
divided in many industrial zones. They are Dhaka, Chittagong, Khulna, Naraongonj etc.
Mainly the major industries are situated in Dhaka & Chittagong. In Dhaka almost all
garments industry are situated in Tongi & Gazipur. Many cement, rod, & manufacturing
industry are situated in Chittagong. Before 10 years ago the industrial sector in
Bangladesh is not well. But now many industry are establish in many areas and they
developed rapidly. For the established of industry more invested is increasing for this
reason the GDP is increasing .Bangladesh was one of the major exporters of textiles, silk
and sugar till the eighteenth century but the industrialization process was subsequently
halted during the 200 years of colonial exploitation. It has a good number of large,
medium and small-sized industries in both public and private sectors based on both
indigenous and imported raw materials. Among them are jute, cotton, textile, fertilizer,
engineering, shipbuilding, steel, oil-refinery, paper, newsprint, sugar, chemicals, cement
and leather. Jute Industry has traditionally played an important role in the national
economy. But in recent years, Ready Made Garments Industry has replaced Jute as the
principal export-earner for the country. Generous progress has been attained in the past
few years in industries such as leather, ceramic, shrimp, fish, pharmaceuticals and frozen
food. With the development of infrastructures, supportive policies for trade and
investment and comparative advantage in labor -intensive Industries, excellent prospects
for investment exist in Bangladesh today. Foreign investors are pouring into the country
in greater numbers every day, especially in the export processing zones special amenities
existing at Dhaka and Chittagong. To attract local and foreign investors, the present
government has introduced a number of perks and incentive. These include provision for
setting up export dispensation zones in the private quarter, initiatives to set up new EPZs
in the public sector, tax holiday for export-oriented industries, scope for 100 percent
foreign investments and repatriation of profits .Bangladesh is one of the development
country in the world. Now-a-days garments industry is one of the main sources of foreign
currency. Pharmaceutical, textile & chemical, small & cottage industry is also a budding
source of investment & foreign currency. The performance of the small and cottage
industry sector calls for special attention because of its labour-intensive character, its
focus on catering to the demand of low and medium income consumers and its capacity
for import substitution. Amongst the small scale industries, production of electric

30
apparatus, plastic toys, miscellaneous metal wears, tin plate and readymade wear has
registered hearty performance in recent years.

Figure:urban industry

31
Figure:GDP growth influenced by industry
INDUSTRIAL GROWTH RATE

32
33
Figure: Source Bangladesh bureau of statistics

34
 SUGGEST FOR DEVELOPING INDUSTRY SECTOR:

1. Designing a Long Term Vision scheme for Industrialisation

2. Motivating Resource Mobilisation for Industrial Development
3. Enhancing Competitive Strength and Encouraging Technical Up gradation in both
Domestic-Market Oriented as well as Export-Oriented Industries
4. Helpful Measures for Small and Cottage Industries
5. Raising the usefulness of Industry and Trade Related Institutions
6. Support Backward and Forward Linkages in Export Sector and diversify Export Base
7. Designing Incentives to Encourage Investment in New Export-oriented Industrial
Activities
8. Raising the Efficiency of Management of Export Incentives
9. Attractive Export Finance Facilities
10. Raising Efficiency of Export Related communications
11. Ensure Greater Access to Trade Related Supportive Services
12. Raising the Efficacy of Import Administration
13. Designing a Effective Exchange Rate Policy
14. Making Globalisation Work for Bangladesh and Facilitating Global Market Access
by Bangladeshi Firms.
15. Provided a very well milieu for the industrial sector.
16. Government should help to established industry in rural areas.

POWER SECTOR IN BANGLADESH

35
Today power sector is very important because every step we need power when we work
in computer that time need power ,when we cooking something that time need power,
when we work in industry that time also need power so we can say every moment we
need power. If a country is improve power sector that country is developed other side
which country is not improved in power sector that country is less developed. Bangladesh
is developing country not developed country because we need more power in industry but
supply is not sufficient that reason developed country not invest in Bangladesh. At first
wee need to improve our power sector then we can developed our country.

Mission

Bangladesh Power Development Board's vision is to provide quality and reliable

electricity to the people of Bangladesh for desired economic, social and human
development of the country undertaking institutional and structural reforms leading to the
creation of a holding Company.

Vision

1 To deliver quality electricity at reasonable and affordable prices with professional

service excellence.

2 To make electricity available to all citizens on demand by the year 2020.

3 To provide specialized skilled services in operation & maintenance with outstanding

performance in Generation, Transmission and Distribution for promoting competition
among various power-sector entities.

4 To follow international standard and adopt modern technology and practices in power
generation activities.

36
 5 To ensure improved & satisfactory services to the consumers.

6 To develop new mindset for all of its employees congruent with the corporate
culture.

7 To reach self sufficiency by increasing of its income and reduction of expenditure.

Major point

In FY 2009, our maximum power generation was 4,162 MW other side previous year
power generation was 4,130MW.It is very shortage generation because our total demand
is very high. Bangladesh Power Development Board (BPDB) had to resort to load
shedding, which varied up to 30.49 % of maximum demand. In this year load shedding
was imposed on 351 days, which was 358 days in previous year. Although in FY 2009
the duration of load shedding has increased mainly due to shortage of generation for
shortfall of gas supply to the gas based power Plants and shutdown of plants for
maintenance. During FY 2009 total duration of Grid failure was 76 hours 22 minutes,
which was about 6.97% lower than the interruption in FY 2008.

The maximum demand served in this year was 4,162 MW against the forecast demand of
6,066 MW as per updated Power System Master Plan (PSMP-2006). The net energy
generated during FY 2009 total including IPP was about 25,622 GWh (Excluding energy
purchased by REB from Private Generation), which depicts an increase of 5.39 % over
that of FY 2008.

In the east zone, electricity generation was mainly done by indigenous gas based power
plants and a small percentage from hydro power plant. In the west zone, imported liquid
fuel, domestic coal, and natural gas were used for generation of electricity. Low cost
electricity generated in the east zone, was also transferred to the west zone through 230
kV East-West Inter-connector (EWI). The energy transferred through EWI at the
Ghorasal and Ashuganj end in FY2009 was 2548.99 GWh, which is 3.53 % increase over
the previous year. The average fuel cost per unit generation of thermal power plants in
the east and west zone under BPDB was Tk. 0.82/kWh and Tk. 3.87/kWh respectively.
Hydro net generation during FY 2009 was 413.65 GWh, which was 56.44 % lower than

37
that in the previous year.

System loss in BPDB system for FY 2009 was 6.58 % of net energy generation, which
was 6.92 % in the FY 2008. The system loss was reduced in this financial year due to
extensive drive and proper monitoring in commercial operation. The loss in BPDB's own
distribution excluding REB was also reduced to 13.57 % in FY 2009 from 14.43 % in FY
2008.

The operating profit/(loss) (before interest) was (6518.65) Million Taka. The average cost
of supply was Tk. 3.07/kWh compared to average tariff of Tk. 2.56 per kWh during the
year. The rate of return on revalued fixed assets was (3.87 %) during the year under
review, which was (3.87 %) in FY 2008 too.

POWER DEMAND

The forecast maximum demand for FY 2009 was 6,066 MW as per Update Power
System Master plan (PSMP 2006). The maximum demand served during this year was
4,162 MW, which was 0.80 % higher than that in the previous year.

Load factor and load management

Consumers' demand in BPDB system, as in any other electric utility, varies throughout
the day and night. The maximum demand occurs during 5 pm to 11 pm termed as 'peak
hour'. The extent of this variation is measured in terms of Load Factor, which is the ratio
of average and maximum demand. For economic reasons, it is desirable to have a high
Load Factor, as this would permit better utilization of plant capacity. The cost of energy
supply during peak hour is high as some relatively costlier power plants are required to
be used during peak hour. Market & shopping malls are closed after 8.0 PM to reduce
electricity consumption in the peak hour to mitigate load shedding problem. Holiday
staggering for industries is being done to mitigate load-shedding problem in the country.
Day light saving scheme is already implemented. About 200 MW demand reduced by

38
shifting time one hour and Market & shopping malls are closed after 8.0 PM to reduce
electricity consumption in the peak hour to mitigate load shedding problem. Holiday
staggering for industries is being done to mitigate load-shedding problem in the country.
Day light saving scheme is already implemented. About 200 MW demand reduced by
shifting time one hour.

Generation

Hydro : 413.65 GWh (1.62%)

Natural Gas : 22660.75 GWh (88.44%)
Furnace Oil : 996.41 GWh (3.89%)
Diesel : 520.52 GWh (2.03%)
Coal : 1030.60 GWh (4.02%)
Total : 25,621.93 GWh (100%)
In this chart we can see our total generation is 25,621.9 GWh. Also we can see our Hydro
generation 413.65 GWh, Natural Gas generation 22660.75 GWh, Furnace Oil
generation 996.41GWh,Diesel generation 0.80%higher than previous year.

Consumption

Reb : 37.73%
Dpdc : 22.76%
Desco : 11.46%
Domestic : 9.38%
Large Inds & Comm. : 7.07%
Wzpdcl : 6.23%
Small Commercial : 2.39%
Small Industrial : 1.83%
Agriculture : 0.58%
Others : 0.58%
Total : 100%
.
In this chart our consumption 37.73% Reb, 22.76% Dpdc, 11.46% Desco, 9.38%

39
Domestic , 7.07% Large Inds & Comm, 6.23% Wzpdcl, 2.39% Small Commercial,
1.83% Small Industrial, 0.58% Agriculture, 0.58% Others. So our total consumption
100%.Also we can say our large power use in Reb sector.

Finally we can say our total demand is very high but our generation is very low that
reason we tray to setup new power plant, supply power energy saving engine and other
thing and encourage to people power energy. In this way we can developed our power
sector.

Disaster Management

Bangladesh is a disaster prone country for her geographical location. Due to the weather
system and geographical location, Bangladesh becomes the victim of natural calamities
causing great loss of lives and properties which also affect the socio-economic
development of the country. Realizing this facet of reality, the government has
undertaken various coordinated programmes for disaster risk reduction and disaster
management. The vision of the government on disaster management is to reduce the
vulnerability of people, especially the poor, from the effect of natural, environmental and
human induced hazards to a manageable and acceptable humanitarian level.

According to the demand of changed situation the nomenclature of the Ministry of Relief
& Rehabilitation was changed to the Ministry of Disaster Management and Relief in
early 1990s, and now with the incorporation of Food it is renamed as the Ministry of
Food & Disaster Management

40
 Mission of Ministry of Food & Disaster Management:

The main mission of Ministry of Food & Disaster Management is “To achieve a
paradigm shift in disaster management from conventional response and relief to a more
comprehensive risk reduction culture, and to promote food security as an important
factor in ensuring the resilience of communities to hazards”
Ref: Ministry of Food and Disaster Management

Vision

“The disaster management vision of the Government of the People’s Republic of

Bangladesh is to reduce the risk of people, especially the poor and the disadvantaged,
from the effects of natural, environment and human induced hazards to a manageable
and acceptable humanitarian level and to have in place an efficient emergency response
management system.”
Ref: Ministry of Food and Disaster Management

Major disasters in Bangladesh:

Cyclone, Devastating flood, Droughts, Tornado, Earthquake and Riverbank erosion.

Major Causes of Disaster

41
Weather systems associated with four seasons are not always favourable
Three seasons, namely pre-monsoon, SW-monsoon & post monsoon are reasonable for
various disastrous natural manifestations of which cyclones with associated storm-surges,
floods draughts and tornadoes are the most important

Cyclone: cyclone is the most frequently event in Bangladesh. Cyclone brings a lot of
sufferings for Bangladeshis. Every year cyclone occurs in our country and causes a great
damage to our country. The cyclone of 12th November, 1970 was the worst one.

Cyclone of 1970 Cyclone of 1970

Besides the cyclone of 1876, 1919, 1961, 1963, 1965, 1985 and 1988 were also sever
cyclone.

Floods: Floods are the common natural disaster in Bangladesh. The flood of 1988 during
August-September was the worst event.

42
 Flood of 1988 Dhaka in 1988

During this time 1517 people died for this devastating flood. Rather then the flood of
1998 caused death of 918 people. The flood of 1922, 1954, 1955, 1974, 1984, 1987 were
worst devastating flood in the history of Bangladesh.

Drought: Drought is also a severe natural calamity in our country which causes a great
harm to crops. Droughts of 1957 and 1972 were the severe drought.

Earthquake: Bangladesh is surrounded by the regions of high seismicity which include

the Himalayan Arc and Shillong Plateau in the north, the Burmese Arc, Arakan Yoma
anticlinorium in the east and complex naga-Disang-Haflong thrust zone in the northeast.

Earthquake of 1869, 1885, 1897, 1918, 1930, 1934, 1959, 1997and 1999 are
noteworthy.

Steps of MoFDM

43
The ministry’s key strategic objectives are to secure adequate level of food grains stock,
build adequate level of food grains storage, to ensure fair price of food grains to farmers
during harvest, to create seasonal employment opportunities during lean period, to reduce
loss of life and property during natural disasters, improvement of nutrition standards for
poor and vulnerable people specially vulnerable women and children, to provide
emergency support to disaster affected people, to develop communication network
through construction and maintenance of rural infrastructure, to maintain price stability of
food grains and to increase food grains storage capacity. The ministry of food and
disaster management is implementing a number of pragmatic programmes all over the
country through its’ attached departments and agencies like Directorate of Food, Disaster
Management Bureau and Directorate of Relief and Rehabilitation and Cyclone
Preparedness Programme to achieve these goals

DMB

Based on the experiences of devastating floods of late 1980s and cyclone of 1991.
Disaster Management Bureau (DMB) came into existence in April, 1993 as a technical
arm to the Ministry of Food & Disaster Management. It acts as a facilitator and as a
depository of all disaster related information, maintains inventory of skilled personnel,
continues with awareness building, monitors disaster preparedness activities through
deputy commissioner.

Enhanced Roles and Responsibilities of DMB:

DMB is acting as dynamic professional organization and National Focal Point in the field
of disaster management of the country. The Bureau is providing support to the disaster
management decision makers, planners and practitioners, at all levels of Bangladesh, in
the field of disaster preparedness, local level disaster action and contingency planning,
awareness training and facilitating improved information collection

44
Contribution of DMB during the occurrence of Cyclone Aila:

Aila cyclone

It is the infamous cyclone Aila. Aila swept away many areas, which were still recovering
from the hurricane Sidr. According to the Disaster Management Bureau, Aila on May 25
damaged 213 kilometres of embankments fully and 1,128 kilometres partially on the
southwest coast mainly in Satkhira and Khulna.

Actions Taken
• Government disaster management system activated and coordinated pre-impact
preparedness.
• MoFDM, DMB, DRR opened control room.
• MoFDM ordered Deputy Commissioners and UNOs of coastal districts and upazillas to
conduct disaster preparedness meeting for possible damage assessment due to cyclone.
• MoFDM ordered volunteers of 32 upazillas of 11 coastal districts to be alerted in
accordance with established operating procedures.
• DMIC had been activated and remained open round the clock to monitor and report on
changing situations.
• Disaster Management Bureau (DMB) instructed the District Disaster Management
Committees (DDMC) and Emergency Response Resources of coastal districts to stand
by.

Current achievements:

45
 A total of 506 training programmes have been organised for 18,170 people of different
categories and professions during financial year 02 to financial year 05 period. Training
modules have been prepared for 19 different groups of professionals. More training has
been imparted to increase the efficiency of Local Disaster Management Committees in 29
disaster prone districts, 74 Upazilas, 24 Municipalities and 744 Unions. A Local Disaster
Action Plan (LDAP) has been prepared to face local disasters. Following the instruction
of the government and initiative of DMB all training institutions of the country have
already introduced minimum two hours training session on disaster management in their
institutions. Chapters on issues of disaster management have already been included in the
text books of class V to XII. These chapters are now being reviewed for making it more
risk management oriented by the National Curriculum and Textbook Board (NCTB) and
the DMB. The components 2a and 2b of CDMP are being implemented by DMB.
Through component 2b, training had already been provided to the 20000 people
including government and NGO officials and members of the disaster management
committees of the country during the period January to June, this year. To increase mass
awareness about disaster management, the component 2a arranged 20 training courses
and workshops during the first half of this year. Model exercises, and leaflet distribution,
workshops and seminars have been organised to increase awareness about tsunamis and
earthquakes. Procurement of machineries and equipments for search and rescue
operations during natural disaster including earthquake are under process. Presently,
DMB is working closely with SAARC Disaster Management Center- SDMC, New Delhi.
According to the SAARC guidelines a national plan for disaster management is going to
be finalized very soon by DMB. DMB, as National Focal Point, is going to arrange an
International Workshop in collaboration with SDMC on 19-20 November, 2007 in
Dhaka. It may be mentioned that
Bangladesh is now the chairperson of the SDMC governing body and Director General,
DMB is ow holding that prestigious position.

Budget 2010-11

46
In the budget 2010-11 Bangladesh govt. has allocated much higher amount of budget the
sector of Disaster management for helping the Disaster affected people and afterall
developing the socio economic view of our country.

Disaster Management and Relief Division

Total - Disaster Budget Revised Budget Actual

Management 2010-2011 2009-10 2009-2010 2008-2009
and Relief
Division(2010- 3,978 corer 3,565 corer 0 Tk. 0 Tk.
2011)

Ongoing Programs and Plans:

A Disaster Management Information Center (DMIC) has already been setup in DMB
with the assistance of CDMP. It is now working for disseminating emergency
information regarding disaster’s to the all concerned to fight disaster. The information
systems, operating procedures, and telecommunications systems, of the Disaster
Management Information Center (DMIC) and a national emergency operation center
(EOC) control room is providing 24 hours services for reducing loss of lives and
resources when an emergency arises. Their objective is to establish a network for the
mobilization of additional personnel for the EOC and to assist local authorities in the
field, whenever required, and to provide documentation and information services on
disaster management for line agencies and others. National volunteer Team on Disaster
Management, Disaster Management Training center and Emergency Disaster Risk
Reduction Telecommunication System are going to be established very soon under the
organizational set-up of DMB. It was decided by the authority that for proper
implementation of the enhanced responsibilities, the organizational set-up of DMB will
be extended sufficiently within the shortest possible time.

During an Emergency:

47
 During the emergency, DMB’s responsibilities include ensuring the effective
dissemination of appropriate warnings, of flood, cyclones in collaboration with BMD,
BWDB, CPP, Radio, TV, and authorities in particular; activating and operating the
national EOC (control room) in receiving, analyzing, storing incoming information,
arranging rapid reconnaissance and assess mission, where needed; providing secretarial
services and expert advice to the National Disaster Management Council (NDMC) and
Inter-ministerial Disaster Management Co-ordination Committee (IMDMCC); and
providing information to ERD and with Ministry of Information concerning requirement
of international assistance

During Post-Disaster Recovery:

In post disaster recovery period DMB’s work is to cooperate with the Planning
Commission and line agencies, as required in compiling data on reconstruction
requirements and to co-ordinate the preparedness activities for an integrated
reconstruction programme. DMB also works to ensure that risk reduction measures are
taken in all reconstruction programmes as much as possible. Undertaking a final
evaluation on the over all operation, drawing lessons and feeding them back to the
IMDMCC training activities and up-dated guidelines.

Cyclone Preparedness Program:

In close association with Bangladesh Red Crescent Society, the MOFDM is

implementing Cyclone Preparedness Program (CPP) in the 12 costal districts of the
country to minimize loss of lives and properties in cyclone disaster by strengthening the
disaster management capacity of coastal people of Bangladesh.

The main activities of Cyclone Preparedness Program are to

(a) Disseminate cyclone warning signals to local residents;
(b) Assist people in taking shelter,
(c) Rescue victims affected by a cyclone, and

48
(d) Provide first aid to people injured by a cyclone.

CPP is now a worldwide renowned organization for its’ dedicated volunteers and
effectiveness in emergency response during disaster especially in cyclone.

Economy of Bangladesh based on those sectors. To improve our GDP rate the local
Ministry should emphasize on those sector by improving the sectors respectively and
significantly.

Reference:

49
1. http://socyberty.com/education/role-of-education-in-economics-
development/#ixzz0qg1tTTDq
2. Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics, 2002.
3. Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics, 2000.
4. World Bank 1992.
5. Ministry of education
6. The Daily star.
7. In Bangladesh, statistics (UNDP, 2005).
8. Bangladesh Bureau of Information and Statistics [BANBEIS], 1999)
9. HSFSP: Higher Secondary Female Stipend Project.
10. Foods and Disaster management.

50